HTML Tutorial Full
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samuelnktettehHTML Tutorial Full
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samuelnktettehHTMLTutorial
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely used language on Web to
develop web pages.
HTML was created by Berners-Lee in late 1991 but "HTML 2.0" was the first standard HTML
specification which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a major version of HTML and it was
published in late 1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely used but currently we are having
HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this version was published in 2012.
Audience
This tutorial is designed for the aspiring Web Designers and Developers with a need to understand
the HTML in enough detail along with its simple overview, and practical examples. This tutorial will
give you enough ingredients to start with HTML from where you can take yourself at higher level of
expertise.
Prerequisites
Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic working knowledge with Windows or
Linux operating system, additionally you must be familiar with:
Experience with any text editor like notepad, notepad++, or Editplus etc.
How to create directories and files on your computer.
How to navigate through different directories.
How to type content in a file and save them on a computer.
Understanding about images in different formats like JPEG, PNG format.
TryHTMLOnline
For most of the examples given in this tutorial you will find Try it option available, so just make use
of it to see the output of your code and enjoy your learning.
Try following example using Try it option available at the top right corner of the below sample code
box:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
</body>
</html>
HTMLOverview
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HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to write
Web Pages.
Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked together.
Thus the link available on a webpage are called Hypertext.
As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to simply
"mark up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to display.
Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like
headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information between
researchers.
Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available in
HTML language.
Basic HTML Document
In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
Either you can use Try it option available at the top right corner of the code box to check the result
of this HTML code, or let's save it in an HTML file [Link] using your favorite text editor. Finally
open it using a web browser like Internet Explorer or Google Chrome, or Firefox etc. It must show
the following output:
HTML Tags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the content.
These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most of the tags have
their corresponding closing tags. For example <html> has its closing tag</html> and <body> tag
has its closing tag </body> tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses folloiwng tags:
Tag Description
<!DOCTYPE...> This tag defines the document type and HTML version.
<html> This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of
document header which is represented by <head>...</head> and document
body which is represented by <body>...</body> tags.
<head> This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML
tags like <title>, <link> etc.
<title> The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title.
<body> This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags like
<h1>, <div>, <p> etc.
<h1> This tag represents the heading.
<p> This tag represents a paragraph.
To learn HTML, you will need to study various tags and understand how do they behave while
formatting a textual document. Learning HTML is simple as users have to learn the usage of
different tags in order to format the text or images to make a beautiful webpage.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends to use lowercase tags starting from HTML 4.
HTML Document Structure
A typical HTML document will have following structure:
Document declaration tag
<html>
<head>
Document header related tags
</head>
<body>
Document body related tags
</body>
</html>
We will study all the header and body tags in subsequent chapters, for now let's see what is
document declaration tag.
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version of the
HTML used in the document. Current version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the following
declaration:
<!DOCTYPE html>
There are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML document depending on what
version of HTML is being used. We will see more details on this while discussing <!DOCTYPE...>
tag along with other HTML tags.
HTMLBasicTags
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Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML also has
six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>. While
displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that heading.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph of text
should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in the example:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Here is a first paragraph of text.
Here is a second paragraph of text.
Here is a third paragraph of text.
Line Break Tag
Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the next line. This tag is an
example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is
nothing to go in between them.
The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit this space,
older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward slash
character and just use <br> it is not valid in XHTML
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Line Break Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello<br />
You delivered your assignment ontime.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello
You delivered your assignment ontime.
Thanks
Mahnaz
Centering Content
You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Centring Content Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text is not in the center.</p>
<center>
<p>This text is in the center.</p>
</center>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This text is not in the center.
This text is in the center.
Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines are used to visually break up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates a line
from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line accordingly.
For example you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given example below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is paragraph one and should be on top
This is paragraph two and should be at bottom
Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening and closing
tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If you omit this
space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontak line, while if you miss the forward
slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML
Preserve Formatting
Sometimes you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML document.
In those cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>.
Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the formatting of
the source document.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<pre>
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
</pre>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
Try using same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags
Nonbreaking Spaces
Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here you would not want a browser to split
the "12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines:
An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."
In cases where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a nonbreaking
space entity instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men" in a
paragraph, you should use something similar to the following code:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."</p>
</body>
</html>
HTMLElements
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An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a
closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown below with few tags:
Start Tag Content End Tag
<p> This is paragraph content. </p>
<h1> This is heading content. </h1>
<div> This is division content. </div>
<br />
So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are some
HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br /> elements.
These are known as void elements.
HTML documents consist of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents
should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document.
HTML Tag vs. Element
An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with
a closing tag.
For example <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same paragraph
but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element.
Nested HTML Elements
It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nested Elements Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1>
<p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
This will display following result:
Thisis italic heading
This is underlined paragraph
We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph tag <p>
and other tags. We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the HTML tags can also
have attributes, which are extra bits of information.
An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the
element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts: a name and a value:
The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element in the
example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the
alignment of paragraph on the page.
The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within
quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align attribute: left,
center and right.
Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4
recommendation.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Align Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p align="left">This is left aligned</p>
<p align="center">This is center aligned</p>
<p align="right">This is right aligned</p>
</body>
</html>
This will display following result:
This is left aligned
This is center aligned
This is right aligned
Core Attributes
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not all) are:
id
title
class
style
The id Attribute
The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an HTML page.
There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an element:
If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier it is possible to identify just that
element and its content.
If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you can use
the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name.
We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to distinguish
between two paragraph elements as shown below.
EXAMPLE
<p id="html">This para explains what is HTML</p>
<p id="css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p>
The title Attribute
The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title attribute is similar
as explained for id attribute:
The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is often
displayed as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is loading.
EXAMPLE
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>The title Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3 title="Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Titled Heading Tag Example
Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that whatever title
you used in your code is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor.
The class Attribute
The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the class of
element. You will learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will learn Cascading
Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it.
The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example:
class="className1 className2 className3"
The style Attribute
The style attribute allows you to specify Casecading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the element.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>The style Attribute</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Some text...
At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering much about
CSS. Here you need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they can be used while
formatting content.
Internationalization Attributes
There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most (although not all)
XHTML elements.
dir
lang
xml:lang
The dir Attribute
The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser the direction in which the text should flow.
The dir attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table that follows:
Value Meaning
ltr Left to right (the default value)
rtl Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left)
EXAMPLE
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir="rtl">
<head>
<title>Display Directions</title>
</head>
<body>
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be presented within the
entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the text's direction for just the content of
that tag.
The lang Attribute
The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this attribute
was kept in HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of HTML. This attribute has
been replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.
The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes. CheckHTML
Language Codes: ISO 639 for a complete list of language codes.
EXAMPLE
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>English Language Page</title>
</head>
<body>
This page is using English Language
</body>
</html>
The xml:lang Attribute
The xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value of
thexml:lang attribute should be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous section.
Generic Attributes
Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML tags.
Attribute Options Function
align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags
valign top, middle, bottom Vertically aligns tags within an HTML element.
bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, RGB Places a background color behind an element
values
background URL Places a background image behind an element
id User Defined Names an element for use with Cascading Style
Sheets.
class User Defined Classifies an element for use with Cascading
Style Sheets.
width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or table
cells.
height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images, or table
cells.
title User Defined "Pop-up" title of the elements.
We will see related examples as we will proceed to study other HTML tags. For a complete list of
HTML Tags and related attributes please check reference to HTML Tags List.
If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make text bold, italicized, or
underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how text can appear in
HTML and XHTML.
Bold Text
Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Bold Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a bold typeface.
Italic Text
Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Italic Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a italicized typeface.
Underlined Text
Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Underlined Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a underlined typeface.
Strike Text
Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with strikethrough, which is a
thin line through the text as shown below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Strike Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a strikethrough typeface.
Monospaced Font
The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts are known as
variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example, the letter 'm' is
wider than the letter 'i'). In a monospaced font, however, each letter has the same width.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Monospaced Font Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a monospaced typeface.
Superscript Text
The content of a <sup>...</sup> element is written in superscript; the font size used is the same
size as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height above the other
characters.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Superscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a superscript typeface.
Subscript Text
The content of a <sub>...</sub> element is written in subscript; the font size used is the same as
the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height beneath the other
characters.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a subscript typeface.
Inserted Text
Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Inserted Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
I want to drink cola wine
Deleted Text
Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as deleted text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Deleted Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
I want to drink cola wine
Larger Text
The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest of the text
surrounding it as shown below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Larger Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a big typeface.
Smaller Text
The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than the rest of
the text surrounding it as shown below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Smaller Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a small typeface.
Grouping Content
The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create sections or
subsections of a page.
For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element to indicate
that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You might then attach a
style to this <div> element so that they appear using a special set of style rules.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Div Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="menu" align="middle" >
<a href="/[Link]">HOME</a> |
<a href="/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href="/about/[Link]">ABOUT</a>
</div>
<div id="content" align="left" bgcolor="white">
<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
HOME | CONTACT | ABOUT
CONTENT ARTICLES
Actual content goes here.....
The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So, if you have
a part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you could use the <span>
element as follows
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Span Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is the example of <span style="color:green">span tag</span> and the <span
style="color:red">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is the example of span tag and the div tag alongwith CSS
These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a page.
The phrase tags have been designed for specific purposes, though they are displayed in a similar
way as other basic tags like <b>, <i>, <pre>, and <tt>, you have seen in previous chapter. This
chapter will take you through all the important phrase tags, so let's start seeing them one by one.
Emphasized Text
Anything that appears within <em>...</em> element is displayed as emphasized text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Emphasized Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <em>emphasized</em> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a emphasized typeface.
Marked Text
Anything that appears with-in <mark>...</mark> element, is displayed as marked with yellow ink.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Marked Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word has been <mark>marked</mark> with yellow</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word has been marked with yellow.
Strong Text
Anything that appears within <strong>...</strong> element is displayed as important text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Strong Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strong>strong</strong> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a strong typeface.
Text Abbreviation
You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening <abbr> and closing </abbr> tags. If present,
the title attribute must contain this full description and nothing else.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Abbreviation</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>My best friend's name is <abbr title="Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
My best friend's name is Abhy.
Acronym Element
The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between <acronym> and </acronym>
tags is an acronym.
At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the <acronym>
element.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Acronym Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This chapter covers marking up text in <acronym>XHTML</acronym>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This chapter covers marking up text in XHTML.
Text Direction
The <bdo>...</bdo> element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is used to override the
current text direction.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Direction Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text will go left to right.</p>
<p><bdo dir="rtl">This text will go right to left.</bdo></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This text will go left to right.
This text will go right to left.
Special Terms
The <dfn>...</dfn> element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to specify that you are
introducing a special term. It's usage is similar to italic words in the midst of a paragraph.
Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a key term. Most recent
browsers render the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Special Terms Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word is a <dfn>special</dfn> term.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word is a special term.
Quoting Text
When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in
between<blockquote>...</blockquote> tags.
Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and right edges of the
surrounding text, and sometimes uses an italicized font.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Blockquote Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>
<blockquote>XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from earlier
work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.</blockquote>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:
XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from earlier work on HTML
4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.
Short Quotations
The <q>...</q> element is used when you want to add a double quote within a sentence.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Double Quote Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Amit is in Spain, <q>I think I am wrong</q>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Amit is in Spain, I think I am wrong.
Text Citations
If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening <cite>tag and
closing </cite> tag
As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element is rendered in italicized
text by default.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Citations Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This HTML tutorial is derived from <cite>W3 Standard for HTML</cite>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This HTML tutorial is derived from W3 Standard for HTML.
Computer Code
Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed inside <code>...</code>tags.
Usually the content of the <code> element is presented in a monospaced font, just like the code in
most programming books.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Computer Code Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Regular text. <code>This is code.</code> Regular text.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Regular text. This is code. Regular text.
Keyboard Text
When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text, you can use
the <kbd>...</kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in this example.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Keyboard Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Regular text. <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd> Regular text.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Regular text. This is inside kbd element Regular text.
Programming Variables
This element is usually used in conjunction with the <pre> and <code> elements to indicate that the
content of that element is a variable.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Variable Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><code>[Link]("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
[Link]("user-name")
Program Output
The <samp>...</samp> element indicates sample output from a program, and script etc. Again, it is
mainly used when documenting programming or coding concepts.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Program Output Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World!</samp></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Result produced by the program is Hello World!
Address Text
The <address>...</address> element is used to contain any address.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Address Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<address>388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad</address>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad
HTML lets you specify metadata - additional important information about a document in a variety of
ways. The META elements can be used to include name/value pairs describing properties of the
HTML document, such as author, expiry date, a list of keywords, document author etc.
The <meta> tag is used to provide such additional information. This tag is an empty element and so
does not have a closing tag but it carries information within its attributes.
You can include one or more meta tags in your document based on what information you want to
keep in your document but in general, meta tags do not impact physical appearance of the
document so from appearance point of view, it does not matter if you include them or not.
Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents
You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags inside the header of the
document which is represented by <head> and </head> tags. A meta tag can have following
attributes in addition to core attributes:
Attribute Description
Name Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords, description,
author, revised, generator etc.
content Specifies the property's value.
scheme Specifies a scheme to interpret the property's value (as declared in the content
attribute).
http- Used for http response message headers. For example http-equiv can be used to
equiv refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include content-type, expires, refresh
and set-cookie.
Specifying Keywords
You can use <meta> tag to specify important keywords related to the document and later these
keywords are used by the search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.
Example
Following is an example where we are adding HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata as important keywords
about the document.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello HTML5!
Document Description
You can use <meta> tag to give a short description about the document. This again can be used by
various search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Document Revision Date
You can use <meta> tag to give information about when last time the document was updated. This
information can be used by various web browsers while refreshing your webpage.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Document Refreshing
A <meta> tag can be used to specify a duration after which your web page will keep refreshing
automatically.
Example
If you want your page keep refreshing after every 5 seconds then use the following syntax.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Page Redirection
You can use <meta> tag to redirect your page to any other webpage. You can also specify a
duration if you want to redirect the page after a certain number of seconds.
Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want to
redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5" url=[Link] />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Setting Cookies
Cookies are data, stored in small text files on your computer and it is exchanged between web
browser and web server to keep track of various infromation based on your web application need.
You can use <meta> tag to store cookies on client side and later this information can be used by
the Web Server to track a site visitor.
Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want to
redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv="cookie" content="userid=xyz; expires=Wednesday, 08-Aug-15 [Link] GMT;" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a session cookie and
will be deleted when the user exits the browser.
Note: You can check PHP and Cookies tutorial for a complete detail on Cookies.
Setting Author Name
You can set an author name in a web page using meta tag. See an example below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta ame="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Specify Character Set
You can use <meta> tag to specify character set used within the webpage.
Example
By default, Web servers and Web browsers use ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) encoding to process Web
pages. Following is an example to set UTF-8 encoding:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta ame="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
To serve the static page with traditional Chinese characters, the webpage must contain a <meta>
tag to set Big5 encoding:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta ame="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=Big5" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Comment is a piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is a good practice to add
comments into your HTML code, especially in complex documents, to indicate sections of a
document, and any other notes to anyone looking at the code. Comments help you and others
understand your code and increases code readability.
HTML comments are placed in between <!-- ... --> tags. So any content placed with-in <!-- ... -->
tags will be treated as comment and will be completely ignored by the browser.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head> <!-- Document Header Starts -->
<title>This is document title</title>
</head> <!-- Document Header Ends -->
<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result without displaying the content given as a part of comments:
Document content goes here.....
Valid vs Invalid Comments
Comments do not nest which means a comment can not be put inside another comment. Second
the double-dash sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment except as part of the closing -->
tag. You must also make sure that there are no spaces in the start-of-comment string.
Example
Here given comment is a valid comment and will be wiped off by the browser.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Valid Comment Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- This is valid comment -->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
But following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the browser. This is because
there is a space between the left angle bracket and the exclamation mark.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Invalid Comment Example</title>
</head>
<body>
< !-- This is not a valid comment -->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
< !-- This is not a valid comment -->
Document content goes here.....
Multiline Comments
So far we have seen single line comments, but HTML supports multi-line comments as well.
You can comment multiple lines by the special beginning tag <!-- and ending tag --> placed before
the first line and end of the last line as shown in the given example below.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Multiline Comments</title>
</head>
<body>
<!--
This is a multiline comment and it can
span through as many as lines you like.
-->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Document content goes here.....
Conditional Comments
Conditional comments only work in Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows but they are ignored by other
browsers. They are supported from Explorer 5 onwards, and you can use them to give conditional
instructions to different versions of IE.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Conditional Comments</title>
<!--[if IE 6]>
Special instructions for IE 6 here
<![endif]-->
</head>
<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
You will come across a situation where you will need to apply a different style sheet based on
different versions of Internet Explorer, in such situation conditional comments will be helpful.
Using Comment Tag
There are few browsers that support <comment> tag to comment a part of HTML code.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Using Comment Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is <comment>not</comment> Internet Explorer.</p>
</body>
</html>
If you are using IE then it will produce following result:
This is Internet Explorer.
But if you are not using IE, then it will produce following result:
This is Internet Explorer.
Commenting Script Code
Though you will learn Javascript with HTML, in a separate tutorial, but here you must make a note
that if you are using Java Script or VB Script in your HTML code then it is recommended to put that
script code inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers can work properly.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Commenting Script Code</title>
<script>
<!--
[Link]("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello , World!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello World!
Hello , World!
Commenting Style Sheets
Though you will learn using style sheets with HTML in a separate tutorial, but here you must make
a note that if you are using Casecading Style Sheet (CSS) in your HTML code then it is
recommended to put that style sheet code inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers can
work properly.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Commenting Style Sheets</title>
<style>
<!--
.example {
border:1px solid #4a7d49;
//-->
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="example">Hello , World!</div>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello , World!
Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in simple way on
your web page. This tutorial will take you through simple steps to use images in your web pages.
Insert Image
You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple syntax to
use this tag.
<img src="Image URL" ... attributes-list/>
The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that it can contain only list of attributes and it has no
closing tag.
Example
To try following example, let's keep our HTML file [Link] and image file [Link] in the same
directory:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src="[Link]" alt="Test Image" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Simple Image Insert
You can use PNG, JPEG or GIF image file based on your comfort but make sure you specify
correct image file name in src attribute. Image name is always case sensitive.
The alt attribute is a mandatory attribute which specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image
cannot be displayed.
Set Image Location
Usually we keep our all the images in a separate directory. So let's keep HTML file [Link] in our
home directory and create a subdirectory images inside the home directory where we will keep our
image [Link].
Example
Assuming our image location is "image/[Link]", try the following example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src="images/[Link]" alt="Test Image" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Simple Image Insert
Set Image Width/Height
You can set image width and height based on your requirement using width and heightattributes.
