Arrays (Lists) in Python

one thing after another

Problem

Given 5 numbers, read them in and calculate their average THEN print out the ones that were above average

Data Structure Needed

Need some way to hold onto all the individual data items after processing them making individual identifiers x1, x2, x3,... is not practical or flexible the answer is to use an ARRAY a data structure - bigger than an individual variable or constant

An Array (a List)

You need a way to have many variables all with the same name but distinguishable! In math they do it by subscripts or indexes

x1, x2, x3 and so on

In programming languages, hard to use smaller fonts, so use a different syntax

x [1], x[0], table[3], point[i]

Semantics

numbered from 0 to n-1 where n is the number of elements 0 1 2 3 4 5

Properties of an array (list)

Heterogeneous (any data type!) Contiguous Have random access to any element Ordered (numbered from 0 to n-1) Number of elements can change very easily (use method .append) Python lists are mutable sequences of arbitrary objects

Syntax

Use [] to give initial value to, like x = [1,3,5] refer to individual elements

uses [ ] with index in the brackets

most of the time you dont refer to the whole array as one thing, or just by the array name (one time you can is when passing a whole array to a function as an argument)

List Operations you know

Operator <seq> + <seq> <seq> * <int-expr> <seq>[] len(<seq>) <seq>[:] for <var> in <seq>: <expr> in <seq> Meaning Concatenation Repetition Indexing Length Slicing Iteration Membership (Boolean)
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Python Programming, 2/e

Indexing an Array

The index is also called the subscript In Python, the first array element always has subscript 0, the second array element has subscript 1, etc. Subscripts can be variables they have to have integer values k =4 items = [3,9,a,True, 3.92] items[k] = 3.92 items[k-2] = items[2] = a

List Operations

Lists are often built up one piece at a time using append.

nums = [] x = float(input('Enter a number: ')) while x >= 0: nums.append(x) x = float(input('Enter a number: '))

Here, nums is being used as an accumulator, starting out empty, and each time through the loop a new value is tacked on.
Python Programming, 2/e 10

List Operations
Method Meaning

<list>.append(x)
<list>.sort() <list>.reverse() <list>.index(x) <list>.insert(i, x) <list>.count(x)

Add element x to end of list.

Sort (order) the list. A comparison function may be passed as a parameter. Reverse the list. Returns index of first occurrence of x. Insert x into list at index i. Returns the number of occurrences of x in list.

<list>.remove(x)
<list>.pop(i)

Deletes the first occurrence of x in list.

Deletes the ith element of the list and returns its value.

Python Programming, 2/e

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Using a variable for the size

It is very common to use a variable to store the size of an array SIZE = 15 arr = [] for i in range(SIZE):
arr.append(i)

Makes it easy to change if size of array needs to be changed

Solution to starting problem

SIZE = 5 n = [0]*SIZE total = 0 for ct in range(SIZE): n[ct] = float(input("enter a number )) total = total + n[ct] cont'd on next slide

Solution to problem - cont'd

average = total / SIZE for ct in range(5): if n[ct] > average: print (n[ct])

Scope of counter in a for loop

The counter variable has usual scope (body of the function its in)

for i in range(5):

counter does exist after for loop finishes whats its value after the loop?

Initialization of arrays

a = [1, 2, 9, 10] # has 4 elements a = [0] * 5 # all are zero

Watch out index out of range!

Subscripts range from 0 to n-1 Interpreter WILL tell you if an index goes out of that range BUT the negative subscripts work as they do with strings (which are, after all, arrays of characters) x = [5]*5 x[-1] = 4 # x is [5,5,5,5,4]

Assigning Values to Individual Array Elements

temps = [0.0] * 5 m=4 temps[2] = 98.6; temps[3] = 101.2; temps[0] = 99.4; temps[m] = temps[3] / 2.0; temps[1] = temps[3] - 1.2;

// What value is assigned?

