Conjunction
Conjunction
Notes
Notes
Presented by:
NUR AMANINA AZHARI
RAUDHAH RAMLAN
Table of content
1. Definition of conjunction
2. Types of conjunction
3. Aspects of conjunction
- Forms
- Functions
- Positions
1. Definition of
conjunction
connect words or
groups of words.
It is a linking
word.
2. Types of
conjunction
There are 3 kinds of
conjunctions.
1. Coordinating
2. Correlative
3. Subordinating
Conjunctions:
is a single connecting
word.
Example: and, but, or, yet,
for, nor, so
Coordinating
conjunctions join
equals to one
another:
words to words,
phrases to
phrases,
Example
WORD TO WORD
Most children like cookies AND milk.
PHRASES TO PHRASES
The gold is hidden at the beach OR at the
lakeside.
CLAUSES TO CLAUSES
What you say AND what you do are two
different things.
Coordinating
conjunctions
usually form
looser
connections than
other
conjunctions do.
EXAMPLES
Marge was late for work , AND she received
cut in pay.
( VERY LOOSE )
Marge was late for work. SO she received a
cut in pay.
( LOOSE )
BECAUSE Marge was late for work. She
received a cut in pay.
( the subordinate conjunction BECAUSE
creates a tighten link between two ideas. )
Coordinating
conjunctions go in
between items
joined, not at the
beginning or end.
[between]
[beginning]
Punctuation with
coordinating
conjunctions:
When a coordinating conjunction
joins two words, phrases, or
subordinate clauses, no comma
should be placed before the
conjunction.
EXAMPLES :
WORDS : COOKIES AND MILK
PHRASES : AT THE BEACH OR
BY THE LAKESIDE
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES :
WHAT YOU SAY AND WHAT
YOU DO
A coordinating
conjunction joining three
or more words, phrases,
or subordinate clauses
creates a series and
requires commas
between the elements .
EXAMPLES :
Words : peanut, cookies AND
milk
Phrases : in the mountains, at the
beach, OR by the lakeside
Subordinate clauses : what you
say, AND what you do
A coordinating
conjunction joining two
independent clauses
creates a compound
sentence and requires a
comma before the
coordinating conjunction
EXAMPLES :
Tom ate all the peanuts ,
SO Phil ate the cookies
I don’t care for the beach ,
BUT I enjoy good vacation
in the mountains
Example of Words:
• Pete and Terry are good friends. (Nouns)
• Did you speak with him or her? (Pronouns)
• The dog growled and barked at me. (Verbs)
• The box was long and narrow. (Adjectives)
• She spoke softly yet urgently. (Adverbs)
Group of Words:
• He looked on the chair and under
the chair. (Prepositional phrases)
• Katy began the job but did not
finish. (Complete predicates)
• You should remove the bread
from the oven, or it will burn.
(Sentences)
2. Correlative Conjunctions:
are pairs of conjunctions.
Correlative conjunctions
also connect words or
groups of words.
• Example : both/and
either/or
neither/nor
not only/but also
whether/or
These pairs of conjunctions
require equal (parallel)
structures after
each one.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
These conjunctions join independent
clauses together.
Example of Words:
• Both the temperature and the
humidity were high yesterday.
(Nouns)
• That coat is neither warm nor
comfortable. (Adjectives)
Group of Words:
•Either Eva will come to
our house, or we will see
her at my cousin’s house.
(Sentences)
3. Subordinating Conjunctions:
cannot stand alone as a sentence.
They begin a clause that cannot
stand alone and joins it to a clause
that can stand alone. A clause is a group of
words with a subject and verb.
• Example: The fans were quiet
while the golfer putted.
• Although I prefer peaches, I also
like strawberries.
Common Subordinate
Conjunctions
• After as soon as in order that until
• Although as though since when
• As because so that whenever
• As far as before than where
• As if even though wherever
• As long as if unless while
Subordinating conjunctions also join two clauses
together, but in doing so, they make one clause
dependent (or "subordinate") upon the other.
EXAMPLES :
Subordinate conjunction of
time
The patient had died before the doctor
arrived.
Subordinate conjunction of
reason Since you insist, I will come to
your home.
Subordinate conjunction of
purpose – We eat so that we may live.
Subordinate conjunction of
condition
I wonder why you left the company.
Subordinate conjunction of
consequence – The baby was so tired that
it slept immediately.
Subordinate conjunction of
concession Though you insist, I will not
talk to her.
Subordinate conjunction of
Since
As a conjunction since means ‘from
the past time when’.