You can specify width and height of the image in terms of either pixels or percentage of its actual
size.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Width and Height</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image width and height</p>
<img src="[Link]" alt="Test Image" width="150" height="100"/>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Setting image width and height
Set Image Border
By default image will have a border around it, you can specify border thickness in terms of pixels
using border attribute. A thickness of 0 means, no border around the picture.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Border</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image Border</p>
<img src="[Link]" alt="Test Image" border="3"/>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Setting image Border
Set Image Alignment
By default image will align at the left side of the page, but you can use align attribute to set it in the
center or right.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Alignment</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image Alignment</p>
<img src="[Link]" alt="Test Image" border="3" align="right"/>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Setting image Alignment
Free Web Graphics
For Free Web Graphics including patterns you can look into Free Web Graphics
The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc. into
rows and columns of cells.
The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to create table
rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2
Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2
Here border is an attribute of <table> tag and it is used to put a border across all the cells. If you do
not need a border then you can use border="0".
Table Heading
Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag, which is used
to represent actual data cell. Normally you will put your top row as table heading as shown below,
otherwise you can use <th> element in any row.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Header</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Name Salary
Ramesh Raman 5000
Shabbir Hussein 7000
Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes
There are two attribiutes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust the white
space in your table cells. The cellspacing attribute defines the width of the border, while cellpadding
represents the distance between cell borders and the content within a cell.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Cellpadding</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Name Salary
Ramesh Raman 5000
Shabbir Hussein 7000
Colspan and Rowspan Attributes
You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single column.
Similar way you will use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Colspan/Rowspan</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1
Tables Backgrounds
You can set table background using one of the following two ways:
bgcolor attribute - You can set background color for whole table or just for one cell.
background attribute - You can set background image for whole table or just for one cell.
You can also set border color also using bordercolor attribute.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" bordercolor="green" bgcolor="yellow">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1
Here is an example of using background attribute. Here we will use an image available in /images
directory.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" bordercolor="green" background="/images/[Link]">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result. Here background image did not apply to table's header.
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1
Table Height and Width
You can set a table width and height using width and height attrubutes. You can specify table
width or height in terms of pixels or in terms of percentage of available screen area.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Width/Height</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="400" height="150">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2
Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2
Table Caption
The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the top of the
table. This tag is depracated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Caption</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>
<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is the caption
row 1, column 1 row 1, columnn 2
row 2, column 1 row 2, columnn 2
Table Header, Body, and Footer
Tables can be divided into three portions: a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot are
rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the same for every
page, while the body is the main content holder of the table.
The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are:
<thead> - to create a separate table header.
<tbody> - to indicate the main body of the table.
<tfoot> - to create a separate table footer.
A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of data. But it is
notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is the head of the table
This is the foot of the table
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4
Nested Tables
You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the tags inside
table data tag <td>.
Example
Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Name Salary
Ramesh Raman 5000
Shabbir Hussein 7000
HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must contain one or
more list elements. Lists may contain:
<ul> - An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
<ol> - An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items.
<dl> - A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are arranged in a
dictionary.
HTML Unordered Lists
An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list is
created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish
The type Attribute
You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default it is a disc.
Following are the possible options:
<ul type="square">
<ul type="disc">
<ul type="circle">
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="square">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type="square">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="disc"> :
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type="disc">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="circle"> :
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type="circle">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
o Beetroot
o Ginger
o Potato
o Radish
HTML Ordered Lists
If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted then HTML ordered list
will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at one and is incremented
by one for each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
1. Beetroot
2. Ginger
3. Potato
4. Radish
The type Attribute
You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By default it is a
number. Following are the possible options:
<ol type="1"> - Default-Case Numerals.
<ol type="I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.
<ol type="i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type="a"> - Lower-Case Letters.
<ol type="A"> - Upper-Case Letters.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="1">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="1">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
1. Beetroot
2. Ginger
3. Potato
4. Radish
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="I">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="I">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
I. Beetroot
II. Ginger
III. Potato
IV. Radish
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="i">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="i">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
i. Beetroot
ii. Ginger
iii. Potato
iv. Radish
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="A">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="A">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
A. Beetroot
B. Ginger
C. Potato
D. Radish
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="a">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="a">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
a. Beetroot
b. Ginger
c. Potato
d. Radish
The start Attribute
You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you need.
Following are the possible options:
<ol type="1" start="4"> - Numerals starts with 4.
<ol type="I" start="4"> - Numerals starts with IV.
<ol type="i" start="4"> - Numerals starts with iv.
<ol type="a" start="4"> - Letters starts with d.
<ol type="A" start="4"> - Letters starts with D.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="i" start="4" >
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="i" start="4">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
iv. Beetroot
v. Ginger
vi. Potato
vii. Radish
HTML Definition Lists
HTML and XHTML support a list style which is called definition lists where entries are listed like in
a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list of terms,
or other name/value list.
Definition List makes use of following three tags.
<dl> - Defines the start of the list
<dt> - A term
<dd> - Term definition
</dl> - Defines the end of the list
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
HTML
This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP
This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
A webpage can contain various links that take you directly to other pages and even specific parts of
a given page. These links are known as hyperlinks.
Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases, and images.
Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images available on a webpage.
Note: I recommend to go through a short tutorial on Understanding URL
Linking Documents
A link is specified using HTML tag <a>. This tag is called anchor tag and anything between the
opening <a> tag and the closing </a> tag becomes part of the link and a user can click that part to
reach to the linked document. Following is the simple syntax to use <a> tag.
<a href="Document URL" ... attributes-list>Link Text</a>
Example
Let's try following example which links [Link] at your page:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="[Link] target="_self">Tutorials Point</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can click on the link generated Tutorials Pointto
reach to the home page of Tutorials Point.
Click following link
Tutorials Point
The target Attribute
We have used target attribute in our previous example. This attribute is used to specify the location
where linked document is opened. Following are possible options:
Option Description
_blank Opens the linked document in a new window or tab.
_self Opens the linked document in the same frame.
_parent Opens the linked document in the parent frame.
_top Opens the linked document in the full body of the window.
targetframe Opens the linked document in a named targetframe.
Example
Try following example to understand basic difference in few options given for target attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href="[Link]
</head>
<body>
<p>Click any of the following links</p>
<a href="/html/[Link]" target="_blank">Opens in New</a> |
<a href="/html/[Link]" target="_self">Opens in Self</a> |
<a href="/html/[Link]" target="_parent">Opens in Parent</a> |
<a href="/html/[Link]" target="_top">Opens in Body</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can click on different links to understand the difference
between various options given for target attribute.
Click any of the following links
Opens in New | Opens in Self | Opens in Parent | Opens in Body
Use of Base Path
When you link HTML documents related to the same website, it is not required to give a complete
URL for every link. You can get rid of it if you use <base> tag in your HTML document header. This
tag is used to give a base path for all the links. So your browser will concatenate given relative path
to this base path and will make a complete URL.
Example
Following example makes use of <base> tag to specify base URL and later we can use relative
path to all the links instead of giving complete URL for every link.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href="[Link]
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="/html/[Link]" target="_blank">HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can click on the link generated HTML Tutorialto reach
to the HTML tutorial.
Now given URL <a href="/html/[Link]" is being considered as <a
href="[Link]
Click following link
HTML Tutorial
Linking to a Page Section
You can create a link to a particular section of a given webpage by using name attribute. This is a
two step process.
First create a link to the place where you want to reach with-in a webpage and name it using <a...>
tag as follows:
<h1>HTML Text Links <a name="top"></a></h1>
Second step is to create a hyperlink to link the document and place where you want to reach:
<a href="/html/html_text_links.htm#top">Go to the Top</a>
This will produce following link, where you can click on the link generated Go to the Top to reach to
the top of the HTML Text Link tutorial.
Go to the Top
Setting Link Colors
You can set colors of your links, active links and visited links using link, alink and vlinkattributes of
<body> tag.
Example
Save the following in [Link] and open it in any web browser to see
how link, alink andvlink attributes work.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href="[Link]
</head>
<body alink="#54A250" link="#040404" vlink="#F40633">
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="/html/[Link]" target="_blank" >HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result. Just check color of the link before clicking on it, next check its
color when you activate it and when the link has been visited.
Click following link
HTML Tutorial
Download Links
You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files downloadable. This is very simple,
you just need to give complete URL of the downloadable file as follows:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<a href="[Link] PDF File</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following link and will be used to download a file.
Download PDF File
File Download Dialog Box
Sometimes it is desired that you want to give an option where a user will click a link and it will pop
up a "File Download" box to the user in stead of displaying actual content. This is very easy and
can be achieved using an HTTP header in your HTTP response.
For example, if you want make a FileName file downloadable from a given link then its syntax will
be as follows.
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Addtional HTTP Header
print "Content-Type:application/octet-stream; name=\"FileName\"\r\n";
print "Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"FileName\"\r\n\n";
# Open the target file and list down its content as follows
open( FILE, "<FileName" );
while(read(FILE, $buffer, 100)){
print("$buffer");
Note: For more detail on PERL CGI programs, go through tutorial PERL and CGI.
We have seen how to create hypertext link using text and we also learnt how to use images in our
webpages. Now we will learn how to use images to create hyperlinks.
Example
It's simple to use an image as hyperlink. We just need to use an image inside hyperlink at the place
of text as shown below:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Image Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="[Link] target="_self">
<img src="/images/[Link]" alt="Tutorials Point" border="0"/>
</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can click on the images to reach to the home page of
Tutorials Point.
Click following link
This was the simplest way of creating hyperlinks using images. Next we will see how we can create
Mouse-Sensitive Image Links.
Mouse-Sensitive Images
The HTML and XHTML standards provide a feature that lets you embed many different links inside
a single image. You can create different links on the single image based on different coordinates
available on the image. Once different are links attached to different coordinates, we can click
different parts of the image to open target documents. Such mouse-sensitive images are known as
image maps.
There are two ways to create image maps:
Sserver-side image maps - This is enabled by the ismap attribute of the <img> tag and
requires access to a server and related image-map processing applications.
Client-side image maps - This is created with the usemap attribute of the <img> tag, along
with corresponding <map> and <area> tags.
Server-Side Image Maps
Here you simply put your image inside a hyper link and use ismap attribute which makes it special
image and when the user clicks some place within the image, the browser passes the coordinates
of the mouse pointer along with the URL specified in the <a> tag to the web server. The server
uses the mouse-pointer coordinates to determine which document to deliver back to the browser.
When ismap is used, the href attribute of the containing <a> tag must contain the URL of a server
application like a cgi or PHP script etc. to process the incoming request based on the passed
coordinates.
The coordinates of the mouse position are screen pixels counted from the upper-left corner of the
image, beginning with (0,0). The coordinates, preceded by a question mark, are added to the end of
the URL.
For example, if a user clicks 20 pixels over and 30 pixels down from the upper-left corner of the
following image:
Click following link
Which has been generated by the following code snippet:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>ISMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="/cgi-bin/[Link]" target="_self">
<img ismap src="/images/[Link]" alt="Tutorials Point" border="0"/>
</a>
</body>
</html>
Then the browser sends the following search parameters to the web server which can be
processed by [Link] script or map file and you can link whatever documents you like to these
coordinates:
/cgi-bin/[Link]?20,30
This way you can assign different links to different coordinates of the image and when those
coordinates are clicked, you can open corresponding linked document. To learn more
about ismap attribute, you can check How to use Image ismap?
Note: You will learn CGI programming when you will study Perl programming. You can write your
script to process these passed coordinates using PHP or any other script as well. For now let's
concentrate on learning HTML and later you can revisit this section.
Client-Side Image Maps
Client side image maps are enabled by the usemap attribute of the <img /> tag and defined by
special <map> and <area> extension tags.
The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the <img /> tag as a normal
image, except it carries an extra attribute called usemap. The value of the usemap attribute is the
value which will be used in a <map> tag to link map and image tags. The <map> along with <area>
tags define all the image coordinates and corresponding links.
The <area> tag inside the map tag, specifies the shape and the coordinates to define the
boundaries of each clickable hotspot available on the image. Here's an example from the image
map:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>USEMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Search and click the hotspot</p>
<img src=/https/www.scribd.com/images/[Link] alt="HTML Map" border="0" usemap="#html"/>
<!-- Create Mappings -->
<map name="html">
<area shape="circle"
coords="80,80,20" href="/css/[Link]" alt="CSS Link" target="_self" />
<area shape="rect"
coords="5,5,40,40" alt="jQuery Link" href="/jquery/[Link]" target="_self" />
</map>
</body>
</html>
Coordinate System
The actual value of coords is totally dependent on the shape in question. Here is a summary, to be
followed by detailed examples:
rect = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2
x1 and y1 are the coordinates of the upper left corner of the rectangle; x2 and y2 are the
coordinates of the lower right corner.
circle = xc , yc , radius
xc and yc are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and radius is the circle's radius. A
circle centered at 200,50 with a radius of 25 would have the attributecoords="200,50,25"
poly = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 , ... xn , yn
The various x-y pairs define vertices (points) of the polygon, with a "line" being drawn from
one point to the next point. A diamond-shaped polygon with its top point at 20,20 and 40
pixels across at its widest points would have the attributecoords="20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40".
All coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of the image (0,0). Each shape has a related
[Link] can use any image software to know the coordinates of different positions.
Its not difficult to put an HTML email link on your webpage but it can cause unnecessary spamming
problem for your email account. There are people who can run programs to harvest these types of
emails and later use them for spamming in various ways.
You can have another options to facilitate people to send you emails. One option could be to use
HTML forms to collect user data and then use PHP or CGI script to send an email.
A simple example, check our Contact Us Form. We take user feedback using this form and then we
are using one CGI program which is collecting this information and sending us email to one given
email ID.
Note: You will learn about HTML Forms in HTML Forms and you will learn about CGI in our
another tutorial Perl CGI Programming.
HTML Email Tag
HTML <a> tag provides you option to specifiy an email address to send an email. While using <a>
tag as an email tag, you will use [Link] address along with href attribute. Following is the
syntax of using mailto instead of using http.
<a href= "[Link] Email</a>
This code will generate following link which you can use to send email.
Send Email
Now if a user clicks this link, it launches one Email Client ( like Lotus Notes, Outlook Express etc. )
installed on your user's computer. There is another risk to use this option to send email because if
user do not have email client installed on their computer then it would not be possible to send
email.
Default Settings
You can specify a default email subject and email body alongwith your email address. Following is
the example to use default subject and body.
<a href="[Link]
Send Feedback
</a>
This code will generate following link which you can use to send email.
Send Feedback
HTML frames are used to divide your browser window into multiple sections where each section
can load a separate HTML document. A collection of frames in the browser window is known as a
frameset. The window is divided into frames in a similar way the tables are organized: into rows and
columns.
Disadvantages of Frames
There are few drawbacks with using frames, so it's never recommended to use frames in your
webpages:
Some smaller devices cannot cope with frames often because their screen is not big enough
to be divided up.
Sometimes your page will be displayed differently on different computers due to different
screen resolution.
The browser's back button might not work as the user hopes.
There are still few browsers that do not support frame technology.
Creating Frames
To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag. The <frameset> tag
defines how to divide the window into frames. The rows attribute of <frameset> tag defines
horizontal frames and cols attribute defines vertical frames. Each frame is indicated by <frame> tag
and it defines which HTML document shall open into the frame.
Example
Following is the example to create three horizontal frames:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>
<frameset rows="10%,80%,10%">
<frame name="top" src="/html/top_frame.htm" />
<frame name="main" src="/html/main_frame.htm" />
<frame name="bottom" src="/html/bottom_frame.htm" />
<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Example
Let's put above example as follows, here we replaced rows attribute by cols and changed their
width. This will create all the three frames vertically:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>
<frameset cols="25%,50%,25%">
<frame name="left" src="/html/top_frame.htm" />
<frame name="center" src="/html/main_frame.htm" />
<frame name="right" src="/html/bottom_frame.htm" />
<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The <frameset> Tag Attributes
Following are important attributes of the <frameset> tag:
Attribute Description
cols specifies how many columns are contained in the frameset and the size of
each column. You can specify the width of each column in one of four ways:
Absolute values in pixels. For example to create three vertical frames,
use cols="100, 500,100".
A percentage of the browser window. For example to create three
vertical frames, use cols="10%, 80%,10%".
Using a wildcard symbol. For example to create three vertical frames,
use cols="10%, *,10%". In this case wildcard takes remainder of the
window.
As relative widths of the browser window. For example to create three
vertical frames, use cols="3*,2*,1*". This is an alternative to
percentages. You can use relative widths of the browser window.
Here the window is divided into sixths: the first column takes up half
of the window, the second takes one third, and the third takes one
sixth.
rows This attribute works just like the cols attribute and takes the same values, but it
is used to specify the rows in the frameset. For example to create two
horizontal frames, use rows="10%, 90%". You can specify the height of each
row in the same way as explained above for columns.
border This attribute specifies the width of the border of each frame in pixels. For
example border="5". A value of zero means no border.
frameborder This attribute specifies whether a three-dimensional border should be
displayed between frames. This attrubute takes value either 1 (yes) or 0 (no).
For example frameborder="0" specifies no border.
framespacing This attribute specifies the amount of space between frames in a frameset.
This can take any integer value. For example framespacing="10" means there
should be 10 pixels spacing between each frames.
The <frame> Tag Attributes
Following are important attributes of <frame> tag:
Attribute Description
src This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the frame.
Its value can be any URL. For example, src="/html/top_frame.htm" will load an
HTML file available in html directory.
name This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate which
frame a document should be loaded into. This is especially important when you
want to create links in one frame that load pages into an another frame, in
which case the second frame needs a name to identify itself as the target of
the link.
frameborder This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are shown; it
overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on the <frameset> tag if
one is given, and this can take values either 1 (yes) or 0 (no).
marginwidth This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and
right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value is given in
pixels. For example marginwidth="10".
marginheight This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the top and
bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is given in pixels. For
example marginheight="10".
noresize By default you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the borders of
a frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user from being able to resize the
frame. For example noresize="noresize".
scrolling This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on the
frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example
scrolling="no" means it should not have scroll bars.
longdesc This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long
description of the contents of the frame. For example
longdesc="[Link]"
Browser Support for Frames
If a user is using any old browser or any browser which does not support frames then <noframes>
element should be displayed to the user.
So you must place a <body> element inside the <noframes> element because the <frameset>
element is supposed to replace the <body> element, but if a browser does not understand
<frameset> element then it should understand what is inside the <body> element which is
contained in a <noframes> element.
You can put some nice message for your user having old browsers. For example Sorry!! your
browser does not support frames. as shown in the above example.
Frame's name and target attributes
One of the most popular uses of frames is to place navigation bars in one frame and then load main
pages into a separate frame.
Let's see following example where a [Link] file has following code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Target Frames</title>
</head>
<frameset cols="200, *">
<frame src="/html/[Link]" name="menu_page" />
<frame src="/html/[Link]" name="main_page" />
<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>
Here we have created two columns to fill with two frames. The first frame is 200 pixels wide and will
contain the navigation menubar implemented by [Link] file. The second column fills in
remaining space and will contain the main part of the page and it is implemented by [Link] file.
