Database Design

Sections 4 & 5 Subtype, Supertype, Mutually exclusive, non-transferability, transferable, 1:1, 1:M, M:M, Redundant, Intersection entity, Barred relationship, CRUD analysis

DJs on Demand Partial ERD

Reserved Words
A reserved work is one that has a specific meaning and function in the computer system, language, or database. Examples:
NULL DATE DISTINCT
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Video Store example next slide

Identify business rules Construct ERD Class activity

Video Store example

Read the given business scenario and walk through the steps below. 1. Examine the nouns. Are they things of significance? 2. Name each entity. 3. Is there information of interest about the entity that the business needs to hold? 4. Is each instance of the entity uniquely identifiable? Which attribute or attributes could serve as its UID? 5. Write a description of the entity. 6. Diagram each entity and a few of its attributes. Remember, entity names are always singular. 7. Identify the relationships and draw them on the ERD.

Video ERD
TAPE/DVD
number format
a copy of

on

MOVIE id title category

the feature of

rented by

the renter of

CUSTOMER membership number last name first name phone number

featured in

ACTOR stage name real name

Use Source Documents

Source document assist in identifying entities, attributes, and relationships

Subtype
A subtype: inherits all attributes of the supertype inherits all relationships of the supertype usually has its own attributes or relationships is drawn within the supertype never exists alone may have subtypes of its own is also known as a "subentity
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Subtype & Supertype

Supertype (entity) can be subdivided into Subtypes Example:
JOB manager clerk sales support

Attributes
Supertype can have attributes at supertype level Attributes at supertype level are for all subtypes Subtypes can have own attributes for only that attribute

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Example
takes

STUDENT

taken by

#number *description *weight *date *grade for written component

EXAM

BONUS QUESTIONS
included in

oral presentation

MIDTERM *grade for FINAL

*extra pts for opt. paper

QUIZ
include

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Global Fast Food Employees

STAFF is an entity with supertypes What are the attributes of STAFF?
#id *first name *last name *DOB *salary

What subtypes exist in STAFF?

ORDER TAKER *overtime COOK *training OTHER

Are there any attributes in any of the subtypes?

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Example: an incorrect subtypes in the illustration.

AUTOMOBILE subtypes are not mutually exclusive AUTOMOBILE possible solution BUILDING subtypes have problem of not being exhaustive, should be minimum of 2 types

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Subtype Needs
Exhaustive:
Every instance of the supertype is also an instance of one of the subtypes. Treating all parts or aspects without omissions. 2 or more items

Mutually exclusive:
Every instance of the supertype is of one and only one subtype. A relationship that presents choices which are unable to be true at the same time.
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Correctly identify subtypes

When considering supertypes and subtypes, you can use three questions to see if the subtype is correctly identified:
1. Is this subtype a kind of supertype? 2. Have I covered all possible cases? (exhaustive) 3. Does the example fit into one and only one subtype? (mutually exclusive)
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Nested subtypes

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Documenting Business Rules

Source documents assist in identiying:
entities attributes relationships Some business rules are implemented by programming

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Business Rules
Recognize if Business rule is implemented by the data model or by programming Example:
Only an employee with a title of manager can manage other employees The event planner must contact the customer before the DJ can be assigned

Business rules can be changed as society changes or business leaders feel change is needed
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Business rule types

Structural
Must be entered at time of initial data entry Example: When ORDER entered a staff id must be entered Does not require code written to enforce

Procedural
Work flow related Programmed validation is procedural constraint Generally need to write code Example: Commission can not be > 25% of salary
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Structural Business Rule examples:

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Procedural Business Rule example:

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Discussion
Students must have studied algebra and geometry in order to sign up for trigonometry. Could you represent this in the ERD? How would you implement this with programming? If the student had taken the subjects, can you think of an additional business rule that a school may want in this scenario?
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Each entity has

Name Optionality Cardinality Transferability

Example on next slide.

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Relationship Transferability

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Relationship transferability
Rules established for the purpose such as safety, efficiency, or increased profit Example: Airline tickets
can be transferable or non-transferable?

Non-transferable means also not updatable symbol used to denote nontransferable

blood type is non-transferable

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Non-transferable relationship

place CUSTOMER
placed by

ORDER

Orders are non-transferable Resolution would be to cancel order and create new order
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Example 5.1 exercise 1 a

Each town may be the birthplace of many people. Each person must be born in one and only one town.
birthplace for

PERSON
born in

TOWN

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Relationship types
One to One (1:1) One to Many (1:M) Many to Many (M:M)

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One to One relationship

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One to One relationship

Usually few of these relationships Often mandatory at one side If mandatory at both ends be aware, it might be a error. Possible should be only one entity not two
ride

PERSON

ridden by

BYCYCLE

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One to One relationship

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One to Many relationship

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One to Many
Most common type are mandatory on one side and optional on the other Mandatory at both ends models entities that cannot exist without each other
ORDER TYPE ORDER

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One to Many example

composed of entered in

TAX RETURN

TAX REPORT LINE

BAND

composed of belong to

MUSICIAN

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Many to Many relationship

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Many to Many
Often common in initial version of ERD Later stage of design converted to other type
learn from

STUDENT
educate

TEACHER

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Redundant relationship
Redundant relationship is one that can be derived from another relationship in the model

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Many to Many Relationship Resolution

All M:M relationships must be changed to a set of 1:M and M:1 relationship Insert a transition entity between Occurs when you go from conceptual model to design model

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Example: M:M with Intersection Entity

STUDENT

COURSE

REGISTRATION

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Resolving M:M with Intersection

Create an intersection entity If you cant find a good intersection entity create one by concatenate two entities together

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Example

PARTNER

EVENT

WORK ASSIGNMENT (PARTNER_EVENT)

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CRUD analysis
Create ER models that reflect all business rules gathered during the interview process
Identify the create, retrieve, update, and delete (CRUD) requirements of the business Validate your ER model by performing a CRUD analysis

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CRUD requirements
CRUD analysis will help you:
Translate between the consultant and the client. Provide a guideline for the DBA who will eventually build the database. Check that you havent missed any entities or relationships in your data model. Check to make sure that you havent modeled anything that the business does not require.

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What is CRUD?
CRUD is an acronym for create, retrieve, update, delete. Check for completeness and accuracy.

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Create keywords
Look for these words when you interview the client. INPUT ENTER LOAD IMPORT RECORD CREATE
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Retrieve keywords
Look for: VIEW REPORT BRING UP PRINT FIND READ LOOK UP
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Update keywords
Look for: CHANGE MODIFY ALTER UPDATE

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Delete keywords
Look for: DISCARD REMOVE TRASH PURGE DELETE

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CRUD analysis
If you have a business function that has no entity to CRUD against, then your data model may be incomplete. Similarly, if you have entities in your ERD that are not touched by any CRUD (there is no business function that creates, retrieves, updates, or deletes from it), then you may not need that entity in your model.
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