Chapter 2 Primitive Data Types and Operations
Introduce Programming with an Example Identifiers, Variables, and Constants Primitive Data Types
byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean
Expressions Operators, Precedence, Associativity, Operand Evaluation Order: ++, --, *, /, %, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, ^, &, |, +, -, Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes Case Studies (Computing Mortgage, and Computing Changes) Style and Documentation Guidelines Syntax Errors, Runtime Errors, and Logic Errors
Introducing Programming with an Example
Example 2.1 Computing the Area of a Circle
This program computes the area of the circle.
ComputeArea Run
Identifiers
An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($). An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_), or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit. An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix A, Java Keywords, for a list of reserved words).
An identifier cannot be true, false, or null. An identifier can be of any length.
Variables
// Compute the first area radius = 1.0; area = radius*radius*3.14159; System.out.println("The area is + area + " for radius "+radius); // Compute the second area radius = 2.0; area = radius*radius*3.14159; System.out.println("The area is + area + " for radius "+radius);
Declaring Variables
int x; // Declare x to be an // integer variable; double radius; // Declare radius to // be a double variable; char a; // Declare a to be a // character variable;
Assignment Statements
x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;
radius = 1.0;
a = 'A';
// Assign 1.0 to radius;
// Assign 'A' to a;
Declaring and Initializing in One Step
int
x = 1; d = 1.4;
double float
f = 1.4;
Is this statement correct?
Constants
final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE; final double PI = 3.14159; final int SIZE = 3;
Numerical Data Types
byte
short int long float double
8 bits
16 bits 32 bits 64 bits 32 bits 64 bits
Operators
+, -, *, /, and % 5/2 yields an integer 2.
5.0/2 yields a double value 2.5 5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)
NOTE
Calculations involving floating-point numbers are approximated because these numbers are not stored with complete accuracy. For example, System.out.println(1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1); displays 0.5000000000000001, not 0.5, and System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9); displays 0.09999999999999998, not 0.1. Integers are stored precisely. Therefore, calculations with integers yield a precise integer result.
Number Literals
A literal is a constant value that appears directly in the program. For example, 34, 1,000,000, and 5.0 are literals in the following statements:
int i = 34;
long l = 1000000; double d = 5.0;
Integer Literals
An integer literal can be assigned to an integer variable as long as it can fit into the variable. A compilation error would occur if the literal were too large for the variable to hold. For example, the statement byte b = 1000 would cause a compilation error, because 1000 cannot be stored in a variable of the byte type. An integer literal is assumed to be of the int type, whose value is between -231 (-2147483648) to 231 1 (2147483647). To denote an integer literal of the long type, append it with the letter L or l. L is preferred because l (lowercase L) can easily be confused with 1 (the digit one).
Floating-Point Literals
Floating-point literals are written with a decimal point. By default, a floating-point literal is treated as a double type value. For example, 5.0 is considered a double value, not a float value. You can make a number a float by appending the letter f or F, and make a number a double by appending the letter d or D. For example, you can use 100.2f or 100.2F for a float number, and 100.2d or 100.2D for a double number.
Scientific Notation
Floating-point literals can also be specified in scientific notation, for example, 1.23456e+2, same as 1.23456e2, is equivalent to 123.456, and 1.23456e-2 is equivalent to 0.0123456. E (or e) represents an exponent and it can be either in lowercase or uppercase.
Arithmetic Expressions
3 4 x 10 ( y 5)( a b c) 4 9 x 9( ) 5 x x y
is translated to (3+4*x)/5 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)
Shortcut Assignment Operators
Operator Example Equivalent
+=
-=
i+=8
f-=8.0
i = i+8
f = f-8.0
*=
/= %=
i*=8
i/=8 i%=8
i = i*8
i = i/8 i = i%8
Increment and Decrement Operators
suffix x++; // Same as x = x + 1; prefix ++x; // Same as x = x + 1; suffix
x; // Same as x = x - 1;
prefix
x; // Same as x = x - 1;
Increment and Decrement Operators, cont.
int i=10; int newNum = 10*i++;
Equivalent to
int newNum = 10*i; i = i + 1;
int i=10; int newNum = 10*(++i);
Equivalent to
i = i + 1; int newNum = 10*i;
Increment and Decrement Operators, cont.
Using increment and decrement operators makes expressions short, but it also makes them complex and difficult to read. Avoid using these operators in expressions that modify multiple variables, or the same variable for multiple times such as this: int k = ++i + i.
Assignment Expressions and Assignment Statements
Prior to Java 2, all the expressions can be used as statements. Since Java 2, only the following types of expressions can be statements: variable op= expression; // Where op is +, -, *, /, or % ++variable; variable++; --variable; variable--;
Numeric Type Conversion
Consider the following statements:
byte i = 100; long k = i*3+4; double d = i*3.1+k/2;
int x = k; //(Wrong) long k = x; //(fine,implicit casting)
Type Casting
double
float
long int short byte
Type Casting, cont.
Implicit casting double d = 3; (type widening) Explicit casting int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing) What is wrong? int x = 5/2.0;
Character Data Type
char letter = 'A'; (ASCII) char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)
char letter = '\u0041'; (Unicode)
char numChar = '\u0034'; (Unicode)
Special characters char tab = \t;
Unicode Format
Description Backspace Tab Linefeed Escape Sequence
\b \t \n
Unicode
\u0008 \u0009 \u000a \u000d
Carriage return \r
Appendix B: ASCII Character Set
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f
ASCII Character Set, cont.