For all the three links available in menubar, we have mentioned target frame as main_page, so
whenever you click any of the links in menubar, available link will open in main_page.
Following is the content of [Link] file
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body bgcolor="#4a7d49">
<a href="[Link] target="main_page">Google</a>
<br /><br />
<a href="[Link] target="main_page">Microsoft</a>
<br /><br />
<a href="[Link] target="main_page">BBC News</a>
</body>
</html>
Following is the content of [Link] file:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body bgcolor="#b5dcb3">
<h3>This is main page and content from any link will be displayed here.</h3>
<p>So now click any link and see the result.</p>
</body>
</html>
When we load [Link] file, it produces following result:
Now you can try to click links available in the left panel and see the result. The targetattribute can
also take one of the following values:
Option Description
_self Loads the page into the current frame.
_blank Loads a page into a new browser [Link] a new window.
_parent Loads the page into the parent window, which in the case of a single frameset is
the main browser window.
_top Loads the page into the browser window, replacing any current frames.
targetframe Loads the page into a named targetframe.
You can define an inline frame with HTML tag <iframe>. The <iframe> tag is not somehow related
to <frameset> tag, instead, it can appear anywhere in your document. The <iframe> tag defines a
rectangular region within the document in which the browser can display a separate document,
including scrollbars and borders.
The src attribute is used to specify the URL of the document that occupies the inline frame.
Example
Following is the example to show how to use the <iframe>:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Iframes</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Document content goes here...</p>
<iframe src="/html/[Link]" width="555" height="200">
Sorry your browser does not support inline frames.
</iframe>
<p>Document content also go here...</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Document content goes here...
Document content can also go here...
The <Iframe> Tag Attributes
Most of the attributes of the <iframe> tag, including name, class, frameborder, id, longdesc,
marginheight, marginwidth, name, scrolling, style, and title behave exactly like the corresponding
attributes for the <frame> tag.
Attribute Description
src This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the frame.
Its value can be any URL. For example, src="/html/top_frame.htm" will load an
HTML file avalaible in html directory.
name This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate which
frame a document should be loaded into. This is especially important when you
want to create links in one frame that load pages into an another frame, in
which case the second frame needs a name to identify itself as the target of
the link.
frameborder This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are shown; it
overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on the <frameset> tag if
one is given, and this can take values either 1 (yes) or 0 (no).
marginwidth This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and
right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value is given in
pixels. For example marginwidth="10".
marginheight This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the top and
bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is given in pixels. For
example marginheight="10".
noresize By default you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the borders of
a frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user from being able to resize the
frame. For example noresize="noresize".
scrolling This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on the
frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example
scrolling="no" means it should not have scroll bars.
longdesc This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long
description of the contents of the frame. For example
longdesc="[Link]"
All the HTML elements can be categorized into two categories (a) Block Level Elements (b)Inline
Elements
Block Elements
Block elements appear on the screen as if they have a line break before and after them. For
example the <p>, <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>, <pre>, <hr />,
<blockquote>, and <address> elements are all block level elements. They all start on their own new
line, and anything that follows them appears on its own new line.
Inline Elements
Inline elements, on the other hand, can appear within sentences and do not have to appear on a
new line of their own. The <b>, <i>, <u>, <em>, <strong>, <sup>, <sub>, <big>, <small>, <li>,
<ins>, <del>, <code>, <cite>, <dfn>, <kbd>, and <var> elements are all inline elements.
Grouping HTML Elements
There are two important tags which we use very frequently to group various other HTML tags (i)
<div> tag and (ii) <span> tag
The <div> tag
This is the very important block level tag which plays a big role in grouping various other HTML tags
and applying CSS on group of elements. Even now <div> tag can be used to create webpage
layout where we define different parts ( Left, Right, Top etc) of the page using <div> tag. This tag
does not provide any visual change on the block but this has more meaning when it is used with
CSS.
Example
Following is a simple example of <div> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in a
separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <div> tag:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML div Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- First group of tags -->
<div style="color:red">
<h4>This is first group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of vegetables</p>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- Second group of tags -->
<div style="color:green">
<h4>This is second group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of fruits</p>
<ul>
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Mango</li>
<li>Strawberry</li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
THIS IS FIRST GROUP
Following is a list of vegetables
Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish
THIS IS SECOND GROUP
Following is a list of fruits
Apple
Banana
Mango
Strawberry
The <span> tag
The HTML <span> is an inline element and it can be used to group inline-elements in an HTML
document. This tag also does not provide any visual change on the block but has more meaning
when it is used with CSS.
The difference between the <span> tag and the <div> tag is that the <span> tag is used with inline
elements where as the <div> tag is used with block-level elements.
Example
Following is a simple example of <span> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in a
separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <span> tag:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML span Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is <span style="color:red">red</span> and this is <span
style="color:green">green</span></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is red, and this is green
By default, your webpage background is white in color. You may not like it, but no worries. HTML
provides you following two good ways to decorate your webpage background.
Html Background with Colors
Html Background with Images
Now let's see both the approaches one by one using appropriate examples.
Html Background with Colors
The bgcolor attribute is used to control the background of an HTML element, specifically page
body and table backgrounds. Following is the syntax to use bgcolor attribute with any HTML tag.
<tagname bgcolor="color_value"...>
This color_value can be given in any of the following formats:
<!-- Format 1 - Use color name -->
<table bgcolor="lime" >
<!-- Format 2 - Use hex value -->
<table bgcolor="#f1f1f1" >
<!-- Format 3 - Use color value in RGB terms -->
<table bgcolor="rgb(0,0,120)" >
Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Colors</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Format 1 - Use color name -->
<table bgcolor="yellow" width="100%">
<tr><td>
This background is yellow
</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- Format 2 - Use hex value -->
<table bgcolor="#6666FF" width="100%">
<tr><td>
This background is sky blue
</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- Format 3 - Use color value in RGB terms -->
<table bgcolor="rgb(255,0,255)" width="100%">
<tr><td>
This background is green
</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This background is yellow
This background is sky blue
This background is green
Html Background with Images
The background attribute can also be used to control the background of an HTML elmement,
specifically page body and table backgrounds. You can specify an image to set background of your
HTML page or table. Following is the syntax to use background attribute with any HTML tag.
Note: The background attribute is deprecated and it is recommended to use Style Sheet for
background setting.
<tagname background="Image URL"...>
The most frequently used image formats are JPEG, GIF and PNG images.
Example
Here are the examples to set background images of a table.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Set table background -->
<table background="/images/[Link]" width="100%" height="100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with HTML image.
</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This background is filled up with HTML image.
Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds
You might have seen many pattern or transparent backgrounds on various websites. This simply
can be achieved by using patterned image or transparent image in the background.
It is suggested that while creating patterns or transparent GIF or PNG images, use the smallest
dimensions possible even as small as 1x1 to avoid slow loading.
Example
Here are the examples to set background pattern of a table:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Set a table background using pattrern -->
<table background="/images/[Link]" width="100%" height="100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- Another example on table background using pattrern -->
<table background="/images/[Link]" width="100%" height="100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You can specify colors on
page level using <body> tag or you can set colors for individual tags using bgcolorattribute.
The <body> tag has following attributes which can be used to set different colors:
bgcolor - sets a color for the background of the page.
text - sets a color for the body text.
alink - sets a color for active links or selected links.
link - sets a color for linked text.
vlink - sets a color for visited links - that is, for linked text that you have already clicked on.
HTML Color Coding Methods
There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page:
Color names - You can specify color names directly like green, blue or red.
Hex codes - A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue that makes up
the color.
Color decimal or percentage values - This value is specified using the rgb( ) property.
Now we will see these coloring schemes one by one.
HTML Colors - Color Names
You can sepecify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has listed 16 basic color
names that will validate with an HTML validator but there are over 200 different color names
supported by major browsers.
Note: Check a complete list of HTML Color Name.
W3C Standard 16 Colors
Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is recommended to use them.
Black Gray Silver White
Yellow Lime Aqua Fuchsia
Red Green Blue Purple
Maroon Olive Navy Teal
EXAMPLE
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color name:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Name</title>
</head>
<body text="blue" bgcolor="green">
<p>Use different color names for for body and table and see the result.</p>
<table bgcolor="black">
<tr>
<td>
<font color="white">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
HTML Colors - Hex Codes
A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent a red value,
the next two are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB).
A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Paintshop
Pro or MS Paint.
Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #. Following is a list of few colors
using hexadecimal notation.
Color Color HEX
#000000
#FF0000
#00FF00
#0000FF
#FFFF00
#00FFFF
#FF00FF
#C0C0C0
#FFFFFF
EXAMPLE
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code in hexadecimal:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Hex</title>
</head>
<body text="#0000FF" bgcolor="#00FF00">
<p>Use different color hexa for for body and table and see the result.</p>
<table bgcolor="#000000">
<tr>
<td>
<font color="#FFFFFF">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
HTML Colors - RGB Values
This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values, one each
for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a percentage.
Note: All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is recommended not to use it.
Following is a list to show few colors using RGB values.
Color Color RGB
rgb(0,0,0)
rgb(255,0,0)
rgb(0,255,0)
rgb(0,0,255)
rgb(255,255,0)
rgb(0,255,255)
rgb(255,0,255)
rgb(192,192,192)
rgb(255,255,255)
EXAMPLE
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code using rgb() values:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by RGB code</title>
</head>
<body text="rgb(0,0,255)" bgcolor="rgb(0,255,0)">
<p>Use different color code for for body and table and see the result.</p>
<table bgcolor="rgb(0,0,0)">
<tr>
<td>
<font color="rgb(255,255,255)">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Browser Safe Colors
Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be safest and computer independent colors.
These colors very from hexa code 000000 to FFFFFF and they will be supported by all the
computers having 256 color palette.
000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF
003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF
006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF
009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF
00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF
00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF
330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF
333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF
336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF
339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF
33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF
33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF
660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF
663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF
666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF
669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF
66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF
66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF
990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF
993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF
996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF
999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF
99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF
99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF
CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF
CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF
CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF
CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF
CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF
CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF
FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF
FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF
FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF
FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF
FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF
FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF
Fonts play very important role in making a website more user friendly and increasing content
readability. Font face and color depends entirely on the computer and browser that is being used to
view your page but you can use HTML <font> tag to add style, size, and color to the text on your
website. You can use a <basefont> tag to set all of your text to the same size, face, and color.
The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to customize your fonts. To
change any of the font attributes at any time within your webpage, simply use the <font> tag. The
text that follows will remain changed until you close with the </font> tag. You can change one or all
of the font attributes within one <font> tag.
Note: The font and basefont tags are deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a future
version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to use CSS styles to manipulate
your fonts. But still for learning purpose, this chapter will explain font and basefont tags in detail.
Set Font Size
You can set content font size using size attribute. The range of accepted values is from 1(smallest)
to 7(largest). The default size of a font is 3.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Font Size</title>
</head>
<body>
<font size="1">Font size="1"</font><br />
<font size="2">Font size="2"</font><br />
<font size="3">Font size="3"</font><br />
<font size="4">Font size="4"</font><br />
<font size="5">Font size="5"</font><br />
<font size="6">Font size="6"</font><br />
<font size="7">Font size="7"</font>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Font size="1"
Font size="2"
Font size="3"
Font size="4"
Font size="5"
Font size="6"
Font size="7"
Relative Font Size
You can specify how many sizes larger or how many sizes smaller than the preset font size should
be. You can specify it like <font size="+n"> or <font size="-n">
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Relative Font Size</title>
</head>
<body>
<font size="-1">Font size="-1"</font><br />
<font size="+1">Font size="+1"</font><br />
<font size="+2">Font size="+2"</font><br />
<font size="+3">Font size="+3"</font><br />
<font size="+4">Font size="+4"</font>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Font size="-1"
Font size="+1"
Font size="+2"
Font size="+3"
Font size="+4"
Setting Font Face
You can set font face using face attribute but be aware that if the user viewing the page doesn't
have the font installed, they will not be able to see it. Instead user will see the default font face
applicable to the user's computer.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Font Face</title>
</head>
<body>
<font face="Times New Roman" size="5">Times New Roman</font><br />
<font face="Verdana" size="5">Verdana</font><br />
<font face="Comic sans MS" size="5">Comic Sans MS</font><br />
<font face="WildWest" size="5">WildWest</font><br />
<font face="Bedrock" size="5">Bedrock</font><br />
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Times New Roman
Verdana
Comic Sans MS
WildWest
Bedrock
Specify alternate font faces
A visitor will only be able to see your font if they have that font installed on their computer. So, it is
possible to specify two or more font face alternatives by listing the font face names, separated by a
comma.
<font face="arial,helvetica">
<font face="Lucida Calligraphy,Comic Sans MS,Lucida Console">
When your page is loaded, their browser will display the first font face available. If none of the given
fonts are installed, then it will display the default font face Times New Roman.
Note: Check a complete list of HTML Standard Fonts.
Setting Font Color
You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the color that you want by
either the color name or hexadecimal code for that color.
Note: You can check a complete list of HTML Color Name with Codes.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Font Color</title>
</head>
<body>
<font color="#FF00FF">This text is in pink</font><br />
<font color="red">This text is red</font>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This text is in pink
This text is red
The <basefont> Element:
The <basefont> element is supposed to set a default font size, color, and typeface for any parts of
the document that are not otherwise contained within a <font> tag. You can use the <font>
elements to override the <basefont> settings.
The <basefont> tag also takes color, size and face attributes and it will support relative font setting
by giving size a value of +1 for a size larger or -2 for two sizes smaller.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Basefont Color</title>
</head>
<body>
<basefont face="arial, verdana, sans-serif" size="2" color="#ff0000">
<p>This is the page's default font.</p>
<h2>Example of the <basefont> Element</h2>
<p><font size="+2" color="darkgray">
This is darkgray text with two sizes larger
</font></p>
<p><font face="courier" size="-1" color="#000000">
It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color.
</font></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is the page's default font.
Example of the <basefont> Element
This is darkgray text with two sizes larger
It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color.
HTML Forms are required when you want to collect some data from the site visitor. For example
during user registration you would like to collect information such as name, email address, credit
card, etc.
A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post it to a back-end application such as
CGI, ASP Script or PHP script etc. The back-end application will perform required processing on
the passed data based on defined business logic inside the application.
There are various form elements available like text fields, textarea fields, drop-down menus, radio
buttons, checkboxes, etc.
The HTML <form> tag is used to create an HTML form and it has following syntax:
<form action="Script URL" method="GET|POST">
form elements like input, textarea etc.
</form>
Form Attributes
Apart from common attributes, following is a list of the most frequently used form attributes:
Attribute Description
action Backend script ready to process your passed data.
method Method to be used to upload data. The most frequently used are GET and POST
methods.
target Specify the target window or frame where the result of the script will be displayed.
It takes values like _blank, _self, _parent etc.
enctype
You can use the enctype attribute to specify how the browser encodes the data
before it sends it to the server. Possible values are:
application/x-www-form-urlencoded - This is the standard method most
forms use in simple scenarios.
mutlipart/form-data - This is used when you want to upload binary data in
the form of files like image, word file etc.
Note: You can refer to Perl & CGI for a detail on how form data upload works.
HTML Form Controls
There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data using HTML form:
Text Input Controls
Checkboxes Controls
Radio Box Controls
Select Box Controls
File Select boxes
Hidden Controls
Clickable Buttons
Submit and Reset Button
Text Input Controls
There are three types of text input used on forms:
Single-line text input controls - This control is used for items that require only one line of
user input, such as search boxes or names. They are created using HTML <input> tag.
Password input controls - This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as
soon as a user enters it. They are also created using HTMl <input> tag.
Multi-line text input controls - This is used when the user is required to give details that
may be longer than a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are created using
HTML <textarea> tag.
Single-line text input controls
This control is used for items that require only one line of user input, such as search boxes or
names. They are created using HTML <input> tag.
Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line text input used to take first name and last name:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form >
First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" />
<br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
First name:
Last name:
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating text field.
Attribute Description
type Indicates the type of input control and for text input control it will be set totext.
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized
and get the value.
value This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.
size Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.
maxlength Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into the
text box.
Password input controls
This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as soon as a user enters it. They are
also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to password.
Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line password input used to take user password:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Password Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form >
User ID : <input type="text" name="user_id" />
<br>
Password: <input type="password" name="password" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
User ID :
Password:
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating password field.
Attribute Description
type Indicates the type of input control and for password input control it will be set
to password.
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized
and get the value.
value This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.
size Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.
maxlength Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into the
text box.
Multiple-Line Text Input Controls
This is used when the user is required to give details that may be longer than a single sentence.
Multi-line input controls are created using HTML <textarea> tag.
Example
Here is a basic example of a multi-line text input used to take item description:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Multiple-Line Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
Description : <br />
<textarea rows="5" cols="50" name="description">
Enter description here...
</textarea>
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Description :
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <textarea> tag.
Attribute Description
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and
get the value.
rows Indicates the number of rows of text area box.
cols Indicates the number of columns of text area box
Checkbox Control
Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected. They are also created
using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to checkbox.
Example
Here is an example HTML code for a form with two checkboxes:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Checkbox Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="maths" value="on"> Maths
<input type="checkbox" name="physics" value="on"> Physics
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Maths Physics
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <checkbox> tag.
Attribute Description
type Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be set
to checkbox.
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and
get the value.
value The value that will be used if the checkbox is selected.
checked Set to checked if you want to select it by default.
Radio Button Control
Radio buttons are used when out of many options, just one option is required to be selected. They
are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to radio.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with two radio buttons:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Radio Box Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="radio" name="subject" value="maths"> Maths
<input type="radio" name="subject" value="physics"> Physics
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Maths Physics
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for radio button.
Attribute Description
type Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be set
to radio.
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and
get the value.
value The value that will be used if the radio box is selected.
checked Set to checked if you want to select it by default.
Select Box Control
A select box, also called drop down box which provides option to list down various options in the
form of drop down list, from where a user can select one or more options.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one drop down box
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Select Box Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<select name="dropdown">
<option value="Maths" selected>Maths</option>
<option value="Physics">Physics</option>
</select>
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Maths
Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of <select> tag:
Attribute Description
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and
get the value.
size This can be used to present a scrolling list box.
multiple If set to "multiple" then allows a user to select multiple items from the menu.
Following is the list of important attributes of <option> tag:
Attribute Description
value The value that will be used if an option in the select box box is selected.
selected Specifies that this option should be the initially selected value when the page
loads.
label An alternative way of labeling options
File Upload Box
If you want to allow a user to upload a file to your web site, you will need to use a file upload box,
also known as a file select box. This is also created using the <input> element but type attribute is
set to file.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one file upload box:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="file" name="fileupload" accept="image/*" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of file upload box:
Attribute Description
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized and
get the value.
accept Specifies the types of files that the server accepts.
