Design Philosophy (Module-III)

Prof. Utsav Koshti Alpha college of Engineering and Technology

WHAT IS AN EARTH QUAKE?

o Shaking of earth due to movement of rocks along a fault.
o Associated with faulting or breaking of rocks

o Rocks under stress accumulate strain energy and breaks.

Earthquake Engineering

Earthquakes
Around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year,

detectable with current instrumentation. About 100,000 of these can be felt. Human activities that produce minor earthquakes:
Storage of large water behind a dam,
Injecting liquid under high pressure into wells

(fracking to extract natural gas), Coal mining Oil drilling

Earthquake Engineering

Causes of Earthquakes
Causes of Earthquakes Natural source Man made sources

Tectonic

Controlled sources

Reservoir induce

Mining induced

Cultural noise

Volcanic

Chemical

Plutonic

Nuclear

Land slides

Collapse of cavity

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VARIOUS THEORY FOR EARTHQUAKE OCCURANCE

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Elastic Rebound Theory

This theory was discovered by making

measurements at a number of points across a fault.

Prior to an earthquake it was noted that the

rocks adjacent to the fault were bending. These bends disappeared after an earthquake suggesting that the energy stored in bending the rocks was suddenly released during the earthquake.

Elastic Rebound Theory

Elastic Rebound

Sequence of elastic rebound: Stresses

Sequence of elastic rebound: Bending

Sequence of elastic rebound: Rupture

Sequence of elastic rebound: Rebound

Sudden Slip by Elastic Rebound

Stresses (force/area) are applied to a fault.

Strain (deformation) accumulates in the vicinity of

friction-locked faults. Strain accumulation reaches a threshold and fault slips suddenly Rupture (slip) continues over some portion of the fault. Slip is the distance of displacement along a fault.

Plate tectonics- Alfred Wegener , 1912

Earthquake Engineering

Cross-section of Earth

Though we have explored Space above ground extensively, we could go only about 7.6 miles below ground! Russian geologists started drilling into the Kola Peninsula, near Finland, in 1970 and after 22 years could not proceed further.

Plate tectonics (PT)

Earlier theories assume gradual shrinking

(contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe. PT is based on continental drift & developed in early 20th century Lithosphere is broken up into 7-8 major tectonic plates, and numerous smaller plates Tectonic plates move because lithosphere has a higher strength and lower density than the underlying asthenosphere- Dissipation of heat from the mantle is the source of energy Lateral relative movement of the plates- 0 to 100 mm annually

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Three types of plate boundaries exist

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EARTHQUAKE TERMINOLOGY

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FOCUS: The point within Earth where faulting begins is the focus, or hypocenter EPICENTER: The point directly above the focus on the surface is the epicenter FOCAL DISTANCE: Vertical distance from focus and epicenter

Earthquake Engineering

Three seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn

The intersection of the circles locates the epicenter

Aftershocks
An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a

previous earthquake, the mainshock. It occurs in the same region of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude. If it is larger than the main shock, the aftershock is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock is redesignated as a foreshock. Formed as the crust around the displaced fault plane adjusts to the effects of the main shock They are dangerous - usually unpredictable, can be of a large magnitude, and can collapse buildings that are damaged from the main shock

Earthquake Engineering

Richter scale measures total amount of energy released by an earthquake

Amplitude of the largest wave produced by an event is corrected for distance and assigned a value on an open-ended logarithmic scale

Intensity refers to the amount of damage done in an earthquake

Mercalli Scale is used to express damage

Modified Mercalli Intensity Map 1994 Northridge, CA earthquake, Magnitude 6.7

Intensity of earthquakes
Modified Mercalli Intensity scale (MMI) and

MSK scale (Appendix D of Draft IS 1893) Initially developed early last century by Giuseppe Mercalli. Both have twelve levels of intensity
Level I least perceptive Level XII most severe

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Vertical type

Normal type seismograph

Horizontal type Digitalize type

Characteristics of an Earthquake

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The waves that causes vibrations on earth are seismic waves Types of seismic waves 1. Body Waves travel through interior 1.1 Primary or "P" Waves: oHighest velocity oCauses compression and expansion 1.2 Secondary or "S" Waves: oSlower than P waves but faster than surface waves. oCauses shearing of rock perpendicular to direction of wave

