Mr.
McKinley IB History of the Americas 2010-2011
Objectives
Causes of the Revolution Role of the Porfiriato regime Revolution and its leaders (1910-1917) Construction of post-revolutionary state (1920-38) Lazaro Cardenas and renewal of the revolution (1939-40) Role of foreign powers Impact of the revolution on the arts, music, education, literature
What is a revolution?
A revolution is a change in power that usually occurs in a short period of time. Revolutions result in changes in culture, economy, politics, and social programs Aristotle defines revolution in two ways:
Complete change to a new constitution Modification of an existing constitution
Mexican Revolution was the first long lasting political revolution of the 20th century.
Names to Know
Porfirio Diaz (Jose de la Cruz Porfirio Diaz Mori) Benito Juarez Francisco I. Madero Pancho Villa (Doroteo Arango) Victor Huertas
Venustiano Carranza Alvaro Obregon Lazaro Cardenas del Rio Emiliano Zapata Pascual Orozco James Creelman
Terms to Know
Porfiriato: Years in which Diaz ruled Mexico Hacienderos: Land lord and owners Haciendas: Estates, plantations, mines, or factories Soldaderas: Female soldiers who went into combat in the revolution Morelos: a state in Mexico Caudillo: Military dictator
Mexican Revolution Causes
Two Main Causes: Porfirio Diaz and the plantation owners. Political: After being president for 20 years, Porfirio Diaz told an American journalist, James Creelman, that he was looking forward to retire and that he welcomed an opposition party.
Mexican Revolution Causes
Economic: Entire villages disappeared and the haciendas became huge. The hacienderos (plantation owners) still wanted more power but couldnt get the peasants to sell their land. So the plantation owners started to pressure, bribe, and blackmail the peasants off their land.
Mexican Revolution Causes
Economic: Major industries were controlled by foreign investment Poverty ensued throughout the country 97% owned no land Creole populations thrived while the indigenous population suffered Social: 50% of all households unfit, 80% of population were illiterate, 16% of population were homeless
Mexican Revolution Causes
What options did a villager have in those days?
He could try to find other legal sources of
revenue (very limited) He could become fully dependent on the haciendas He could become a criminal
Role of the Porfiriato Regime
Came to power in 1877 Ruled in caudillo (dictator) style Rigged most elections Tight grip on all governmental affairs Dispatched governors all over Mexico Enlarged the police force Foreign film investments allowed for highways, railroads, telegraph lines, oil fields
Creelman Interview
In 1908, Diaz told James Creelman that he was prepared to retire in 1910. Was Diaz serious or just trying to test his country?
Read the Interview
Fall of Diaz
Poor working conditions, inflation, inferior housing and low wages, and deficient social services caused fighting within the classes and the fight for freedom. The revolution was the rise and fall of many great leaders including Diaz
Fall of Diaz
While Diaz did many things including transforming Mexico into a developing country, he also destroyed Mexico as well. The powerful became wealthy and the dependence on foreign investments was unhealthy. Ambition fueled political desires
Francisco Madero
Son of a wealthy landowner Politically inexperienced Desired to run for president Believed in democracy and wanted to immediately establish it in Mexico Favored British power rather than US
Francisco Madero
Diaz falsely accused Madero and had him thrown in jail during the election in 1910 Madero fled to Texas and claimed that he was President Pro-Temp until another election Penned a document that officially started the revolution.
The Plan of San Luis Potosi
Madero assumed role as president Called for re-election (free election) Claimed to return land Claimed to establish a democracy
Mexican Liberal Party (PLM)
Peasant risings became more frequent Members organized an urban revolt Requested agrarian reform, eight hour work day, equal work for equal pay, access to education
Treaty of Ciudad Juarez
PLM combined with Diazs lack of confidence led to this treaty Ultimately removed Diaz from power Kept existing institutions in place Francisco Leon de la Barra (Mexican Ambassador to US) assumed interim presidency until another election could be held General Victoriano Huerta ran the army
Supporters of Madero
Pancho Villa (North) Alvaro Obregon (North) Pasqual Orozco (North) Venustiano Carranza (North) Emiliano Zapata (South)
Emiliano Zapata
Before Maderos election even took place he rode into town Peasant hero to the revolution Known for the phrase Land and Freedom (Land Redistribution) Covered Mexicos southern area It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees.