Button Controls
There are various ways in HTML to create clickable buttons. You can also create a clickable button
using <input> tag by setting its type attribute to button. The type attribute can take the following
values:
Type Description
submit This creates a button that automatically submits a form.
reset This creates a button that automatically resets form controls to their initial values.
button This creates a button that is used to trigger a client-side script when the user clicks
that button.
image This creates a clickable button but we can use an image as background of the button.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with three types of buttons:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" />
<input type="reset" name="reset" value="Reset" />
<input type="button" name="ok" value="OK" />
<input type="image" name="imagebutton" src="/html/images/[Link]" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Submit Reset
Hidden Form Controls
Hidden form controls are used to hide data inside the page which later on can be pushed to the
server. This control hides inside the code and does not appear on the actual page. For example,
following hidden form is being used to keep current page number. When a user will click next page
then the value of hidden control will be sent to the web server and there it will decide which page
has be displayed next based on the passed current page.
Example
Here is example HTML code to show the usage of hidden control:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<p>This is page 10</p>
<input type="hidden" name="pagename" value="10" />
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" />
<input type="reset" name="reset" value="Reset" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is page 10
Submit Reset
Sometimes you need to add music or video into your web page. The easiest way to add video or
sound to your web site is to include the special HTML tag called <embed>. This tag causes the
browser itself to include controls for the multimedia automatically provided browser supports
<embed> tag and given media type.
You can also include a <noembed> tag for the browsers which don't recognize the <embed> tag.
You could, for example, use <embed> to display a movie of your choice, and <noembed> to display
a single JPG image if browser does not support <embed> tag.
Example
Here is a simple example to play an embedded midi file:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<embed src="/html/[Link]" width="100%" height="60" >
<noembed><img src="[Link]" alt="Alternative Media" ></noembed>
</embed>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
You can put any media file in src attribute. You can try it yourself by giving various types of files.
The <embed> Tag Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <embed> tag.
Attribute Description
align Determines how to align the object. It can be set to either center, left or right.
autostart This boolean attribute indicates if the media should start automatically. You can
set it either true or false.
loop Specifies if the sound should be played continuously (set loop to true), a certain
number of times (a positive value) or not at all (false)
playcount Specifies the number of times to play the sound. This is alternate option forloop if
you are usiong IE.
hidden Specifies if the multimedia object should be shown on the page. A false value
means no and true values means yes.
width Width of the object in pixels
height Height of the object in pixels
name A name used to reference the object.
src URL of the object to be embedded.
volume Controls volume of the sound. Can be from 0 (off) to 100 (full volume).
Supported Video Types
You can use various media types like Flash movies (.swf), AVI's (.avi), and MOV's (.mov) file types
inside embed tag.
.swf files - are the file types created by Macromedia's Flash program.
.wmv files - are Microsoft's Window's Media Video file types.
.mov files - are Apple's Quick Time Movie format.
.mpeg files - are movie files created by the Moving Pictures Expert Group.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<embed src="/html/[Link]" width="200" height="200" >
<noembed><img src="[Link]" alt="Alternative Media" ></noembed>
</embed>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Background Audio
You can use HTML <bgsound> tag to play a soundtrack in the background of your webpage. This
tag is supported by Internet Explorer only and most of the other browsers ignore this tag. It
downloads and plays an audio file when the host document is first downloaded by the user and
displayed. The background sound file also will replay whenever the user refreshes the browser.
This tag is having only two attributes loop and src. Both these attributes have same meaning as
explained above.
Here is a simple example to play a small midi file:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<bgsound src="/html/[Link]">
<noembed><img src="[Link]" ></noembed>
</bgsound>
</body>
</html>
This will produce blank screen. This tag does not display any component and remains hidden.
Internet Explorer can also handle only three different sound format files: wav, the native format for
PCs; au, the native format for most Unix workstations; and MIDI, a universal music-encoding
scheme.
HTML Object tag
HTML 4 introduces the <object> element, which offers an all-purpose solution to generic object
inclusion. The <object> element allows HTML authors to specify everything required by an object
for its presentation by a user agent
Here are few examples:
Example - 1
You can embed an HTML document in an HTML document itself as follows:
<object data="data/[Link]" type="text/html" width="300" height="200">
alt : <a href="data/[Link]">[Link]</a>
</object>
Here alt attribute will come into picture if browser does not support object tag.
Example - 2
You can embed a PDF document in an HTML document as follows:
<object data="data/[Link]" type="application/pdf" width="300" height="200">
alt : <a href="data/[Link]">[Link]</a>
</object>
Example - 3
You can specify some parameters related to the document with the <param> tag. Here is an
example to embed a wav file:
<object data="data/[Link]" type="audio/x-wav" width="200" height="20">
<param name="src" value="data/[Link]">
<param name="autoplay" value="false">
<param name="autoStart" value="0">
alt : <a href="data/[Link]">[Link]</a>
</object>
Example - 4
You can add a flash document as follows:
<object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" id="penguin"
codebase="someplace/[Link]" width="200" height="300">
<param name="movie" value="flash/[Link]" />
<param name="quality" value="high" />
<img src="[Link]" width="200" height="300" alt="Penguin" />
</object>
Example - 5
You can add a java applet into HTML document as follows:
<object classid="clsid:8ad9c840-044e-11d1-b3e9-00805f499d93"
width="200" height="200">
<param name="code" value="[Link]">
</object>
The classid attribute identifies which version of Java Plug-in to use. You can use the
optional codebase attribute to specify if and how to download the JRE.
An HTML marquee is a scrolling piece of text displayed either horizontally across or vertically down
your webpage depending on the settings. This is created by using HTML <marquees> tag.
Note: The HTML <marquee> tag may not be supported by various browsers so its not
recommended to rely on this tag, instead you can use Javascript and CSS to create such effects.
Syntax
A simple syntax to use HTML <marquee> tag is as follows:
<marquee attribute_name="attribute_value"....more attributes>
One or more lines or text message or image
</marquee>
The <marquee> Tag Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <marquee> tag.
Attribute Description
width This specifies the width of the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or 20% etc.
height This specifies the height of the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or 20%
etc.
direction This specifies the direction in which marquee should scroll. This can be a value
like up, down, left or right.
behavior This specifies the type of scrolling of the marquee. This can have a value
like scroll, slide and alternate.
scrolldelay This specifies how long to delay between each jump. This will have a value like
10 etc.
scrollamount This specifies the speed of marquee text. This can have a value like 10 etc.
loop This specifies how many times to loop. The default value is INFINITE, which
means that the marquee loops endlessly.
bgcolor This specifies background color in terms of color name or color hex value.
hspace This specifies horizontal space around the marquee. This can be a value like
10 or 20% etc.
vspace This specifies vertical space around the marquee. This can be a value like 10
or 20% etc.
Below are few examples to demonstrate the usage of marquee tag.
Examples - 1
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee>This is basic example of marquee</marquee>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Examples - 2
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee width="50%">This example will take only 50% width</marquee>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Examples - 3
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee direction="right">This text will scroll from left to right</marquee>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Examples - 4
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee direction="up">This text will scroll from bottom to up</marquee>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
We have learnt that a typical HTML document will have following structure:
Document declaration tag
<html>
<head>
Document header related tags
</head>
<body>
Document body related tags
</body>
</html>
This chapter will give a little more detail about header part which is represented by HTML <head>
tag. The <head> tag is a container of various important tags like <title>, <meta>, <link>, <base>,
<style>, <script>, and <noscript> tags.
The HTML <title> Tag
The HTML <title> tag is used for specifying the title of the HTML document. Following is an
example to give a title to an HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Title Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello, World!
The HTML <meta> Tag
The HTML <meta> tag is used to provide metadata about the HTML document which includes
information about page expiry, page author, list of keywords, page description etc.
Following are few of the important usages of <meta> tag inside an HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Meta Tag Example</title>
<!-- Provide list of keywords -->
<meta name="keywords" content="C, C++, Java, PHP, Perl, Python">
<!-- Provide description of the page -->
<meta name="description" content="Simply Easy Learning by Tutorials Point">
<!-- Author information -->
<meta name="author" content="Tutorials Point">
<!-- Page content type -->
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<!-- Page refreshing delay -->
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="30">
<!-- Page expiry -->
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="Wed, 21 June 2006 [Link] GMT">
<!-- Tag to tell robots not to index the content of a page -->
<meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello, World!
The HTML <base> Tag
The HTML <base> tag is used for specifying the base URL for all relative URLs in a page, which
means all the other URLs will be concatenated into base URL while locating for the given item.
For example, all the given pages and images will be searched after prefixing the given URLs with
base URL [Link] directory:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Base Tag Example</title>
<base href="[Link] />
</head>
<body>
<img src="/images/[Link]" alt="Logo Image"/>
<a href="/html/[Link]" title="HTML Tutorial"/>HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
HTML Tutorial
But if you change base URL to something else, for example, if base URL is
[Link] then image and other given links will become like
[Link] and
[Link]
The HTML <link> Tag
The HTML <link> tag is used to specify relationships between the current document and external
resource. Following is an example to link an external style sheet file available in csssub-directory
within web root:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML link Tag Example</title>
<base href="[Link] />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/[Link]">
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello, World!
The HTML <style> Tag
The HTML <style> tag is used to specify style sheet for the current HTML document. Following is
an example to define few style sheet rules inside <style> tag:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML style Tag Example</title>
<base href="[Link] />
<style type="text/css">
.myclass{
background-color: #aaa;
padding: 10px;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="myclass">Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello, World!
Note: To learn about how Cascading Style Sheet works, kindly check a separate tutorial available
at [Link]
The HTML <script> Tag
The HTML <script> tag is used to include either external script file or to define internal script for the
HTML document. Following is an example where we are using Javascript to define a simple
Javascript function:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML script Tag Example</title>
<base href="[Link] />
<script type="text/javascript">
function Hello(){
alert("Hello, World");
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="OK" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can try to click on the given button:
Note: [Link]
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) describe how documents are presented on screens, in print, or
perhaps how they are pronounced. W3C has actively promoted the use of style sheets on the Web
since the Consortium was founded in 1994.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) provide easy and effective alternatives to specify various attributes
for the HTML tags. Using CSS, you can specify a number of style properties for a given HTML
element. Each property has a name and a value, separated by a colon (:). Each property
declaration is separated by a semi-colon (;).
Example
First let's consider an example of HTML document which makes use of <font> tag and associated
attributes to specify text color and font size:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><font color="green" size="5">Hello, World!</font></p>
</body>
</html>
We can re-write above example with the help of Style Sheet as follows:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="color:green;font-size:24px;">Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello, World!
You can use CSS in three ways in your HTML document:
External Style Sheet - Define style sheet rules in a separate .css file and then include that
file in your HTML document using HTML <link> tag.
Internal Style Sheet - Define style sheet rules in header section of the HTML document
using <style> tag.
Inline Style Sheet - Define style sheet rules directly along-with the HTML elements
using style attribute.
Let's see all the three cases one by one with the help of suitable examples.
External Style Sheet
If you need to use your style sheet to various pages, then its always recommended to define a
common style sheet in a separate file. A cascading style sheet file will have extension as .css and it
will be included in HTML files using <link> tag.
Example
Consider we define a style sheet file [Link] which has following rules:
.red{
color: red;
.thick{
font-size:20px;
.green{
color:green;
Here we defined three CSS rules which will be applicable to three different classes defined for the
HTML tags. I suggest you should not bother about how these rules are being defined because you
will learn them while studying CSS. Now let's make use of the above external CSS file in our
following HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML External CSS</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/html/[Link]">
</head>
<body>
<p class="red">This is red</p>
<p class="thick">This is thick</p>
<p class="green">This is green</p>
<p class="thick green">This is thick and green</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is red
This is thick
This is green
This is thick and green
Internal Style Sheet
If you want to apply Style Sheet rules to a single document only then you can include those rules in
header section of the HTML document using <style> tag.
Rules defined in internal style sheet overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file.
Example
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules in the same HTML
document using <style> tag:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Internal CSS</title>
<style type="text/css">
.red{
color: red;
.thick{
font-size:20px;
}
.green{
color:green;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="red">This is red</p>
<p class="thick">This is thick</p>
<p class="green">This is green</p>
<p class="thick green">This is thick and green</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is red
This is thick
This is green
This is thick and green
Inline Style Sheet
You can apply style sheet rules directly to any HTML element using style attribute of the relevant
tag. This should be done only when you are interested to make a particular change in any HTML
element only.
Rules defined inline with the element overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file as well as
the rules defined in <style> element.
Example
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules along with the
HTML elements using style attribute of those elements.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Inline CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="color:red;">This is red</p>
<p style="font-size:20px;">This is thick</p>
<p style="color:green;">This is green</p>
<p style="color:green;font-size:20px;">This is thick and green</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is red
This is thick
This is green
This is thick and green
A script is a small piece of program that can add interactivity to your website. For example, a script
could generate a pop-up alert box message, or provide a dropdown menu. This script could be
written using Javascript or VBScript.
You can write various small functions, called event handlers using any of the scripting language
and then you can trigger those functions using HTML attributes.
Now a days only Javascript and associated frameworks are being used by most of the web
developers, VBScript is not even supported by various major browsers.
You can keep Javascript code in a separate file and then include it whereever it's needed, or you
can define functionality inside HTML document itself. Let's see both the cases one by one with
suitable examples.
External Javascript
If you are going to define a functionality which will be used in various HTML documents then it's
better to keep that functionality in a separate Javascript file and then include that file in your HTML
documents. A Javascript file will have extension as .js and it will be included in HTML files using
<script> tag.
Example
Consider we define a small function using Javascript in [Link] which has following code:
function Hello()
alert("Hello, World");
Now let's make use of the above external Javascript file in our following HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Javascript External Script</title>
<script src="/html/[Link]" type="text/javascript"/></script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="Click Me" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can try to click on the given button:
Internal Script
You can write your script code directly into your HTML document. Usually we keep script code in
header of the document using <script> tag, otherwise there is no restriction and you can put your
source code anywhere in the document but inside <script> tag.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Javascript Internal Script</title>
<base href="[Link] />
<script type="text/javascript">
function Hello(){
alert("Hello, World");
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="Click Me" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can try to click on the given button:
Event Handlers
Event handlers are nothing but simply defined functions which can be called against any mouse or
keyboard event. You can define your business logic inside your event handler which can vary from
a single to 1000s of line code.
Following example explains how to write an event handler. Let's write one simple
functionEventHandler() in the header of the document. We will call this function when any user
brings mouse over a paragraph.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Event Handlers Example</title>
<base href="[Link] />
<script type="text/javascript">
function EventHandler(){
alert("I'm event handler!!");
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p onmouseover="EventHandler();">Bring your mouse here to see an alert</p>
</body>
</html>
Now this will produce following result. Bring your mouse over this line and see the result:
Bring your mouse here to see an alert
Hide Scripts from Older Browsers
Although most (if not all) browsers these days support Javascript, but still some older browsers
don't. If a browser doesn't support JavaScript, instead of running your script, it would display the
code to the user. To prevent this, you can simply place HTML comments around the script as
shown below.
JavaScript Example:
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
[Link]("Hello Javascript!");
//-->
</script>
VBScript Example:
<script type="text/vbscript">
<!--
[Link]("Hello VBScript!")
'-->
</script>
The <noscript> Element
You can also provide alternative info to the users whose browsers don't support scripts and for
those users who have disabled script option their browsers. You can do this using
the<noscript> tag.
JavaScript Example:
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
[Link]("Hello Javascript!");
//-->
</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support Javascript!</noscript>
VBScript Example:
<script type="text/vbscript">
<!--
[Link]("Hello VBScript!")
'-->
</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support VBScript!</noscript>
Default Scripting Language
There may be a situation when you will include multiple script files and ultimately using multiple
<script> tags. You can specify a default scripting language for all your script tags. This saves you
from specifying the language everytime you use a script tag within the page. Below is the example:
<meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/JavaScript" />
Note that you can still override the default by specifying a language within the script tag.
A webpage layout is very important to give better look to your website. It takes considerable time to
design a website's layout with great look and feel.
Now a days, all modern websites are using CSS and Javascript based framework to come up with
responsive and dynamic websites but you can create a good layout using simple HTML tables or
division tags in combination with other formatting tags. This chapter will give you few examples on
how to create a simple but working layout for your webpage using pure HTML and its attributes.
HTML Layout - Using Tables
The simplest and most popular way of creating layouts is using HTML <table> tag. These tables are
arranged in columns and rows, so you can utilize these rows and columns in whatever way you like.
Example
For example, the following HTML layout example is achieved using a table with 3 rows and 2
columns but the header and footer column spans both columns using the colspan attribute:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Layout using Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width="100%" border="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#b5dcb3">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td bgcolor="#aaa" width="50">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
<td bgcolor="#eee" width="100" height="200">
Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#b5dcb3">
<center>
Copyright © 2007 [Link]
</center>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is Web Page Main title
Main Menu Technical and Managerial Tutorials
HTML
PHP
PERL...
Copyright © 2007 [Link]
Multiuple Columns Layout - Using Tables
You can design your webpage to put your web content in multiple pages. You can keep your
content in middle column and you can use left column to use menu and right column can be used to
put advertisement or some other stuff. This layout will be very similar to what we have at our
website [Link].
Example
Here is an example to create three column layout:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Three Column HTML Layout</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width="100%" border="0">
<tr valign="top">
<td bgcolor="#aaa" width="20%">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
<td bgcolor="#b5dcb3" height="200" width="60%">
Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>
<td bgcolor="#aaa" width="20%">
<b>Right Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
</tr>
<table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Main Menu Technical and Managerial Tutorials Right Menu
HTML HTML
PHP PHP
PERL... PERL...
HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN
The <div> element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements. While the <div> tag
is a block-level element, the HTML <span> element is used for grouping elements at an inline level.
Although we can achieve pretty nice layouts with HTML tables, but tables weren't really designed
as a layout tool. Tables are more suited to presenting tabular data.
Note: This example makes use of Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), so before understanding this
example you need to have a better understanding on how CSS works.
Example
Here we will try to achieve same result using <div> tag along with CSS, whatever you have
achieved using <table> tag in previous example.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Layouts using DIV, SPAN</title>
</head>
<body>
<div style="width:100%">
<div style="background-color:#b5dcb3; width:100%">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</div>
<div style="background-color:#aaa; height:200px;width:100px;float:left;">
<div><b>Main Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>
<div style="background-color:#eee; height:200px;width:350px;float:left;">
<p>Technical and Managerial Tutorials</p>
</div>
<div style="background-color:#aaa; height:200px;width:100px;float:right;">
<div><b>Right Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>
<div style="background-color:#b5dcb3;clear:both">
<center>
Copyright © 2007 [Link]
</center>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
ThisisWebPageMaintitle
Main Menu
HTML
PHP
PERL...