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f
Casting between char and Numeric Types
int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';
char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;
The boolean Type and Operators
boolean lightsOn = true;
boolean lightsOn = false;
boolean b = (1 > 2);
&&
(and) || (or) ! (not)
(1 < x) && (x < 100) (lightsOn) || (isDayTime) !(isStopped)
Comparison Operators
Operator Name
<
<=
less than
less than or equal to
>
>= == !=
greater than
greater than or equal to equal to not equal to
Boolean Operators
Operator Name
!
&&
not
and
||
^
or
exclusive or
Truth Table for Operator !
Truth Table for Operator !
Operand !Operand
true
false
false
true
Truth Table for Operator &&
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 && Operand2
false false true true
false true false true
false false false true
Truth Table for Operator ||
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 || Operand2
false
false true true
false
true false true
false
true true true
Truth Table for Operator ^
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 ^ Operand2
false
false true true
false
true false true
false
true true false
The & and | Operators
&&: conditional AND operator &: unconditional AND operator ||: conditional OR operator |: unconditional OR operator exp1 && exp2 (1 < x) && (x < 100) (1 < x) & (x < 100)
The & and | Operators
If x is 1, what is x after this expression? (x > 1) & (x++ < 10)
If x is 1, what is x after this expression? (1 > x) && ( 1 > x++)
How about (1 == x) | (10 > x++)? (1 == x) || (10 > x++)?
Operator Precedence
How to evaluate 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - ++i
Operator Precedence
var++, var-+, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var (type) Casting ! (Not) *, /, % (Multiplication, division, and modulus) +, - (Binary addition and subtraction) <, <=, >, >= (Comparison) ==, !=; (Equality) & (Unconditional AND) ^ (Exclusive OR) | (Unconditional OR) && (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND || (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)
Operator Associativity
When two operators with the same precedence are evaluated, the associativity of the operators determines the order of evaluation. All binary operators except assignment operators are left-associative. a b + c d is equivalent to ((a b) + c) d Assignment operators are right-associative. Therefore, the expression a = b += c = 5 is equivalent to a = (b += (c = 5))
Operand Evaluation Order
The precedence and associativity rules specify the order of the operators, but do not specify the order in which the operands of a binary operator are evaluated. Operands are evaluated from left to right in Java. The left-hand operand of a binary operator is evaluated before any part of the right-hand operand is evaluated.
Operand Evaluation Order, cont.
If no operands have side effects that change the value of a variable, the order of operand evaluation is irrelevant. Interesting cases arise when operands do have a side effect. For example, x becomes 1 in the following code, because a is evaluated to 0 before ++a is evaluated to 1.
int a = 0; int x = a + (++a);
But x becomes 2 in the following code, because ++a is evaluated to 1, then a is evaluated to 1.
int a = 0; int x = ++a + a;
String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( null, Prompt Message, Dialog Title, JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE));
Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes
where x is a string for the prompting message and y is a string for the title of the input dialog box.
Convertting Strings to Integers
The input returned from the input dialog box is a string. If you enter a numeric value such as 123, it returns 123. To obtain the input as a number, you have to convert a string into a number.
To convert a string into an int value, you can use the static parseInt method in the Integer class as follows:
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString); where intString is a numeric string such as 123.
Convertting Strings to Doubles
To convert a string into a double value, you can use the static parseDouble method in the Double class as follows: double doubleValue =Double.parseDouble(doubleString); where doubleString is a numeric string such as 123.45.
This program first prompts the user to enter a year as an int value and checks if it is a leap year, it then prompts you to enter a double value and checks if it is positive. A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not by 100, or it is divisible by 400.
InputDialogDemo Run
Example 2.2 Entering Input from Dialog Boxes
Example 2.3 Computing Mortgages
This program lets the user enter the interest rate, number of years, and loan amount and computes monthly payment and total payment.
loanAmount monthlyInterestRate 1 1 numOfYears12 (1 monthlyInterestRate)
ComputeMortgage Run
Example 2.4 Computing Changes
This program lets the user enter the amount in decimal representing dollars and cents and output a report listing the monetary equivalent in single dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies. Your program should report maximum number of dollars, then the maximum number of quarters, and so on, in this order.
ComputeChange Run
Programming Style and Documentation
Appropriate
Comments Naming Conventions Proper Indentation and Spacing Lines Block Styles
Appropriate Comments
Include a summary at the beginning of the program to explain what the program does, its key features, its supporting data structures, and any unique techniques it uses. Include your name, class section, instruction, date, and a brief description at the beginning of the program.
Naming Conventions
Choose
meaningful and descriptive names. Variables and method names:
Use lowercase. If the name consists of several words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase for the first word, and capitalize the first letter of each subsequent word in the name. For example, the variables radius and area, and the method computeArea.
Naming Conventions, cont.
Class
names:
Capitalize the first letter of each word in the name. For example, the class name ComputeArea.
Constants:
Capitalize all letters in constants. For example, the constant PI.
Proper Indentation and Spacing
Indentation
Indent two spaces.
Spacing
Use blank line to separate segments of the code.
Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.
Next-line style
public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Block Styles"); } }
public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Block Styles"); } }
End-of-line style
Programming Errors
Syntax
Errors Errors
Detected by the compiler
Runtime
Causes the program to abort
Logic
Errors
Produces incorrect result
Compilation Errors
public class ShowSyntaxErrors { public static void main(String[] args) { i = 30; System.out.println(i+4); } }
Runtime Errors
public class ShowRuntimeErrors { public static void main(String[] args) { int i = 1 / 0; } }
Logic Errors
public class ShowLogicErrors { // Determine if a number is between 1 and 100 inclusively public static void main(String[] args) { // Prompt the user to enter a number String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Please enter an integer:", "ShowLogicErrors", JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE); int number = Integer.parseInt(input); // Display the result System.out.println("The number is between 1 and 100, " + "inclusively? " + ((1 < number) && (number < 100))); System.exit(0); } }