Plan of Ayala
Read it! Identify the overall goals of the plan.
It is also saved on [Link] under the file manager tab. There is a file labeled IB History.
Pancho Villa
Born Dorotea Arango (name of bandit) No real ideology Modern day Robin Hood Joined the revolution with Madero but fell out with others Wanted to bring down Diaz and help the peasants have a better life
Madero Rise and Fall
Takes power in 1912 At odds with Zapata and other revolutionaries over land reform Zapata writes Plan of Ayala about their land dispute Pascual Orozco rebelled because of land reform as well Madero had to call in the services of Huerta to defend his presidency
Final Fall of Madero
U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson stationed 100,000 troops along the border Wilson threaten Madero with intervention if his government failed to protect U.S. lives and property General Huerta, Felix Diaz and others were staging an overthrow Wilson was secretly negotiating with Huerta and his associates
Final Fall of Madero
Huerta asked Wilson what he should do with Madero Wilson said do whatever was best for Mexico Huerta had him shot after staging a fake battle President William Howard Taft thought Wilson had gone too far
General Victoriano Huerta
At a meeting at the U.S. embassy, Huerta was named President and Felix Diaz would succeed him Restored Diazs dictatorship Felix Diaz soon was sent on a diplomatic mission
Villa during Huertas Reign
Villa assumed power of Huertas opposition, the Constitutionalists In Chihuahua he:
Employed soldiers
Reduced meat prices
Distributed money and clothing Opened fifty new schools
Expropriated land
Cattle was sold for ammunition
Zapata during Huertas Reign
Estates were promptly distributed among the peasants but would remain under control of state until the end of the revolution Revenues from estates would fund revolution and widows/orphans Southern states had more hunger and more peasants in need
General Huerta meets opposition
President Woodrow Wilson took office just eleven days after Madero was murdered Wilson felt Huerta was a drunkard Arms began to flow to Carranza (paid for with cattle) from U.S. and Wilson
Huertas Downfall
February 1914, Huerta regime imprisoned some unarmed U.S. sailors from the cruiser Dolphin at the port of Tampico Pres. Wilson then stopped arms shipments to Huerta from Germany to the port of Veracruz The holding of Veracruz caused a lot of anti-American sentiment Carranza ordered the U.S. to leave
Venustiano Carranza
March 26, 1913 announced his Plan of Guadalupe which called for the overthrow of the dictator (Huerta) and a new election Entitled first chief of the Constitutionalist Army Villa placed himself under Carranzas command Alvaro Obregon also joined his side
Carranza
Promised to dissolve great estates and return land to Indians Signed an agreement to provide a better deal for labor unions and industrial workers Promised a minimum-wage law Appealed for womens support
Venustiano Carranza
First president of post-Diaz 1917-1920 Ideologies: Favored political reform but no social reform Aims: Opposed U.S. intervention and wanted a new constitution Methods: Constitution Convention
U.S. and Mexican Relations
1916 relations deteriorated sharply Villa raided Columbus, New Mexico Wilson set General John Pershing to pursue Villa into Mexico Carranza demanded immediate withdrawal of U.S. troops In 1917 influenced by a troubled international scene, Wilson liquidated the Mexican venture entirely
Constitution of 1917
1916 Carranza called for an election to frame a new constitution Neglected to elect women or anyone that did not support his Plan of Guadalupe No real agrarian reforms or worker reforms Be sure to read Articles 3, 24, 27, 34, 35, 123, 130
Carranzas Presidency
First legally elected President since Madero Alvaro Obregon (secretary of war) Only a small amount of land distributed Hacienda owners still exist Working class suffered Ignored the promise of free education Kept Mexico neutral in WWI
Carranzas Presidency
Women were able to legalize divorce, alimony rights, own and manage property Law and Family Relations (1917) child custody, file lawsuits, sign contracts Zapata and his followers continued to fight Carranzas control until Zappata was killed in 1919
Carranzas Fall
1920 Carranzas term was up but he could not be reelected He tried to elect a puppet but was unsuccessful He fled to Veracruz with 5 million pesos from the national treasury He was killed shortly after (1920)
Carranza passes the torch
Obregon had temporarily retired but in 1919 he declared his candidacy for president Carranza announced his support of Ignacio Bonillas Obregon supporters made Bonillas look bad