Technical and Managerial Tutorials
Right Menu
HTML
PHP
PERL...
Copyright © 2007 [Link]
You can create better layout using DIV, SPAN along with CSS. For more information on CSS,
please refer to CSS Tutorial.
Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked with are
part of HTML-5.
Tag Description Version
<!--...--> Specifies a comment
<!DOCTYPE> Specifies the document type
<a> Specifies an anchor
<abbr> Specifies an abbreviation
<acronym> Specifies an acronym
<address> Specifies an address element
<applet> Deprecated. Specifies an applet
<area> Specifies an area inside an image map
<article> Specifies an article
<aside> Specifies some content loosely related to the page content. If
it is removed, the remaining content still makes sense
<audio> Specifies a sound content
<b> Specifies bold text
<base> Specifies a base URL for all the links in a page
<basefont> Deprecated. Specifies a base font
<bdo> Specifies the direction of text display
<bdi> Represents text that must be isolated from its surrounding for
bidirectional text formatting. It allows embedding a span of
text with a different, or unknown, directionality
<bgsound> Specifies background music
<big> Specifies big text
<blink> Specifies a text which blinks
<blockquote> Specifies a long quotation
<body> Specifies the body element
<br> Inserts a single line break
<button> Specifies a push button
<canvas> For making graphics with a script
<caption> Specifies a table caption
<center> Deprecated. Specifies centered text
<cite> Specifies a citation
<code> Specifies computer code text
<col> Specifies attributes for table columns
<colgroup> Specifies groups of table columns
<comment> Puts a comment in the document
<datalist> A list of options for input values
<dd> Specifies a definition description
<del> Specifies deleted text
<dfn> Specifies a definition term
<dialog> Specifies a dialog box or window
<dir> Deprecated. Specifies a directory list
<div> Specifies a section in a document
<dl> Specifies a definition list
<dt> Specifies a definition term
<em> Specifies emphasized text
<embed> Specifies a container for an external (non-HTML) application
<fieldset> Specifies a fieldset
<figcaption> Specifies a caption for a <figure> element
<figure> Specifies self-contained content
<font> Deprecated. Specifies text font, size, and color
<footer> Specifies a footer for a document or section
<form> Specifies a form
<frame> Specifies a sub window (a frame)
<frameset> Specifies a set of frames
<h1> to <h6> Specifies header 1 to header 6
<head> Specifies information about the document
<header> Specifies a header for a document or section
<hr> Specifies a horizontal rule
<html> Specifies an html document
<i> Specifies italic text
<iframe> Specifies an inline sub window (frame)
<ilayer> Specifies an inline layer
<img> Specifies an image
<input> Specifies an input field
<ins> Specifies inserted text
<isindex> Deprecated. Specifies a single-line input field
<kbd> Specifies keyboard text
<keygen> Generate key information in a form
<label> Specifies a label for a form control
<layer> Specifies a layer
<legend> Specifies a title in a fieldset
<li> Specifies a list item
<link> Specifies a resource reference
<main> Specifies the main or important content in the document.
There is only oneelement in the document
<map> Specifies an image map
<mark> Specifies a text highlighted for reference purposes, that is for
its relevance in another context
<marquee> Creates a scrolling-text marquee
<menu> Deprecated. Specifies a menu list
<menuitem> Specifies a command/menu item that the user can invoke
from a popup menu
<meta> Specifies meta data of an html document which is not
displayed on the page
<meter> Specifies a scalar measurement within a known range (a
gauge)
<multicol> Specifies a multicolumn text flow
<nav> Specifies a section that contains only navigation links
<nobr> No breaks allowed in the enclosed text
<noembed> Specifies content to be presented by browsers that do not
support the <embed> tag
<noframes> Specifies a noframe section
<noscript> Specifies a noscript section
<object> Specifies an embedded object
<ol> Specifies an ordered list
<optgroup> Specifies an option group
<option> Specifies an option in a drop-down list
<output> Specifies the result of a calculation
<p> Specifies a paragraph
<param> Specifies a parameter for an object
<plaintext> Deprecated. Render the remainder of the document as
preformatted plain text
<pre> Specifies preformatted text
<progress> Specifies a completion progress of a task
<q> Specifies a short quotation
<rp> Specifies to show browsers that do not support the ruby
element
<rt> Specifies an text ruby annotation
<ruby> Specifies an ruby annotation
<s> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text
<samp> Specifies sample computer code
<script> Specifies a script
<section> Specifies a section in a document
<select> Specifies a selectable list
<spacer> Specifies a white space
<small> Specifies small text
<source> Specifies a media resources for media elements, defined
inside video or audio elements
<span> Specifies a section in a document
<strike> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text
<strong> Specifies strong text
<style> Specifies a style definition
<sub> Specifies subscripted text
<summary> Specifies a summary, caption, or legend for a given <details>
<sup> Specifies superscripted text
<table> Specifies a table
<tbody> Specifies a table body
<td> Specifies a table cell
<textarea> Specifies a text area
<tfoot> Specifies a table footer
<th> Specifies a table heading
<thead> Specifies a table header
<time> Specifies a date and time <details>
<title> Specifies the document title
<tr> Specifies a table row
<track> Specifies a text tracks used in mediaplayers
<tt> Specifies teletype text
<u> Deprecated. Specifies underlined text
<ul> Specifies an unordered list
<var> Specifies a variable
<video> Specifies a text tracks used in mediaplayers
<wbr> Indicates a potential word break point within a <nobr> section
<xmp> Deprecated. Specifies preformatted text
There are few HTML attributes which are standard and associated to all the HTML tags. These
attributes are listed here with a brief description.
Global Attributes
Not valid in base, head, html, meta, param, script, style, and title elements.
Attribute HTML-5 Description
accesskey Specifies a shortcut key for an element to be used in place
of keyboard.
class The class of the element
contenteditable Yes Boolean attribute to specify whether the element is editable
or not.
contextmenu Yes Specifies a context menu for an element.
data-* Yes Used to store custom data associated with the element.
draggable Yes Boolean attribute to specify whether the element can be
dragged or not.
dropzone Yes Specifies whether the dragged data is copied, moved, or
linked, when dropped.
hidden Yes Specifies whether element should be visible or not.
id A unique id for the element
spellcheck Yes Specifies if the element must have it's spelling or grammar
checked.
style An inline style definition
tabindex Specifies the tab order of an element.
title A text to display in a tool tip
translate Yes Boolean attribute specifies whether the content of an
element should be translated or not
Language Attributes
The lang attribute indicates the language being used for the enclosed content. The language is
identified using the ISO standard language abbreviations, such as fr for French,en for English, and
so on. RFC 1766 ([Link] describes these codes and their formats.
Not valid in base, br, frame, frameset, hr, iframe, param, and script elements.
Attribute Value Description
dir ltr | rtl Sets the text direction
lang language_code Sets the language code
When users visit your website, they do things like click various links, bring mouse over text and
images etc. These are examples of what we call events in Javascript and VBScript terminologies.
We can write our event handlers using Javascript or VBScript and can specify some actions to be
taken against these events. Though these are the events but they will be specified as attributes for
the HTML tags.
The HTML 4.01 specification had defined 19 events but later HTML-5 has added many other events
which we have listed down here:
Window Events Attributes
Following events have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked with
are part of HTML-5.
Events HTML-5 Description
onafterprint Triggers after a document is printed
onbeforeprint Triggers before a document is printed
onbeforeonload Triggers before a document loads
onerror Triggers when an error occurs
onhaschange Triggers when a document has changed
onload Triggers when a document loads
onmessage Triggers when a message is triggered
onoffline Triggers when a document goes offline
ononline Triggers when a document comes online
onpagehide Triggers when a window is hidden
onpageshow Triggers when a window becomes visible
onpopstate Triggers when a window's history changes
onredo Triggers when a document performs a redo
onresize Triggers when a window is resized
onstorage Triggers when a document loads
onundo Triggers when a document performs an undo
onunload Triggers when a user leaves the document
Form Events
Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked with are
part of HTML-5.
Events HTML-5 Description
onblur Triggers when a window loses focus
onchange Triggers when an element changes
oncontextmenu Triggers when a context menu is triggered
onfocus Triggers when a window gets focus
onformchange Triggers when a form changes
onforminput Triggers when a form gets user input
oninput Triggers when an element gets user input
oninvalid Triggers when an element is invalid
onreset Triggers when a form is reset
onselect Triggers when an element is selected
onsubmit Triggers when a form is submitted
Keyboard Events
Events HTML-5 Description
onkeydown Triggers when a key is pressed
onkeypress Triggers when a key is pressed and released
onkeyup Triggers when a key is released
Mouse Events
Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked with are
part of HTML-5.
Events HTML-5 Description
onclick Triggers on a mouse click
ondblclick Triggers on a mouse double-click
ondrag Triggers when an element is dragged
ondragend Triggers at the end of a drag operation
ondragenter Triggers when an element has been dragged to a valid drop
target
ondragleave Triggers when an element leaves a valid drop target
ondragover Triggers when an element is being dragged over a valid drop
target
ondragstart Triggers at the start of a drag operation
ondrop Triggers when a dragged element is being dropped
onmousedown Triggers when a mouse button is pressed
onmousemove Triggers when the mouse pointer moves
onmouseout Triggers when the mouse pointer moves out of an element
onmouseover Triggers when the mouse pointer moves over an element
onmouseup Triggers when a mouse button is released
onmousewheel Triggers when the mouse wheel is being rotated
onscroll Triggers when an element's scrollbar is being scrolled
Media Events
Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked with are
part of HTML-5.
Events HTML-5 Description
onabort Triggers on an abort event
oncanplay Triggers when a media can start play, but might has to
stop for buffering
oncanplaythrough Triggers when a media can be played to the end, without
stopping for buffering
ondurationchange Triggers when the length of a media is changed
onemptied Triggers when a media resource element suddenly
becomes empty.
onended Triggers when a media has reached the end
onerror Triggers when an error occurs
onloadeddata Triggers when media data is loaded
onloadedmetadata Triggers when the duration and other media data of a
media element is loaded
onloadstart Triggers when the browser starts loading the media data
onpause Triggers when media data is paused
onplay Triggers when media data is going to start playing
onplaying Triggers when media data has started playing
onprogress Triggers when the browser is fetching the media data
onratechange Triggers when the playing rate of media data has changed
onreadystatechange Triggers when the ready-state changes
onseeked Triggers when the seeking attribute of a media element is
no longer true, and the seeking has ended
onseeking Triggers when the seeking attribute of a media element is
true, and the seeking has begun
onstalled Triggers when there is an error in fetching media data
onsuspend Triggers when the browser has been fetching media data,
but stopped before the entire media file was fetched
ontimeupdate Triggers when media changes its playing position
onvolumechange Triggers when a media changes the volume, also when
volume is set to "mute"
onwaiting Triggers when media has stopped playing, but is expected
to resume
Fonts are specific to platform. You will have different look and feel of a web page on different
machines running different operating systems like Windows, Linux or Mac iOS. Here we are giving
a list of fonts which are available in various operating systems.
HTML <font> tag is deprecated in version 4.0 onwards and now all fonts are set by using CSS.
Here is the simple syntax of setting font of a body of web page.
body { font-family: "new century schoolbook"; }
or
<body style="font-family:new century schoolbook;">
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Font Setting Using CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Change any of the style and try it.</p>
<div style="font-family:verdana;">This is demo for font family</div>
<br />
<div style="font-size:120%;">This is demo for font size</div>
<br />
<div style="font-size:14pt;">This is demo for font size</div>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Change any of the style and try it.
This is demo for font family
This is demo for font size
This is demo for font size
Fonts for Microsoft Systems
Font Font Font
Andale Mono Arial Arial Bold
Arial Italic Arial Bold Italic Arial Black
Comic Sans MS Comic Sans MS Bold Courier New
Courier New Bold Courier New Italic Courier New Bold Italic
Georgia Georgia Bold Georgia Italic
Georgia Bold Italic Impact Lucida Console
Lucida Sans Unicode Marlett Minion Web
Symbol Times New Roman Times New Roman Bold
Times New Roman Italic Times New Roman Bold Italic Tahoma
Trebuchet MS Trebuchet MS Bold Trebuchet MS Italic
Trebuchet MS Bold Italic Verdana Verdana Bold
Verdana Italic Verdana Bold Italic Webdings
You can check example fonts here: Microsoft Fonts Examples. You can also have more information
on Microsoft Fonts at [Link]
Fonts for Macintosh Systems
Following is the list of fonts supported by Macintosh System 7 and higher versions
Font Font Font
American Typewriter Andale Mono Apple Chancery
Arial Arial Black Brush Script
Baskerville Big Caslon Comic Sans MS
Copperplate Courier New Gill Sans
Futura Herculanum Impact
Lucida Grande Marker Felt Optima
Trebuchet MS Verdana Webdings
Palatino Symbol Times
Osaka Papyrus Times New Roman
Textile Zapf Dingbats Zapfino
Techno Hoefler Text Skia
Hoefler Text Ornaments Capitals Charcoal
Gadget Sand
You can check example fonts here: Mac Fonts Examples
Fonts for Unix Systems
Following is the list of fonts supported by most Unix System variants
Font Font Font
Charter Clean Courier
Fixed Helvetica Lucida
Lucida bright Lucida Typewriter New Century Schoolbook
Symbol Terminal Times
Utopia
You can check example fonts here: Unix Fonts Examples
There are 27 = 128 printable characters which can be represented by different 7-BIT ASCII codes.
Another set of characters are not for HTML representation but they are devised to control hardware.
Following tables list down all the 7-BIT ASCII codes and their equivalent HTML Entity Codes.
If you want to see equivalent HEX, OCT and extended set of ASCII codes then check next chapter.
7-BIT Printable ASCII Characters:
ASCII Characters Description HTML Entity Codes
space  
! exclamation mark !
" quotation mark "
# number sign #
$ dollar sign $
% percent sign %
& ampersand &
' apostrophe '
( left parenthesis (
) right parenthesis )
* asterisk *
+ plus sign +
, comma ,
- hyphen -
. period .
/ slash /
0 digit 0 0
1 digit 1 1
2 digit 2 2
3 digit 3 3
4 digit 4 4
5 digit 5 5
6 digit 6 6
7 digit 7 7
8 digit 8 8
9 digit 9 9
: colon :
; semicolon ;
< less-than <
= equals-to =
> greater-than >
? question mark ?
@ at sign @
A uppercase A A
B uppercase B B
C uppercase C C
D uppercase D D
E uppercase E E
F uppercase F F
G uppercase G G
H uppercase H H
I uppercase I I
J uppercase J J
K uppercase K K
L uppercase L L
M uppercase M M
N uppercase N N
O uppercase O O
P uppercase P P
Q uppercase Q Q
R uppercase R R
S uppercase S S
T uppercase T T
U uppercase U U
V uppercase V V
W uppercase W W
X uppercase X X
Y uppercase Y Y
Z uppercase Z Z
[ left square bracket [
\ backslash \
] right square bracket ]
^ caret ^
_ underscore _
` grave accent `
a lowercase a a
b lowercase b b
c lowercase c c
d lowercase d d
e lowercase e e
f lowercase f f
g lowercase g g
h lowercase h h
i lowercase i i
j lowercase j j
k lowercase k k
l lowercase l l
m lowercase m m
n lowercase n n
o lowercase o o
p lowercase p p
q lowercase q q
r lowercase r r
s lowercase s s
t lowercase t t
u lowercase u u
v lowercase v v
w lowercase w w
x lowercase x x
y lowercase y y
z lowercase z z
{ left curly brace {
| vertical bar |
} right curly brace }
~ tilde ~
7-BIT ASCII Device Control Characters
ASCII Characters Description HTML Entity Codes
NUL null character �
SOH start of header 
STX start of text 
ETX end of text 
EOT end of transmission 
ENQ enquiry 
ACK acknowledge 
BEL bell (ring) 
BS backspace 
HT horizontal tab 	
LF line feed
VT vertical tab 
FF form feed 
CR carriage return
SO shift out 
SI shift in 
DLE data link escape 
DC1 device control 1 
DC2 device control 2 
DC3 device control 3 
DC4 device control 4 
NAK negative acknowledge 
SYN synchronize 
ETB end transmission block 
CAN cancel 
EM end of medium 
SUB substitute 
ESC escape 
FS file separator 
GS group separator 
RS record separator 
US unit separator 
DEL delete (rubout) 
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. There are 128 standard
ASCII codes, each of which can be represented by a 7 digit binary number: 0000000 through
1111111.
Extended ASCII adds an additional 128 characters that vary between computers, programs and
fonts.