7000 7004 7008

7012

7016

99.4
temps[0]

?
temps[1]

98.6
temps[2]

101.2
temps[3]

50.6
temps[4]
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What values are assigned?

SIZE =5

temps = [0.0]* SIZE for m in range(SIZE): temps[m] = 100.0 + m * 0.2

for m in range(SIZE-1, -1, -1): print(temps[m])
7000 7004 7008 7012 7016

?
temps[0]

?
temps[1]

?
temps[2]

?
temps[3]

?
temps[4]
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Indexes

Subscripts can be constants or variables or expressions If i is 5, a[i-1] refers to a[4] and a[i*2] refers to a[10] you can use i as a subscript at one point in the program and j as a subscript for the same array later - only the value of the variable matters

Variable Subscripts
temps = [0.0]*5 m=3 ......

What is temps[m + 1] ? What is temps[m] + 1 ?

7000 7004 7008 7012 7016

100.0
temps[0]

100.2
temps[1]

100.4
temps[2]

100.6
temps[3]

100.8
temps[4]
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Random access of elements

Problem : read in numbers from a file, only single digits - and count them report how many of each there were Use an array as a set of counters

ctr [0] is how many zero's, ctr[1] is how many ones, etc.

ctr[num] +=1 is the crucial statement

Parallel arrays

Sometimes you have data of different types that are associated with each other like name (string) and GPA (float) You CAN store them in the same array

ar = [John, 3.24, Mary, 3.9, Bob, 2.7]

You can also use two different arrays "side by side"

Parallel arrays, cont'd

for i in range(SIZE): name[i], gpa[i] = float(input(Enter)) Logically the name in position i corresponds to the gpa in position i Nothing in the syntax forces this to be true, you just have to program it to be so.

Parallel Arrays
Parallel arrays are two or more arrays that have the same index range and whose elements contain related information, possibly of different data types

EXAMPLE
SIZE = 50 idNumber = [ ]*SIZE hourlyWage = [0.0] *SIZE

parallel arrays

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SIZE = 50 idNumber = [ ] *SIZE hourlyWage =[0.0] *SIZE

// Parallel arrays hold // Related information

idNumber[0] idNumber[1] idNumber[2] . . . idNumber[48]

4562 1235 6278 . . . 8754

hourlyWage[0] hourlyWage[1] hourlyWage[2] . . . hourlyWage[48]

9.68 45.75 12.71 . . . 67.96

idNumber[49]

2460

hourlyWage[49]

8.97

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Selection sort - 1-d array

Algorithm for the sort 1. find the maximum in the list 2. put it in the highest numbered element by swapping it with the data that was at that location 3. repeat 1 and 2 for shorter unsorted list - not including highest numbered location 4. repeat 1-3 until list goes down to one

Find the maximum in the list

# n is number of elements max = a[0] # value of largest element # seen so far for i in range(1, n): # note start at 1, not 0 if max < a[i]: max = a[i] # now max is value of largest element in list

Find the location of the max

max = 0 # max is now location of the # largest seen so far for i in range(1,n): if a[max] < a[i]: max = i # now max is location of the largest in # array

Swap with highest numbered

Remember element at right end of list is numbered n-1

a[max], a[n-1] = a[n-1], a[max]

Find next largest element and swap

max = 0; for i in range(1,n-1): # note n-1, not n if a[max] < a[i]: max = i a[max], a[n-2] = a[n-2], a[max]

put a loop around the general code to repeat for n-1 passes
for pss in range(n, 1, -1): max = 0 for i in range(1,pss): if a[max] <= a[i]: max = i a[max],a[pss-1] = a[pss-1],a[max]

2-dimensional arrays

Data sometimes has more structure to it than just "a list" It has rows and columns You use two subscripts to locate an item The first subscript called row, second called column

2-dimensional arrays

syntax

a = [[0]*5 for i in range(4)] # 5 columns, 4 rows Twenty elements, numbered from [0][0] to [4][3] a = [[0]*COLS for i in range(ROWS)]