Obregons Presidency
Established what other revolutionaries could not He was a mechanic and farmer Began distributing land immediately He encouraged labor to organize (and when necessary, strike) Made solid achievements in education and indigenous cultural heritage
Obregons Changes
Made the walls of public buildings available for the painting of murals Muralist Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siquieros Believed that school was the most important instrument to unify a nation Trained 4000 teachers, opened colleges Published paperback copies of classic literature for schools
Obregons Changes
Signed agreements to repay foreign debt Returned the National Railways to private owners Continued positive communication with U.S. Re-elected in 1928 but murdered before attaining office Responsible for instituting Constitution 1917
Article 27
1920 Carranza attempted to enforce Article 27 20% of all oil imports came from Mexico Obregon increased taxes to pay off debt but major U.S. producers stopped shipping Mexican oil 1923 Obregon offered the Bucareli Accord which Calles rejected
Plutarco Elias Calles
In 1920 Calles aligned himself with Obregon to overthrow Carranza Took presidency in 1924 Continued to be de facto ruler from 1928-1935, a period known as the Maximato During the Maximato Presidents Emilio Portes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Abelardo Rodriguez (puppets)
Plutarco Elias Calles
Created Bank of Mexico National Road Commission National Electricity Code 1925 Ford Motor Company Agreement Land distribution increased until 1930 1929 Great Depression affected economics and spurned peasant revolts
Calles, Catholics and Cristero Noted for his oppression of Catholics
Bishops started a peaceful resistance in response to Calles Law. Catholics stopped going to mass, movies, schools Cristero War, a civil war between Catholic rebels and the government August 3, 1926 Catholics shut themselves in the Our Lady of Guadalupe church until they ran out of ammunition
Cristero War continued
1926 Calles Law ordered the registration of priests and closing of religious primary schools In 1927 ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow initiated a series of breakfasts with President Calles to settle this issue and Article 27
Cristero War and U.S.
About five percent of Mexicos population fled to U.S. Most made their way to Los Angeles and San Diego
Obregon and Calles
Instability lead them to establish an amendment to extend the presidency term to six years and allow for reelection after one term out of office Obregon was supposed to serve another term until assassinated
Calles Problems
1930 grain production halted Supported labor unions Did little for womens rights Neglected to loan money to ejidos but only to haciedados
General Lazaro Cardenas
Campaigned vigorously 1933 elected President Spent 50% on education Honest regime Six year plan to strengthen eijdos, build modern schools, land distribution of villages, efforts to raise agricultural productivity
Cardenas continued
Cut his own salary in half Made himself available to peasants and workers Closing down of illegal gambling houses Villages received schools, medical care, roads Peasants received their land from the government (caused dependency)
Cardenas continued
Land distribution injured the traditional hacienda system Increased the wage system, if warranted Nacional Financiera, (federal bank) Oil nationalization stimulated industry and independence Mining industry remained in foreign interests
Cardenas continued
Women granted suffrage not granted until 1953 Encouraged the study and interests of indigenous peoples Solved many of the social problems of the revolution but his hard work was lost by his successor (Avila Camacho)
Vasconcelos
Obregons secretary of education Continued supporting the arts after leaving office Offered the walls of public buildings for the painting of murals that glorified natives of the past and present Reestablished the power and value of native arts
Muralists
The Big Three were Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Jose Clemente Orozco. Responsible for the Renaissance of murals throughout the city
Siqueros
Influenced and glorified the revolution Sought realism Mixed classic style with modern machines Witnessed peasant life while fighting in Constitutional Army
Rivera
Studied art in Italy and Renaissance frescos First mural Creation was painted while he guarded himself with a pistol Helped establish union of artists
Orozco
Involved in the renaissance of mural painting Avoided bloody (real) aspects of the revolution