7 Bit ASCII Codes
DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Code Description
0 000 00 00000000 NUL � Null char
1 001 01 00000001 SOH  Start of Heading
2 002 02 00000010 STX  Start of Text
3 003 03 00000011 ETX  End of Text
4 004 04 00000100 EOT  End of Transmission
5 005 05 00000101 ENQ  Enquiry
6 006 06 00000110 ACK  Acknowledgment
7 007 07 00000111 BEL  Bell
8 010 08 00001000 BS  Back Space
9 011 09 00001001 HT 	 Horizontal Tab
10 012 0A 00001010 LF 
 Line Feed
11 013 0B 00001011 VT  Vertical Tab
12 014 0C 00001100 FF  Form Feed
13 015 0D 00001101 CR 
 Carriage Return
14 016 0E 00001110 SO  Shift Out / X-On
15 017 0F 00001111 SI  Shift In / X-Off
16 020 10 00010000 DLE  Data Line Escape
17 021 11 00010001 DC1  Device Control 1 (oft. XON)
18 022 12 00010010 DC2  Device Control 2
19 023 13 00010011 DC3  Device Control 3 (oft. XOFF)
20 024 14 00010100 DC4  Device Control 4
21 025 15 00010101 NAK  Negative Acknowledgement
22 026 16 00010110 SYN  Synchronous Idle
23 027 17 00010111 ETB  End of Transmit Block
24 030 18 00011000 CAN  Cancel
25 031 19 00011001 EM  End of Medium
26 032 1A 00011010 SUB  Substitute
27 033 1B 00011011 ESC  Escape
28 034 1C 00011100 FS  File Separator
29 035 1D 00011101 GS  Group Separator
30 036 1E 00011110 RS  Record Separator
31 037 1F 00011111 US  Unit Separator
32 040 20 00100000   Space
33 041 21 00100001 ! ! Exclamation mark
34 042 22 00100010 " " Double quotes
35 043 23 00100011 # # Number
36 044 24 00100100 $ $ Dollar
37 045 25 00100101 % % Procenttecken
38 046 26 00100110 & & Ampersand
39 047 27 00100111 ' ' Single quote
40 050 28 00101000 ( ( Open parenthesis
41 051 29 00101001 ) ) Close parenthesis
42 052 2A 00101010 * * Asterisk
43 053 2B 00101011 + + Plus
44 054 2C 00101100 , , Comma
45 055 2D 00101101 - - Hyphen
46 056 2E 00101110 . . Period, dot or full stop
47 057 2F 00101111 / / Slash or divide
48 060 30 00110000 0 0 Zero
49 061 31 00110001 1 1 One
50 062 32 00110010 2 2 Two
51 063 33 00110011 3 3 Three
52 064 34 00110100 4 4 Four
53 065 35 00110101 5 5 Five
54 066 36 00110110 6 6 Six
55 067 37 00110111 7 7 Seven
56 070 38 00111000 8 8 Eight
57 071 39 00111001 9 9 Nine
58 072 3A 00111010 : : Colon
59 073 3B 00111011 ; ; Semicolon
60 074 3C 00111100 < < Less than
61 075 3D 00111101 = = Equals
62 076 3E 00111110 > > Greater than
63 077 3F 00111111 ? ? Question mark
64 100 40 01000000 @ @ At symbol
65 101 41 01000001 A A Uppercase A
66 102 42 01000010 B B Uppercase B
67 103 43 01000011 C C Uppercase C
68 104 44 01000100 D D Uppercase D
69 105 45 01000101 E E Uppercase E
70 106 46 01000110 F F Uppercase F
71 107 47 01000111 G G Uppercase G
72 110 48 01001000 H H Uppercase H
73 111 49 01001001 I I Uppercase I
74 112 4A 01001010 J J Uppercase J
75 113 4B 01001011 K K Uppercase K
76 114 4C 01001100 L L Uppercase L
77 115 4D 01001101 M M Uppercase M
78 116 4E 01001110 N N Uppercase N
79 117 4F 01001111 O O Uppercase O
80 120 50 01010000 P P Uppercase P
81 121 51 01010001 Q Q Uppercase Q
82 122 52 01010010 R R Uppercase R
83 123 53 01010011 S S Uppercase S
84 124 54 01010100 T T Uppercase T
85 125 55 01010101 U U Uppercase U
86 126 56 01010110 V V Uppercase V
87 127 57 01010111 W W Uppercase W
88 130 58 01011000 X X Uppercase X
89 131 59 01011001 Y Y Uppercase Y
90 132 5A 01011010 Z Z Uppercase Z
91 133 5B 01011011 [ [ Opening bracket
92 134 5C 01011100 \ \ Backslash
93 135 5D 01011101 ] ] Closing bracket
94 136 5E 01011110 ^ ^ Caret - circumflex
95 137 5F 01011111 _ _ Underscore
96 140 60 01100000 ` ` Grave accent
97 141 61 01100001 a a Lowercase a
98 142 62 01100010 b b Lowercase b
99 143 63 01100011 c c Lowercase c
100 144 64 01100100 d d Lowercase d
101 145 65 01100101 e e Lowercase e
102 146 66 01100110 f f Lowercase f
103 147 67 01100111 g g Lowercase g
104 150 68 01101000 h h Lowercase h
105 151 69 01101001 i i Lowercase i
106 152 6A 01101010 j j Lowercase j
107 153 6B 01101011 k k Lowercase k
108 154 6C 01101100 l l Lowercase l
109 155 6D 01101101 m m Lowercase m
110 156 6E 01101110 n n Lowercase n
111 157 6F 01101111 o o Lowercase o
112 160 70 01110000 p p Lowercase p
113 161 71 01110001 q q Lowercase q
114 162 72 01110010 r r Lowercase r
115 163 73 01110011 s s Lowercase s
116 164 74 01110100 t t Lowercase t
117 165 75 01110101 u u Lowercase u
118 166 76 01110110 v v Lowercase v
119 167 77 01110111 w w Lowercase w
120 170 78 01111000 x x Lowercase x
121 171 79 01111001 y y Lowercase y
122 172 7A 01111010 z z Lowercase z
123 173 7B 01111011 { { Opening brace
124 174 7C 01111100 | | Vertical bar
125 175 7D 01111101 } } Closing brace
126 176 7E 01111110 ~ ~ Equivalency sign (tilde)
127 177 7F 01111111  Delete
Extended ASCII Codes
Below is set of additional 128 Extended ASCII Codes according to ISO 8859-1, also called ISO
Latin-1.
DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTMLCode Description
128 200 80 10000000 € € Euro sign
129 201 81 10000001
130 202 82 10000010 ‚ ‚ Single low-9 quotation mark
131 203 83 10000011 ƒ ƒ Latin small letter f with hook
132 204 84 10000100 „ „ Double low-9 quotation mark
133 205 85 10000101 … … Horizontal ellipsis
134 206 86 10000110 † † Dagger
135 207 87 10000111 ‡ ‡ Double dagger
136 210 88 10001000 ˆ ˆ Modifier letter circumflex accent
137 211 89 10001001 ‰ ‰ Per mille sign
138 212 8A 10001010 Š Š Latin capital letter S with caron
139 213 8B 10001011 ‹ ‹ Single left-pointing angle quotation
140 214 8C 10001100 ΠΠLatin capital ligature OE
141 215 8D 10001101
142 216 8E 10001110 Ţ Ž Latin capital letter Z with caron
143 217 8F 10001111
144 220 90 10010000
145 221 91 10010001 Ř ‘ Left single quotation mark
146 222 92 10010010 ř ’ Right single quotation mark
147 223 93 10010011 Ŗ “ Left double quotation mark
148 224 94 10010100 ŗ ” Right double quotation mark
149 225 95 10010101 • • Bullet
150 226 96 10010110 Ŕ – En dash
151 227 97 10010111 ŕ — Em dash
152 230 98 10011000 ˜ ˜ Small tilde
153 231 99 10011001 ™ ™ Trade mark sign
154 232 9A 10011010 š š Latin small letter S with caron
155 233 9B 10011011 › › Single right-pointing angle quotation mark
156 234 9C 10011100 œ œ Latin small ligature oe
157 235 9D 10011101
158 236 9E 10011110 ţ ž Latin small letter z with caron
159 237 9F 10011111 Ÿ Ÿ Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis
160 240 A0 10100000   Non-breaking space
161 241 A1 10100001 ¡ ¡ Inverted exclamation mark
162 242 A2 10100010 ¢ ¢ Cent sign
163 243 A3 10100011 £ £ Pound sign
164 244 A4 10100100 ¤ ¤ Currency sign
165 245 A5 10100101 ¥ ¥ Yen sign
166 246 A6 10100110 ¦ ¦ Pipe, Broken vertical bar
167 247 A7 10100111 § § Section sign
168 250 A8 10101000 ¨ ¨ Spacing diaeresis - umlaut
169 251 A9 10101001 © © Copyright sign
170 252 AA 10101010 ª ª Feminine ordinal indicator
171 253 AB 10101011 « « Left double angle quotes
172 254 AC 10101100 ¬ ¬ Not sign
173 255 AD 10101101 ­ Soft hyphen
174 256 AE 10101110 ® ® Registered trade mark sign
175 257 AF 10101111 ¯ ¯ Spacing macron - overline
176 260 B0 10110000 ° ° Degree sign
177 261 B1 10110001 ± ± Plus-or-minus sign
178 262 B2 10110010 ² ² Superscript two - squared
179 263 B3 10110011 ³ ³ Superscript three - cubed
180 264 B4 10110100 ´ ´ Acute accent - spacing acute
181 265 B5 10110101 µ µ Micro sign
182 266 B6 10110110 ¶ ¶ Pilcrow sign - paragraph sign
183 267 B7 10110111 · · Middle dot - Georgian comma
184 270 B8 10111000 ¸ ¸ Spacing cedilla
185 271 B9 10111001 ¹ ¹ Superscript one
186 272 BA 10111010 º º Masculine ordinal indicator
187 273 BB 10111011 » » Right double angle quotes
188 274 BC 10111100 ¼ ¼ Fraction one quarter
189 275 BD 10111101 ½ ½ Fraction one half
190 276 BE 10111110 ¾ ¾ Fraction three quarters
191 277 BF 10111111 ¿ ¿ Inverted question mark
192 300 C0 11000000 À À Latin capital letter A with grave
193 301 C1 11000001 Á Á Latin capital letter A with acute
194 302 C2 11000010 Â Â Latin capital letter A with circumflex
195 303 C3 11000011 Ã Ã Latin capital letter A with tilde
196 304 C4 11000100 Ä Ä Latin capital letter A with diaeresis
197 305 C5 11000101 Å Å Latin capital letter A with ring above
198 306 C6 11000110 Æ Æ Latin capital letter AE
199 307 C7 11000111 Ç Ç Latin capital letter C with cedilla
200 310 C8 11001000 È È Latin capital letter E with grave
201 311 C9 11001001 É É Latin capital letter E with acute
202 312 CA 11001010 Ê Ê Latin capital letter E with circumflex
203 313 CB 11001011 Ë Ë Latin capital letter E with diaeresis
204 314 CC 11001100 Ì Ì Latin capital letter I with grave
205 315 CD 11001101 Í Í Latin capital letter I with acute
206 316 CE 11001110 Î Î Latin capital letter I with circumflex
207 317 CF 11001111 Ï Ï Latin capital letter I with diaeresis
208 320 D0 11010000 Ð Ð Latin capital letter ETH
209 321 D1 11010001 Ñ Ñ Latin capital letter N with tilde
210 322 D2 11010010 Ò Ò Latin capital letter O with grave
211 323 D3 11010011 Ó Ó Latin capital letter O with acute
212 324 D4 11010100 Ô Ô Latin capital letter O with circumflex
213 325 D5 11010101 Õ Õ Latin capital letter O with tilde
214 326 D6 11010110 Ö Ö Latin capital letter O with diaeresis
215 327 D7 11010111 × × Multiplication sign
216 330 D8 11011000 Ø Ø Latin capital letter O with slash
217 331 D9 11011001 Ù Ù Latin capital letter U with grave
218 332 DA 11011010 Ú Ú Latin capital letter U with acute
219 333 DB 11011011 Û Û Latin capital letter U with circumflex
220 334 DC 11011100 Ü Ü Latin capital letter U with diaeresis
221 335 DD 11011101 Ý Ý Latin capital letter Y with acute
222 336 DE 11011110 Þ Þ Latin capital letter THORN
223 337 DF 11011111 ß ß Latin small letter sharp s - ess-zed
224 340 E0 11100000 à à Latin small letter a with grave
225 341 E1 11100001 á á Latin small letter a with acute
226 342 E2 11100010 â â Latin small letter a with circumflex
227 343 E3 11100011 ã ã Latin small letter a with tilde
228 344 E4 11100100 ä ä Latin small letter a with diaeresis
229 345 E5 11100101 å å Latin small letter a with ring above
230 346 E6 11100110 æ æ Latin small letter ae
231 347 E7 11100111 ç ç Latin small letter c with cedilla
232 350 E8 11101000 è è Latin small letter e with grave
233 351 E9 11101001 é é Latin small letter e with acute
234 352 EA 11101010 ê ê Latin small letter e with circumflex
235 353 EB 11101011 ë ë Latin small letter e with diaeresis
236 354 EC 11101100 ì ì Latin small letter i with grave
237 355 ED 11101101 í í Latin small letter i with acute
238 356 EE 11101110 î î Latin small letter i with circumflex
239 357 EF 11101111 ï ï Latin small letter i with diaeresis
240 360 F0 11110000 ð ð Latin small letter eth
241 361 F1 11110001 ñ ñ Latin small letter n with tilde
242 362 F2 11110010 ò ò Latin small letter o with grave
243 363 F3 11110011 ó ó Latin small letter o with acute
244 364 F4 11110100 ô ô Latin small letter o with circumflex
245 365 F5 11110101 õ õ Latin small letter o with tilde
246 366 F6 11110110 ö ö Latin small letter o with diaeresis
247 367 F7 11110111 ÷ ÷ Division sign
248 370 F8 11111000 ø ø Latin small letter o with slash
249 371 F9 11111001 ù ù Latin small letter u with grave
250 372 FA 11111010 ú ú Latin small letter u with acute
251 373 FB 11111011 û û Latin small letter u with circumflex
252 374 FC 11111100 ü ü Latin small letter u with diaeresis
253 375 FD 11111101 ý ý Latin small letter y with acute
254 376 FE 11111110 þ þ Latin small letter thorn
255 377 FF 11111111 ÿ ÿ Latin small letter y with diaeresis
The following table shows the 16 color names that were introduced in HTML 3.2:
Color Name Hex Value Color Show
aqua #00ffff Demo
black #000000 Demo
blue #0000ff Demo
fuchsia #ff00ff Demo
green #008000 Demo
gray #808080 Demo
lime #00ff00 Demo
maroon #800000 Demo
navy #000080 Demo
olive #808000 Demo
purple #800080 Demo
red #ff0000 Demo
silver #c0c0c0 Demo
teal #008080 Demo
white #ffffff Demo
yellow #ffff00 Demo
There are other colors which are not part of HTML or XHTML but they are supported by most of the
versions of major browsers.
Color Name Hex Value Color Show
aliceblue #f0f8ff Demo
antiquewhite #faebd7 Demo
aquamarine #7fffd4 Demo
azure #f0ffff Demo
beige #f5f5dc Demo
bisque #ffe4c4 Demo
blanchedalmond #ffebcd Demo
blueviolet #8a2be2 Demo
brown #a52a2a Demo
burlywood #deb887 Demo
cadetblue #5f9ea0 Demo
chartreuse #7fff00 Demo
chocolate #d2691e Demo
coral #ff7f50 Demo
cornflowerblue #6495ed Demo
cornsilk #fff8dc Demo
crimson #dc143c Demo
cyan #00ffff Demo
darkblue #00008b Demo
darkcyan #008b8b Demo
darkgoldenrod #b8860b Demo
darkgray #a9a9a9 Demo
darkgreen #006400 Demo
darkkhaki #bdb76b Demo
darkmagenta #8b008b Demo
darkolivegreen #556b2f Demo
darkorange #ff8c00 Demo
darkorchid #9932cc Demo
darkred #8b0000 Demo
darksalmon #e9967a Demo
darkseagreen #8fbc8f Demo
darkslateblue #483d8b Demo
darkslategray #2f4f4f Demo
darkturquoise #00ced1 Demo
darkviolet #9400d3 Demo
deeppink #ff1493 Demo
deepskyblue #00bfff Demo
dimgray #696969 Demo
dodgerblue #1e90ff Demo
firebrick #b22222 Demo
floralwhite #fffaf0 Demo
forestgreen #228b22 Demo
gainsboro #dcdcdc Demo
ghostwhite #f8f8ff Demo
gold #ffd700 Demo
goldenrod #daa520 Demo
gray #808080 Demo
greenyellow #adff2f Demo
honeydew #f0fff0 Demo
hotpink #ff69b4 Demo
indianred #cd5c5c Demo
indigo #4b0082 Demo
ivory #fffff0 Demo
khaki #f0e68c Demo
lavender #e6e6fa Demo
lavenderblush #fff0f5 Demo
lawngreen #7cfc00 Demo
lemonchiffon #fffacd Demo
lightblue #add8e6 Demo
lightcoral #f08080 Demo
lightcyan #e0ffff Demo
lightgoldenrodyellow #fafad2 Demo
lightgreen #90ee90 Demo
lightgrey #d3d3d3 Demo
lightpink #ffb6c1 Demo
lightsalmon #ffa07a Demo
lightseagreen #20b2aa Demo
lightskyblue #87cefa Demo
lightslategray #778899 Demo
lightsteelblue #b0c4de Demo
lightyellow #ffffe0 Demo
limegreen #32cd32 Demo
linen #faf0e6 Demo
magenta #ff00ff Demo
mediumblue #0000cd Demo
mediumorchid #ba55d3 Demo
mediumpurple #9370db Demo
midnightblue #191970 Demo
mistyrose #ffe4e1 Demo
moccasin #ffe4b5 Demo
oldlace #fdf5e6 Demo
orange #ffa500 Demo
orchid #da70d6 Demo
peachpuff #ffdab9 Demo
peru #cd853f Demo
pink #ffc0cb Demo
plum #dda0dd Demo
purple #800080 Demo
rosybrown #bc8f8f Demo
royalblue #4169e1 Demo
salmon #fa8072 Demo
sandybrown #f4a460 Demo
seagreen #2e8b57 Demo
sienna #a0522d Demo
skyblue #87ceeb Demo
slateblue #6a5acd Demo
steelblue #4682b4 Demo
tan #d2b48c Demo
thistle #d8bfd8 Demo
tomato #ff6347 Demo
violet #ee82ee Demo
wheat #f5deb3 Demo
whitesmoke #f5f5f5 Demo
yellow #ffff00 Demo
yellowgreen #9acd32 Demo
Some characters are reserved in HTML and they have special meaning when used in HTML
documemt. For example, you cannot use the greater than and less than signs or angle brackets
within your HTML text because the browser will treat them differently and will try to draw a meaning
related to HTML tag.
HTML processors must support following five special characters listed in the table that follows.