Which has ROWS rows and COLS columns in each row (use of variables to make it easy to change the size of the array without having to edit every line of the program)

EXAMPLE -- Array for monthly high temperatures for all 50 states

NUM_STATES = 50 NUM_MONTHS = 12 stateHighs = [[0]*NUM_MONTHS for i in range(NUM_STATES)]
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10][11] [0] [1] [2] row 2, . col 7 . might be . Arizonas high for [48] August [49]

66 64 72 78 85 90 99 105 98 90 88 80

stateHighs[2][7]

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Processing a 2-d array by rows

finding the total for the first row for i in range(NUM_MONTHS): total = total + a[0][i] finding the total for the second row for i in range(NUM_MONTHS): total = total + a[1][i]

Processing a 2-d array by rows

total for ALL elements by adding first row, then second row, etc.

for i in range(NUM_STATES): for j in range(NUM_MONTHS): total = total + a[i][j]

Processing a 2-d array by columns

total for ALL elements by adding first column, second column, etc.

for j in range(NUM_MONTHS): for i in range(NUM_STATES): total = total + a[i][j]

Finding the average high temperature for Arizona

total = 0 for month in range(NUM_MONTHS): total = total + stateHighs[2][month] average = round (total / NUM_MONTHS)

average

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Passing an array as an argument

Arrays (lists) are passed by reference = they CAN be changed permanently by the function Definition def fun1 (arr): Call the function as
x = fun1 (myarr)

Arrays versus Files

Arrays are usually smaller than files Arrays are faster than files Arrays are temporary, in RAM - files are permanent on secondary storage Arrays can do random or sequential, files we have seen are only sequential

Using Multidimensional Arrays

Example of three-dimensional array

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NUM_DEPTS = 5 # mens, womens, childrens, electronics, furniture NUM_MONTHS = 12 NUM_STORES = 3 # White Marsh, Owings Mills, Towson monthlySales = [[[0]*NUM_MONTHS for i in range(NUM_DEPTS)] for j in range(NUM_STORES)] monthlySales[3][7][0] sales for electronics in August at White Marsh

5 DEPTS rows

12 MONTHS columns

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Example of filling a 3-d array

def main(): NUM_DEPTS = 5 # mens, womens, childrens, electronics, furniture NUM_MONTHS = 12 NUM_STORES = 3 # White Marsh, Owings Mills, Towson monthlySales = [[[0]*NUM_MONTHS for i in range(NUM_DEPTS)] for j in range(NUM_STORES)] storeNames = ["White Marsh", "Owings Mills", "Towson"] deptNames = ["mens", "womens", "childrens", "electronics", "furniture"] for store in range(NUM_STORES): print (storeNames[store], end=" ") for dept in range(NUM_DEPTS): print (deptNames[dept], end = " ") for month in range(NUM_MONTHS): print("for month number ", month+1) monthlySales[store][dept] [month] = float(input("Enter the sales ")) print() print() print (monthlySales)

Find the average of monthly_sales

total = 0 for m in range(NUM_MONTHS): for d in range(NUM_DEPTS): for s in range(NUM_STORES): total += monthlySales [s][d][m]
average = total / (NUM_MONTHS * NUM_DEPTS * NUM_STORES)

Problem: student data in a file

The data is laid out as Name, section, gpa

John Smith, 15, 3.2 Ralph Johnson, 12, 3.9 Bob Brown, 9, 2.5 Etc.

Read in the data

inf = open(students,r) studs = [] for line in inf:
data = line.split(,) studs.append(data) inf.close() #studs looks like [[John Smith,15,3.2], #[Ralph Johnson,12,3.9],[Bob Brown]]

Find the student with highest GPA

max = 0 for j in range(1, len(studs)): if studs[max][2] < studs[j][2]: max = j #max is now location of highest gpa studs[max][0] is the name of the student studs[max][1] is the students section