Where have you been since I last
saw you?
It is one week since we arrived
here.
I have never seen him since I left
that city.
Notes
When used as a conjunction in this sense,
since is usually preceded by a verb in the
present perfect tense, and followed by a
verb in the past tense.
The conjunction since can also mean ‘as’.
Since we have no money, we can’t buy
anything. (= As we have no money, we can’t
buy anything.)
Or
The conjunction or is
used to introduce an
alternative.
Is it blue or green?
Hurry up, or else we will be
late.
You can study hard or you can
fail.
Nor
The conjunction nor is still used,
though it is not very common. Its
most common use is in the
correlative pair neither-nor.
She is neither beautiful nor
intelligent.
He is neither rich nor wise.
Nor can also be used with other
negative expressions.
If
The conjunction if means ‘on the
condition that’, ‘supposing that’
and similar ideas.
If you want to go, I will you take you.
If it rains, we shall not go.
If can also mean ‘when’ or ‘whenever’.
If I do not wear my spectacles, I get a
headache.
If can mean whether.
Do you know if Mr John is at home?
That
The conjunction that can be used to
express a reason or cause. It is
equivalent to because.
He was annoyed that he was
contradicted. (= He was annoyed
because he was contradicted.)
That may also express a purpose. It
is equivalent to ‘in order that’.
We sow that we may reap.
Interjections
Definition:
A short utterance that usually expresses
emotion and is capable of standing alone.
Interjections are generally considered one
of the traditional parts of speech.
In writing, an interjection is typically
followed by an exclamation point.
interjection meaning example
expressing "Ah, that feels
pleasure good."
expressing "Ah, now I
realization understand."
ah expressing "Ah well, it can't
resignation be heped."
expressing
"Ah! I've won!"
surprise
expressing grief "Alas, she's
alas or pity dead now."
expressing "Oh dear! Does
pity it hurt?"
dear "Dear me!
expressing
That's a
surprise surprise!"
"It's hot today."
asking for
eh repetition
"Eh?" "I said it's
hot today."
"What do you
expressing
think of that,
enquiry eh?"
expressing
eh surprise
"Eh! Really?"
inviting
"Let's go, eh?"
agreement
expressing "Lima is the capital
er hesitation of...er...Peru."
expressing "Hello John. How
hello, greeting are you today?"
hullo expressing "Hello! My car's
surprise gone!"
calling attention "Hey! look at that!"
hey expressing "Hey! What a good
surprise, joy etc idea!"
expressing
hi greeting
"Hi! What's new?"
expressing
hesitation, "Hmm. I'm not
hmm doubt or so sure."
disagreement
expressing "Oh! You're
surprise here!"
"Oh! I've got a
oh, o expressing pain toothache."
expressing "Oh, please say
pleading 'yes'!"
expressing "Ouch! That
ouch pain hurts!"
"Uh...I don't
expressing
uh hesitation
know the answer
to that."
expressing "Shall we go?"
uh-huh agreement "Uh-huh."
expressing "85 divided by 5
um, umm hesitation is...um...17."
expressing
"Well I never!"
surprise
well
introducing "Well, what did
a remark he say?"
Exercises for
conjunction
HTTP://[Link]/
VOCAB/Q12M/CONJ_R.HTM
More conjunction
exercises
HTTP://
[Link]
[Link]/ENGLISH-
SUBORDINATING-
[Link]
ah er hello hmm oh alas well um
ah er hello hmm oh alas well um
dear eh uh-huh ouch
dear eh uh-huh ouch
1. " that feels good"
2. " , she's dead now"
3. " Oh ! Does it hurt ?"
4. "What do you think of that, ?"
5. "Lima is the capital of.... ....Peru"
6. " John, How are you today ?"
7. " , I'm not so sure"
8. " , please say 'yes' !"
9. " , what did he say "
10. " 85 divided by 5 is... ...17"
11. "Shall we go ? " " "
12. " ! That hurts !"
Answers
1. " Ah that feels good"
2. " Alas, she's dead now"
3. " Oh Dear ! Does it hurt ?"
4. "What do you think of that, eh ?"
5. "Lima is the capital of.... er....Peru"
6. " Hello John, How are you today ?"
7. " hmm, I'm not so sure"
8. " Oh , please say 'yes' !"
9. " Well, what did he say "
10. " 85 divided by 5 is... um...17"
11. "Shall we go ? " "Uh-huh "
12. " ouch ! That hurts !"
THE END
AND THANK
YOU. Have a
nice day.