Symbol Description Entity Name Number Code
" quotation mark " "
' apostrophe ' '
& ampersand & &
< less-than < <
> greater-than > >
Example
If you want to write <div id="character"> as a code then you will have to write as follows:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Entities</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="character">
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
<div id="character">
There is also a long list of special characters in HTML 4.0. In order for these to appear in your
document, you can use either the numerical codes or the entity names. For example, to insert a
copyright symbol you can use either of the following:
© 2007
or
© 2007
ISO 8859-1 Symbol Entities
Result Description Entity Name Number Code
non-breaking space  
¡ inverted exclamation mark ¡ ¡
¤ currency ¤ ¤
¢ cent ¢ ¢
£ pound £ £
¥ yen ¥ ¥
¦ broken vertical bar ¦ ¦
§ section § §
¨ spacing diaeresis ¨ ¨
© copyright © ©
ª feminine ordinal indicator ª ª
« angle quotation mark (left) « «
¬ negation ¬ ¬
soft hyphen ­ ­
® registered trademark ® ®
™ trademark ™ ™
¯ spacing macron ¯ ¯
° degree ° °
± plus-or-minus ± ±
² superscript 2 ² ²
³ superscript 3 ³ ³
´ spacing acute ´ ´
µ micro µ µ
¶ paragraph ¶ ¶
· middle dot · ·
¸ spacing cedilla ¸ ¸
¹ superscript 1 ¹ ¹
º masculine ordinal indicator º º
» angle quotation mark (right) » »
¼ fraction 1/4 ¼ ¼
½ fraction 1/2 ½ ½
¾ fraction 3/4 ¾ ¾
¿ inverted question mark ¿ ¿
× multiplication × ×
÷ division ÷ ÷
ISO 8859-1 Character Entities
Result Description Entity Name Number Code
À capital a, grave accent À À
Á capital a, acute accent Á Á
 capital a, circumflex accent  Â
à capital a, tilde à Ã
Ä capital a, umlaut mark Ä Ä
Å capital a, ring Å Å
Æ capital ae Æ Æ
Ç capital c, cedilla Ç Ç
È capital e, grave accent È È
É capital e, acute accent É É
Ê capital e, circumflex accent Ê Ê
Ë capital e, umlaut mark Ë Ë
Ì capital i, grave accent Ì Ì
Í capital i, acute accent Í Í
Î capital i, circumflex accent Î Î
Ï capital i, umlaut mark Ï Ï
Ð capital eth, Icelandic Ð Ð
Ñ capital n, tilde Ñ Ñ
Ò capital o, grave accent Ò Ò
Ó capital o, acute accent Ó Ó
Ô capital o, circumflex accent Ô Ô
Õ capital o, tilde Õ Õ
Ö capital o, umlaut mark Ö Ö
Ø capital o, slash Ø Ø
Ù capital u, grave accent Ù Ù
Ú capital u, acute accent Ú Ú
Û capital u, circumflex accent Û Û
Ü capital u, umlaut mark Ü Ü
Ý capital y, acute accent Ý Ý
Þ capital THORN, Icelandic Þ Þ
ß small sharp s, German ß ß
à small a, grave accent à à
á small a, acute accent á á
â small a, circumflex accent â â
ã small a, tilde ã ã
ä small a, umlaut mark ä ä
å small a, ring å å
æ small ae æ æ
ç small c, cedilla ç ç
è small e, grave accent è è
é small e, acute accent é é
ê small e, circumflex accent ê ê
ë small e, umlaut mark ë ë
ì small i, grave accent ì ì
í small i, acute accent í í
î small i, circumflex accent î î
ï small i, umlaut mark ï ï
ð small eth, Icelandic ð ð
ñ small n, tilde ñ ñ
ò small o, grave accent ò ò
ó small o, acute accent ó ó
ô small o, circumflex accent ô ô
õ small o, tilde õ õ
ö small o, umlaut mark ö ö
ø small o, slash ø ø
ù small u, grave accent ù ù
ú small u, acute accent ú ú
û small u, circumflex accent û û
ü small u, umlaut mark ü ü
ý small y, acute accent ý ý
þ small thorn, Icelandic þ þ
ÿ small y, umlaut mark ÿ ÿ
Other Entities Supported by HTML Browsers
Result Description Entity Name Number Code
Œ capital ligature OE Œ Œ
œ small ligature oe œ œ
Š capital S with caron Š Š
š small S with caron š š
Ÿ capital Y with diaeres Ÿ Ÿ
ˆ modifier letter circumflex accent ˆ ˆ
˜ small tilde ˜ ˜
en space    
em space    
thin space    
zero width non-joiner ‌ ‌
zero width joiner ‍ ‍
left-to-right mark ‎ ‎
right-to-left mark ‏ ‏
Ŕ en dash – –
ŕ em dash — —
Ř left single quotation mark ‘ ‘
ř right single quotation mark ’ ’
‚ single low-9 quotation mark ‚ ‚
Ŗ left double quotation mark “ “
ŗ right double quotation mark ” ”
„ double low-9 quotation mark „ „
† dagger † †
‡ double dagger ‡ ‡
… horizontal ellipsis … …
‰ per mille ‰ ‰
‹ single left-pointing angle quotation ‹ ‹
› single right-pointing angle quotation › ›
€ euro € €
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) media types were originally devised so that e-mails
could include information other than plain text. MIME media types indicate the following things:
How different parts of a message, such as text and attachments, are combined into the
message.
The way in which each part of the message is specified.
The way different items are encoded for transmission so that even software that was
designed to work only with ASCII text can process the message.
Now MIME types are not just for use with e-mail; they have been adopted by Web servers as a way
to tell Web browsers what type of material was being sent to them so that they can cope with that
kind of messages correctly.
MIME content types consist of two parts:
A main type
A sub-type
The main type is separated from the subtype by a forward slash character. For example, text/html
for HTML.
This chapter is organized for the main types:
text
image
multipart
audio
video
message
model
application
For example, the text main type contains types of plain text files, such as:
text/plain for plain text files
text/html for HTML files
text/rtf for text files using rich text formatting
MIME types are officially supposed to be assigned and listed by the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA).
Many of the popular MIME types in this list (all those begin with "x-") are not assigned by the IANA
and do not have official status. You can see the list of official MIME types at
[Link] Those preceded with .vnd are vendor-specific.
When specifying the MIME type of a content-type field you can also indicate the character set for
the text being used. If you do not specify a character set, the default is US-ASCII. For example:
content-type:text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
URL encoding is the practice of translating unprintable characters or characters with special
meaning within URLs to a representation that is unambiguous and universally accepted by web
browsers and servers. These characters include:
ASCII control characters - Unprintable characters typically used for output control.
Character ranges 00-1F hex (0-31 decimal) and 7F (127 decimal). A complete encoding
table is given below.
Non-ASCII control characters - These are characters beyond the ASCII character set of
128 characters. This range is part of the ISO-Latin character set and includes the entire "top
half" of the ISO-Latin set 80-FF hex (128-255 decimal). A complete encoding table is given
below.
Reserved characters - These are special characters such as the dollar sign, ampersand,
plus, common, forward slash, colon, semi-colon, equals sign, question mark, and "at"
symbol. All of these can have different meanings inside a URL so need to be encoded. A
complete encoding table is given below.
Unsafe characters - These are space, quotation marks, less than symbol, greater than
symbol, pound character, percent character, Left Curly Brace, Right Curly Brace , Pipe,
Backslash, Caret, Tilde, Left Square Bracket , Right Square Bracket, Grave Accent. These
character present the possibility of being misunderstood within URLs for various reasons.
These characters should also always be encoded. A complete encoding table is given
below.
The encoding notation replaces the desired character with three characters: a percent sign and two
hexadecimal digits that correspond to the position of the character in the ASCII character set.
Example
One of the most common special characters is a white space. You can't type a space in a URL
directly. A space position in the character set is 20 hexadecimal. So you can use %20 in place of a
space when passing your request to the server.
[Link]
This URL actually retrieves a document named "new [Link]" from the [Link]
ASCII control characters encoding
This includes the encoding for character ranges 00-1F hex (0-31 decimal) and 7F (127 decimal)
Decimal Hex Value Character URL Encode
0 00 %00
1 01 %01
2 02 %02
3 03 %03
4 04 %04
5 05 %05
6 06 %06
7 07 %07
8 08 backspace %08
9 09 tab %09
10 0a linefeed %0a
11 0b %0b
12 0c %0c
13 0d carriage return %0d
14 0e %0e
15 0f %0f
16 10 %10
17 11 %11
18 12 %12
19 13 %13
20 14 %14
21 15 %15
22 16 %16
23 17 %17
24 18 %18
25 19 %19
26 1a %1a
27 1b %1b
28 1c %1c
29 1d %1d
30 1e %1e
31 1f %1f
127 7f %7f
Non-ASCII control characters encoding
This includes the encoding for the entire "top half" of the ISO-Latin set 80-FF hex (128-255
decimal.)
Decimal Hex Value Character URL Encode
128 80 € %80
129 81 • %81
130 82 ‚ %82
131 83 ƒ %83
132 84 „ %84
133 85 … %85
134 86 † %86
135 87 ‡ %87
136 88 ˆ %88
137 89 ‰ %89
138 8a Š %8a
139 8b ‹ %8b
140 8c Π%8c
141 8d • %8d
142 8e Ţ %8e
143 8f • %8f
144 90 • %90
145 91 Ř %91
146 92 ř %92
147 93 Ŗ %93
148 94 ŗ %94
149 95 • %95
150 96 Ŕ %96
151 97 ŕ %97
152 98 ˜ %98
153 99 ™ %99
154 9a š %9a
155 9b › %9b
156 9c œ %9c
157 9d • %9d
158 9e ţ %9e
159 9f Ÿ %9f
160 a0 %a0
161 a1 ¡ %a1
162 a2 ¢ %a2
163 a3 £ %a3
164 a4 ¤ %a4
165 a5 ¥ %a5
166 a6 ¦ %a6
167 a7 § %a7
168 a8 ¨ %a8
169 a9 © %a9
170 aa ª %aa
171 ab « %ab
172 ac ¬ %ac
173 ad %ad
174 ae ® %ae
175 af ¯ %af
176 b0 ° %b0
177 b1 ± %b1
178 b2 ² %b2
179 b3 ³ %b3
180 b4 ´ %b4
181 b5 µ %b5
182 b6 ¶ %b6
183 b7 · %b7
184 b8 ¸ %b8
185 b9 ¹ %b9
186 ba º %ba
187 bb » %bb
188 bc ¼ %bc
189 bd ½ %bd
190 be ¾ %be
191 bf ¿ %bf
192 c0 À %c0
193 c1 Á %c1
194 c2 Â %c2
195 c3 Ã %c3
196 c4 Ä %c4
197 c5 Å %c5
198 c6 Æ %v6
199 c7 Ç %c7
200 c8 È %c8
201 c9 É %c9
202 ca Ê %ca
203 cb Ë %cb
204 cc Ì %cc
205 cd Í %cd
206 ce Î %ce
207 cf Ï %cf
208 d0 Ð %d0
209 d1 Ñ %d1
210 d2 Ò %d2
211 d3 Ó %d3
212 d4 Ô %d4
213 d5 Õ %d5
214 d6 Ö %d6
215 d7 × %d7
216 d8 Ø %d8
217 d9 Ù %d9
218 da Ú %da
219 db Û %db
220 dc Ü %dc
221 dd Ý %dd
222 de Þ %de
223 df ß %df
224 e0 à %e0
225 e1 á %e1
226 e2 â %e2
227 e3 ã %e3
228 e4 ä %e4
229 e5 å %e5
230 e6 æ %e6
231 e7 ç %e7
232 e8 è %e8
233 e9 é %e9
234 ea ê %ea
235 eb ë %eb
236 ec ì %ec
237 ed í %ed
238 ee î %ee
239 ef ï %ef
240 f0 ð %f0
241 f1 ñ %f1
242 f2 ò %f2
243 f3 ó %f3
244 f4 ô %f4
245 f5 õ %f5
246 f6 ö %f6
247 f7 ÷ %f7
248 f8 ø %f8
249 f9 ù %f9
250 fa ú %fa
251 fb û %fb
252 fc ü %fc
253 fd ý %fd
254 fe þ %fe
255 ff ÿ %ff
Reserved characters encoding
Following is the table to be used to encode reserved characters.
Decimal Hex Value Char URL Encode
36 24 $ %24
38 26 & %26
43 2b + %2b
44 2c , %2c
47 2f / %2f
58 3a : %3a
59 3b ; %3b
61 3d = %3d
63 3f ? %3f
64 40 @ %40
Unsafe characters encoding
Following is the table to be used to encode unsafe characters.
Decimal Hex Value Char URL Encode
32 20 space %20
34 22 " %22
60 3c < %3c
62 3e > %3e
35 23 # %23
37 25 % %25
123 7b { %7b
125 7d } %7d
124 7c | %7c
92 5c \ %5c
94 5e ^ %5e
126 7e ~ %7e
91 5b [ %5b
93 5d ] %5d
96 60 ` %60
The following is a draft list of language code correspondences between ISO codes, Microsoft
codes, and Macintosh codes. Source of this information is Unicode Consortium.
Language Codes: ISO 639, Microsoft
ISO
Language Windows Name Win Code
Code
Abkhazian ab
Afar aa
Afrikaans af LANG_AFRIKAANS 0x36
Albanian sq LANG_ALBANIAN 0x1c
Amharic am (no constant defined) 0x5e
Arabic ar LANG_ARABIC 0x01
Armenian hy LANG_ARMENIAN 0x2b
Assamese as LANG_ASSAMESE 0x4d
Aymara ay
Azerbaijani az LANG_AZERI 0x2c
Bashkir ba
Basque eu LANG_BASQUE 0x2d
Bengali (Bangla) bn LANG_BENGALI 0x45
Bhutani dz
Bihari bh
Bislama bi
Breton br
Bulgarian bg LANG_BULGARIAN 0x02
Burmese my (no constant defined) 0x55
Byelorussian
be LANG_BELARUSIAN 0x23
(Belarusian)
Cambodian km (no constant defined) 0x53
Catalan ca LANG_CATALAN 0x03
Cherokee (no constant defined) 0x5c
Chewa
Chinese LANG_CHINESE 0x04
zh
(Simplified) (SUBLANG_CHINESE_SIMPLIFIED) (0x0804)
Chinese LANG_CHINESE 0x04
zh
(Traditional) (SUBLANG_CHINESE_TRADITIONAL) (0x0404)
Corsican co
Croatian hr LANG_CROATIAN 0x1a
Czech cs LANG_CZECH 0x05
Danish da LANG_DANISH 0x06
Divehi LANG_DIVEHI 0x65
Dutch nl LANG_DUTCH 0x13
Edo (no constant defined) 0x66
English en LANG_ENGLISH 0x09
Esperanto eo
Estonian et LANG_ESTONIAN 0x25
Faeroese fo LANG_FAEROESE 0x38
Farsi fa LANG_FARSI 0x29
Fiji fj
Finnish fi LANG_FINNISH 0x0b
0x13
Flemish LANG_DUTCH (SUBLANG_DUTCH_BELGIAN)
(0x0813)
French fr LANG_FRENCH 0x0c
Frisian fy (no constant defined) 0x62
Fulfulde (no constant defined) 0x67
Galician gl LANG_GALICIAN 0x56
0x3c
Gaelic (Scottish) gd (no constant defined)
(0x043c)
Gaelic (Manx) gv
Georgian ka LANG_GEORGIAN 0x37
German de LANG_GERMAN 0x07
Greek el LANG_GREEK 0x08
Greenlandic kl
Guarani gn (no constant defined) 0x74
Gujarati gu LANG_GUJARATI 0x47
Hausa ha (no constant defined) 0x68
Hawaiian (no constant defined) 0x75
Hebrew he, iw* LANG_HEBREW 0x0d
Hindi hi LANG_HINDI 0x39
Hungarian hu LANG_HUNGARIAN 0x0e
Ibibio (no constant defined) 0x69
Icelandic is LANG_ICELANDIC 0x0f
Igbo (no constant defined) 0x70
Indonesian id, in* LANG_INDONESIAN 0x21
Interlingua ia
Interlingue ie
Inuktitut iu (no constant defined) 0x5d
Inupiak ik
0x3c
Irish ga (no constant defined)
(0x083c)
Italian it LANG_ITALIAN 0x10
Japanese ja LANG_JAPANESE 0x11
Javanese jv
Kannada kn LANG_KANNADA 0x4b
Kanuri (no constant defined) 0x71
Kashmiri ks LANG_KASHMIRI 0x60
Kazakh kk LANG_KAZAK 0x3f
Kinyarwanda rw
(Ruanda)
Kirghiz ky LANG_KYRGYZ 0x40
Kirundi (Rundi) rn
Konkani LANG_KONKANI 0x57
Korean ko LANG_KOREAN 0x12
Kurdish ku
Laothian lo (no constant defined) 0x54
Latin la (no constant defined) 0x76
Latvian (Lettish) lv LANG_LATVIAN 0x26
Limburgish (
li
Limburger)
Lingala ln
Lithuanian lt LANG_LITHUANIAN 0x27
Macedonian mk LANG_MACEDONIAN 0x2f
Malagasy mg
Malay ms LANG_MALAY 0x3e
Malayalam ml LANG_MALAYALAM 0x4c
LANG_MANIPURI 0x58
Maltese mt (no constant defined) 0x3a
Maori mi
Marathi mr LANG_MARATHI 0x4e
Moldavian mo
Mongolian mn LANG_MONGOLIAN 0x50
Nauru na
Nepali ne LANG_NEPALI 0x61
Norwegian no LANG_NORWEGIAN 0x14
Occitan oc
Oriya or LANG_ORIYA 0x48
Oromo (Afan,
om (no constant defined) 0x72
Galla)
Papiamentu (no constant defined) 0x79
Pashto (Pushto) ps (no constant defined) 0x63
Polish pl LANG_POLISH 0x15
Portuguese pt LANG_PORTUGUESE 0x16
Punjabi pa LANG_PUNJABI 0x46
Quechua qu
Rhaeto-
rm (no constant defined) 0x17
Romance
Romanian ro LANG_ROMANIAN 0x18
Russian ru LANG_RUSSIAN 0x19
Sami (Lappish) (no constant defined) 0x3b
Samoan sm
Sangro sg
Sanskrit sa LANG_SANSKRIT 0x4f
LANG_SERBIAN (SUBLANG_SERBIAN_LATIN or 0x1a (0x081a
Serbian sr
SUBLANG_SERBIAN_CYRILLIC) or 0x0c1a)
Serbo-Croatian sh
Sesotho st
Setswana tn
Shona sn
Sindhi sd LANG_SINDHI 0x59
Sinhalese si (no constant defined) 0x5b
Siswati ss
Slovak sk LANG_SLOVAK 0x1b
Slovenian sl LANG_SLOVENIAN 0x24
Somali so (no constant defined) 0x77
Spanish es LANG_SPANISH 0x0a
Sundanese su
Swahili
sw LANG_SWAHILI 0x41
(Kiswahili)
Swedish sv LANG_SWEDISH 0x1d
Syriac LANG_SYRIAC 0x5a
Tagalog tl (no constant defined) 0x64
Tajik tg (no constant defined) 0x28
Tamazight (no constant defined) 0x5f
Tamil ta LANG_TAMIL 0x49
Tatar tt LANG_TATAR 0x44
Telugu te LANG_TELUGU 0x4a
Thai th LANG_THAI 0x1e
Tibetan bo (no constant defined) 0x51
Tigrinya ti (no constant defined) 0x73
Tonga to
Tsonga ts (no constant defined) 0x31
Turkish tr LANG_TURKISH 0x1f
Turkmen tk (no constant defined) 0x42
Twi tw
Uighur ug
Ukrainian uk LANG_UKRAINIAN 0x22
Urdu ur LANG_URDU 0x20
Uzbek uz LANG_UZBEK 0x43
Venda (no constant defined) 0x33
Vietnamese vi LANG_VIETNAMESE 0x2a
Volap?k vo
Welsh cy (no constant defined) 0x52
Wolof wo
Xhosa xh (no constant defined) 0x34
Yi (no constant defined) 0x78
Yiddish yi, ji* (no constant defined) 0x3d
Yoruba yo (no constant defined) 0x6a
Zulu zu (no constant defined) 0x35
Language Codes: ISO 639, Macintosh
ISO
Language Mac Name Mac Code
Code
Abkhazian ab
Afar aa
Afrikaans af langAfricaans 141
Albanian sq langAlbanian 36
Amharic am langAmharic 85
Arabic ar langArabic 12
Armenian hy langArmenian 51
Assamese as langAssamese 68
Aymara ay langAymara 134
langAzerbaijani(Cyrllic), 49(C),
Azerbaijani az
langAzerbaijanAr(Arabic) 50(A)
Bashkir ba
Basque eu langBasque 129
Bengali (Bangla) bn langBengali 67
Bhutani dz langDzongkha 137
Bihari bh
Bislama bi
Breton br langBreton 142
Bulgarian bg langBulgarian 44
Burmese my langBurmese 77
Byelorussian
be langByelorussian 46
(Belarusian)
Cambodian km langKhmer 78
Catalan ca langCatalan 130
Cherokee
Chewa langChewa 92
Chinese (Simplified) zh langSimpChinese 33
Chinese (Traditional) zh langTradChinese 19
Corsican co
Croatian hr langCroatian 18
Czech cs langCzech 38
Danish da langDanish 7
Divehi
Dutch nl langDutch 4
Edo
English en langEnglish 0
Esperanto eo langEsperanto 94
Estonian et langEstonian 27
Faeroese fo langFaeroese 30
Farsi fa langFarsi, langPersian 31
Fiji fj
Finnish fi langFinnish 13
Flemish langFlemish 34
French fr langFrench 1
Frisian fy
Fulfulde
Galician gl langGalician 140
Gaelic (Scottish) gd langScottishGaelic 144
Gaelic (Manx) gv langManxGaelic 145
Georgian ka langGeorgian 52
German de langGerman 2
langGreek (monotonic), langGreekPoly 14(m),
Greek el
(polytonic) 148(p)
Greenlandic kl
Guarani gn langGuarani 133
Gujarati gu langGujarati 69
Hausa ha
Hawaiian
Hebrew he, iw* langHebrew 10
Hindi hi langHindi 21
Hungarian hu langHungarian 26
Ibibio
Icelandic is langIcelandic 15
Igbo
Indonesian id, in* langIndonesian 81
Interlingua ia
Interlingue ie
Inuktitut iu langInuktitut 143
Inupiak ik
langIrishGaelic (normal), langIrishGaelicScr
Irish ga 35, 146
(dots above)
Italian it langItalian 3
Japanese ja langJapanese 11
Javanese jv langJavaneseRom 138
Kannada kn langKannada 73
Kanuri
Kashmiri ks langKashmiri 61
Kazakh kk langKazakh 48
Kinyarwanda
rw langKiryarwanda (langRuanda) 90
(Ruanda)
Kirghiz ky langKirghiz 54
Kirundi (Rundi) rn langRundi 91
Konkani
Korean ko langKorean 23
Kurdish ku langKurdish 60
Laothian lo langLao 79
Latin la langLatin 131
Latvian (Lettish) lv langLatvian 28
Limburgish (
li
Limburger)
Lingala ln
Lithuanian lt langLithuanian 24
Macedonian mk langMacedonian 43
Malagasy mg langMalagasy 93
langMalayRoman(Latin), 83(L),
Malay ms
langMalayArabic(Arabic) 84(A)
Malayalam ml langMalayalam 72
Maltese mt langMaltese 16
Maori mi
Marathi mr langMarathi 66
Moldavian mo langMoldavian 53
langMongolian(Mongolian), 57(M),
Mongolian mn
langMongolianCyr(Cyrillic) 58(C)
Nauru na
Nepali ne langNepali 64
Norwegian no langNorwegian 9
Occitan oc
Oriya or langOriya 71
Oromo (Afan, Galla) om langOromo (langGalla) 87
Papiamentu
Pashto (Pushto) ps langPashto 59
Polish pl langPolish 25
Portuguese pt langPortuguese 8
Punjabi pa langPunjabi 70
Quechua qu langQuechua 132
Rhaeto-Romance rm
Romanian ro langRomanian 37
Russian ru langRussian 32
Sami (Lappish) langSami (langLappish) 29
Samoan sm
Sangro sg
Sanskrit sa langSanskrit 65
Serbian sr langSerbian 42
Serbo-Croatian sh
Sesotho st
Setswana tn
Shona sn
Sindhi sd langSindhi 62
Sinhalese si langSinhalese 76
Siswati ss
Slovak sk langSlovak 39
Slovenian sl langSlovenian 40
Somali so langSomali 88
Spanish es langSpanish 6
Sundanese su langSundaneseRom 139
Swahili (Kiswahili) sw langSwahili 89
Swedish sv langSwedish 5
Syriac
Tagalog tl langTagalog 82
Tajik tg langTajiki 55
Tamazight
Tamil ta langTamil 74
Tatar tt langTatar 135
Telugu te langTelugu 75
Thai th langThai 22
Tibetan bo langTibetan 63
Tigrinya ti langTigrinya 86
Tonga to langTongan 147
Tsonga ts
Turkish tr langTurkish 17
Turkmen tk langTurkmen 56
Twi tw
Uighur ug langUighur 136
Ukrainian uk langUkrainian 45
Urdu ur langUrdu 20
Uzbek uz langUzbek 47
Venda
Vietnamese vi langVietnamese 80
Volap?k vo
Welsh cy langWelsh 128
Wolof wo
Xhosa xh
Yi
Yiddish yi, ji* langYiddish 41
Yoruba yo
Zulu zu
Character encoding is a method of converting bytes into characters. To validate or display an HTML
document properly, a program must choose a proper character encoding.
The most common character set or character encoding in use on computers is ASCII The
American Standard Code for Information Interchange, and this is probably the most widely used
character set for encoding text electronically.
ASCII encoding supports only the upper- and lowercase Latin alphabet, the numbers 0-9, and some
extra characters which make a total of 128 characters in all. You can have a look at complete set
of Printable ASCII Characters
However, many languages use either accented Latin characters or completely different alphabets.
ASCII does not address these characters; therefore you need to learn about character encodings if
you want to use any non-ASCII characters.
The International Standards Organization created a range of character sets to deal with different
national characters. For the documents in English and most other Western European languages,
the widely supported encoding ISO-8859-1 is used.
Here is the list of Character Set being used around the world along with their description.
Character Set Description
Latin alphabet part 1
ISO-8859-1 Covering North America,Western Europe, Latin America, theCaribbean,
Canada, Africa
Latin alphabet part 2
ISO-8859-2
Covering Eastern Europe
Latin alphabet part 3
ISO-8859-3
Covering SE Europe, Esperanto, miscellaneous others
Latin alphabet part 4
ISO-8859-4
Covering Scandinavia/Baltics (and others not in ISO-8859-1)
ISO-8859-5 Latin/Cyrillic alphabet part 5
ISO-8859-6 Latin/Arabic alphabet part 6
ISO-8859-7 Latin/Greek alphabet part 7
ISO-8859-8 Latin/Hebrew alphabet part 8
Latin 5 alphabet part 9
ISO-8859-9
Same as ISO-8859-1 except Turkish characters replace Icelandic ones
ISO-8859-10 Latin 6 Latin 6 Lappish, Nordic, and Eskimo
ISO-8859-15 The same as ISO-8859-1 but with more characters added
ISO-2022-JP Latin/Japanese alphabet part 1
ISO-2022-JP-2 Latin/Japanese alphabet part 2
ISO-2022-KR Latin/Korean alphabet part 1
The Unicode Consortium was then set up to devise a way to show all characters of different
languages, rather than have these different incompatible character codes for different languages.
Therefore, if you want to create documents that use characters from multiple character sets, you
will be able to do so using the single Unicode character encodings.
Unicode therefore specifies encodings that can deal with a string in special ways so as to make
enough space for the huge character set it encompasses. These are known as UTF-8, UTF-16, and
UTF-32.
Character Set Description
A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 8-bit units that is, it comes
UTF-8 in bytes. A character in UTF8 can be from 1 to 4 bytes long, making
UTF8 variable width.
A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 16-bit units that is, it
UTF-16 comes in shorts. It can be 1 or 2 shorts long, making UTF16 variable
width.
A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 32-bit units that is, it
UTF-32 comes in longs. It is a fixed-width format and is always 1 "long" in
length.
The first 256 characters of Unicode character sets correspond to the 256 characters of ISO-8859-1.
By default, HTML 4 processors should support UTF-8, and XML processors are supposed to
support UTF-8 and UTF-16; therefore all XHTML-compliant processors should also support UTF-
16.
A complete list of deprecated HTML tags and attributes are given here. All the tags have been
ordered alphabetically along with their equivalent tag or alternate CSS option.
Tag Description Alternate
<applet> Deprecated. Specifies an applet <object>
<basefont> Deprecated. Specifies a base font
<center> Deprecated. Specifies centered text text-align
<dir> Deprecated. Specifies a directory list
<embed> Deprecated. Embeds an application in a document <object>
<font> Deprecated. Specifies text font, size, and color font-family, font-size
<isindex> Deprecated. Specifies a single-line input field
<listing> Deprecated. Specifies listing of items <pre>
<menu> Deprecated. Specifies a menu list
<plaintext> Deprecated. Specifies plaintext <pre>
<s> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text text-decoration
<strike> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text text-decoration
<u> Deprecated. Specifies underlined text text-decoration
<xmp> Deprecated. Specifies preformatted text <pre>
HTML Decprecated Attributes
Following is the list of deprecated HTML attributes and alternative CSS options available.
Attribute Description Alternate
text-align, float &
align Specifies positioning of an element
vertical-align
alink Specifies the color of an active link or selected link active
background Specifies background image background-image
bgcolor Specifies background color background-color
border Specifies a border width of any element border-width
Indicates how the browser should display the line after the
clear clear
<br /> element
height Specifies height of body and other elements height
Specifies the amount of whitespace or padding that
hspace padding
should appear left or right an element
language Specifies scripting language being used type
link Specifies the default color of all links in the document link
nowrap Prevents the text from wrapping within that table cell white-space
Indicates the number at which a browser should start
start counter-reset
numbering a list
text Specifies color of body text color
type Specifies the type of list in <li> tag list-style-type
vlink Specifies the color of visited links visited
Specifies the amount of whitespace or padding that
vspace padding
should appear above or below an element
width Specifies width of body and other elements width
HTML Basic Syntax:
HTML Element names and attribute names are not case sensitive.
HTML Documents start with a <!doctype...> statement, followed by a header and a text body all
enclosed in <html>...</html>.
HTML Header is enclosed in <head>....</head> tags.
HTML Body is enclosed in <body>....</body> tags.
HTML Comments are written as <!-- A comment -->.
HTML Basic Document:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Document Title like HTML Tutorial</title>
</head>
<body>
Document Text with other tags will come here.
</body>
</html>
Header elements:
<head> - Opening tag for the head of the document. The following optional tags can be placed
inside the head.
<title>...</title> -Document title (not part of the text), recommended maximum length 64
characters.
<link ...> - Relationships for the document as a whole: common attributes are rel, rev, href.
<base href="url"> - Specifies the base URL of the document. This is used when dereferencing
relative URLs in the page.
<base href="url" target="..."> - Specifies the base URL of the document. This is used when
dereferencing relative URLs in the page. Also specifies the base target frame that all links will
default to.
<meta ...> - Embed meta-information as if given by the server: attributes http-equiv, name,
content.
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="N" > - Same page will be reloaded automatically after N
seconds.
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="N" url="[Link] - Same other page will
refresh automatically after N seconds.
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="Wed, 08 Aug 2007 [Link] GMT" > - Specifies an
expiration date for the page so that it will be reloaded after a certain date.
<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1, keyword2,..." > - Specifies various keywords
available on the page and to be used by the search engine.
<meta http-equiv="description" content="A short description of the site" > - Specifies small
description of the page and to be used by the search engine.
<style type="text/css" href="URL" /> - Specifies a CSS file to be used for the web page.
<script type="text/scripttype" href="URL" /> - Specifies a Javascript of VBscript file to be
used for the web page.
<noscript> ... </noscript> - Encloses anything you want displayed by browsers that do not
support inline scripts. This goes inside the <script> tags.
</head> - Closing tag for the head of the document.
Body Elements:
<body>...</body> - Encloses the main body of the document.
<hn>...</hn> - Makes the enclosed text a heading of various sizes where n is any number
ranging from 1 to 6, and 1 creates the biggest heading while 6 creates the smallest.
<basefont size="n"> - Sets the default font properties for the entire page.
<isindex attributes> - Displays a text box indicating the presence of a searchable index. Simply
adding this tag will not create a searchable page. The server must be set up to support it.
<img src="URL" attributes> - Places an inline image into the document.
<map attributes>...</map> - Specifies a collection of hot spots that define a client-side image
map. The <area> tag can be used inside to define the hot spots.
<area attributes>...</area> - Specifies the shape and size of a hot spot to be used in the
definition of a client-side image map. Used inside the <map> tag.
<marquee attributes>...</marquee> - Places a scrolling text marquee into the document.
<applet attributes>...</applet> - Inserts a Java applet in the HTML document. Any text placed
between the opening and closing <applet> tags will be displayed by browsers that do not support
JAVA.
<embed attributes>...</embed> - Inserts an embedded multimedia object, such as a sound file
or video, into the page.
<a href="...">...</a> - When used with the HREF attribute, the enclosed text and/or graphic
becomes a link to another document or anchor. When used with the NAME attribute, the enclosed
text and/or graphic becomes an anchor.
<ol attributes>...</ol> - Puts the enclosed items marked with <li>, in a numbered list.
<ul attributes>...</ul> - Puts the enclosed items marked with <li>, in a bulleted list.
<dl>...</dl> - Creates a definition list. Within this container, <dt> specifies a definition term and
<dd> specifies the definition.
Frame Elements:
<frameset attributes>...</frameset> - Defines a set of frames that will make up the page. The
<frame>, and <noframes> tags go inside this. The <frameset> tag is used instead of the <body>
tag. You can, however, include a <body> tag inside the <noframes> tags for browsers that do not
support frames.
<frame attributes /> - Defines a single frame within a frameset.
<iframe attributes>...</iframe> - Defines a floating frame. Does not need to be placed within a
frameset.
<noframes>...</noframes> - Placed inside the <frameset>, anything between the beginning
and ending of this tag is viewable only by browsers that do not support frames. This tag is used to
create pages that are compatible with older browsers that do not support frames.
Table Elements:
<table attributes>...</table> -Creates a table that can include any number of rows.
<caption attributes>...</caption> -Specifies the caption of the table.
<tr attributes>...</tr> - Specifies a table row. It can enclose the table heading and table data.
<th attributes>...</th> - Specifies a table heading.
<td attributes>...</td> - Specifies a table data cell.
<colgroup attributes /> - Specifies the properties of one or more columns. This tag generally
goes right after the opening <table> tag.
<col attributes /> - Used with the <colgroup> tag, this specifies the properties of one column.
This tag overrides any attributes specified in the <colgroup> tag that comes right before it.
<tbody>...</tbody> - Encloses the body of your table. This tag is optional unless you are using
the <thead> or <tfoot> tags. It used to separate the rows in the table from those in the header or
footer.
<tfoot>...</tfoot> - Encloses the table rows that are to be used as a footer. It is an optional tag
and comes right after the ending <tbody> element.
<thead>...</thead> - Encloses the table rows that are to be used as a header. It is an optional
tag and comes before the opening <tbody> element.
Form Elements:
<from attributes>...</from> - Specifies a form. Forms can be used to send user input to the
server in the form of NAME/VALUE pairs.
<input attributes /> - Specifies a control or input area for a form, from which a NAME/VALUE pair
will be returned to the server. It could be Checkbox, Raidobox, password, text, reset, submit,
hidden and image.
<select attributes>...</select> - Creates a drop-down list of items. The list items are defined by
the <option> tags placed inside the opening and closing <select> tag.
<option value="..." /> - Specifies an item in the drop down list. Placed within the opening and
closing <select> tags. Any text following the <option> tag is what the user will see in the list.
<textarea attributes>...</textarea> - Creates a multi-lined text entry box. Any text placed in
between the tags is used as the default text string that is displayed when the page is loaded.
<button attributes>...</button> - allows you to have push buttons on forms that more closely
resemble push buttons available in Windows and other applications.
Text Formatting Elements:
<address>.....< /address> - Encloses the signature file of the author of the page. Text is
displayed in italics.
<acronym>.....< /acronym> - indicates an acronym in the text.
<b>...< /b> - Boldfaces the enclosed text.
<big>...< /big> - Makes the enclosed text one size larger.
<blink>.....< /blink> - Makes the enclosed text blink continually.
<blockquote>.....< /blockquote> - Encloses a long quote. Both the left and right margins are
indented.
<br> - Inserts a line break.
<center>.....< /center> - Centers the enclosed elements.
<cite>.....< /cite> - Encloses a citation such as the title of a book or paper.
<code>.....< /code> - Encloses a sample of code. The text is rendered in small font.
<comment>.....< /comment> - Encloses a comment. Text inside the tags is ignored unless it
contains HTML code.
<del>.....< /del> - To mark the document text that has been deleted since a previous version.
<dfn>.....< /dfn> - Encloses a definition. Text inside the tags is formatted to look like a definition.
<div>...< /div> - Specifies the alignment of the enclosed elements. Can be used to divide a
document into sections that are aligned differently.
<em>...< /em> - Emphasis on the enclosed text (Italics).
<font attributes>...< /font> - Sets the font properties for the enclosed text.
<fieldset attributes>...< /fieldset> - Allows you can group related form fields, making your
form easier to read and use.
<hr attributes /> - Inserts a horizontal line.
<i>...< /i> - The enclosed text is italics.
<ins>...< /ins> - To mark parts of a document that have been added since the document's last
version.
<label>...< /label> - Allows you to lable a tag.
<kbd>...< /kbd> - Specifies text to be entered at the keyboard. Text is rendered as bold and
fixed-width.
<p attributes>...< /p> - Designates the enclosed text as a plain paragraph.
<q>...</q> - acts much the same as the <blockquote> tag, but applies to shorter quoted
sections, ones that don't need paragraph breaks.
<pre>.....< /pre> - Displays text in fixed-width type without collapsing spaces.
<s>.....< /s> - Displays text with a line through it. The <strike> tag does exactly the same.
<samp>...< /samp> - Indicates sample output from a form or program. Text is rendered in small
font.
<small>...< /small> - Makes the enclosed text one size smaller.
<spacer attributes>...< /spacer> - Inserts blocks of spaces into HTML documents.
<strong>...< /strong> - Stronger emphasis on the enclosed text.
<sub>...< /sub> - Renders the enclosed text in subscript.
<sup>...< /sup> - Renders the enclosed text in superscript.
<tt>...< /tt> - The enclosed text is typewriter font.
<u>...< /u> - The enclosed text in underlined.
<var>...< /var> - Specifies a variable. Text is rendered in small fixed-width type.
<wbr> - Causes text enclosed by the NOBR tags to wrap only if necessary.
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