2. Surface Waves or "Love" (L) Waves oTravel on surface of earth oCause vertical & horizontal shaking oCause maximum damage

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Need: Severity of ground shaking at a given location during an earthquake can be minor, moderate and strong. Average annually about 800 earthquakes of magnitude 5-5.9 occur in the world, while the number is only about 18 for magnitude 7.0-7.9. What should be done? Should we not design building for earthquake effects ? Or Should we design the building to be earthquake proof for strong but rare earthquake shaking ?
Earthquake Engineering

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Earthquake proof vs Earthquake resistance design: Design of building wherein there is no damage during the strong but rare earthquake shaking is called earthquake proof design. The engineering intention is to make building earthquake resistance, such building resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get damaged severely but would not collapse during the strong earthquake.
Earthquake Engineering

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

The seismic design philosophy as per IS 1893(part 1) is:
Minor and frequent earthquakes should not cause any

damage to the structure < DBE Moderate earthquakes should not cause significant structural damage but could have some non-structural damage = DBE Major and infrequent earthquakes should not cause collapse > MCE Hence design is done for much smaller forces than actual seismic loads. Note that this approach is different than that adopted in the case of wind, dead, live and other loads, where the Earthquake Engineering structure is designed for the actual loads.

Earthquake design philosophy

Earthquake Engineering

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Define: DBE (Design basis earthquake) MCE (Maximum considered earthquake)

Earthquake Engineering

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Define: DBE (Design basis earthquake) MCE (Maximum considered earthquake) Design basis earthquake is defined as the maximum earthquake that reasonably can be expected to occur at least once during the design life of the structure. Maximum considered earthquake is the earthquake corresponding to the ultimate safety requirement.
Earthquake Engineering

Four virtues of Earthquake Resistance Structure

Lateral Strength

Adequate stiffness
Good ductility Good structural congiuration

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Lateral Force Resisting Systems

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Ductile and Brittle performance

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Ductility
It is the capacity of the structure to deform in-

elastically without significant loss of strength

Ductility Consideration
Plain concrete is brittle Steel is ductile R.C. is not ductile Ductile detailing introduces ductile behavior

Better Performance in Earthquakes

Have simple and regular Plans

Earthquake Engineering

Collapse of L-shaped building in Ahmedabad, 2001

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Avoid Irregular Configurations

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Avoid Novel Structural Features (If their EQ behavior is not known)

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Geometric vulnerabilities - CCTV Tower, China

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Seismic Codes of India

IS: 1893 (Part1-5): 2002 Criteria for Earthquake

Resistant Design of Structures, BIS, New Delhi IS: 13920:1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces, BIS, New Delhi IS: 4326:1993 Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings, BIS, New Delhi

Cont.
IS 4326 1993 Earthquake resistant design and construction of building IS 13827 1993 Improving earthquake resistance of earthen building IS 13828 1993 Improving earthquake resistance of low strength masonry bldg IS 13920 1993 Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces IS 13935 1993 Repair and seismic strengthening of buildings

Basic Intent of Seismic Code

The structures are able to respond without

structural damage to shocks of moderate intensities and without total collapse to shocks of high intensities Codes are made for normal structures Site-specific study for special structures It is not the intent of code to provide regulations that the structure shall suffer no damage during earthquake of all magnitudes

Basic Principles of Modern Codes (Seismic Design Philosophy)

Serviceability limit state: Structures must resist lowintensity earthquake without structural damage. Elastic behaviour is required during small and frequent earthquakes Ultimate limit state: Structures should withstand an earthquake of moderate intensity (design earthquake having PGA with 90% probability of not being exceeded in 50 years) with repairable damage in structural as well as nonstructural elements Collapse limit state: Structures should withstand high intensity earthquake with a return period much longer than design life without collapse

Design Philosophy IS: 1893 (Part1):2002

The structure should possess at least a minimum

strength to withstand minor earthquakes without damage

The structures should resist moderate earthquake

without significant structural damage, some nonstructural damage may occur

The structures withstand a major earthquake without

collapse

Design Philosophy for Special Structures

Low

structural redundancy in structures like, Chimneys, Cooling towers, Water towers, Cantilever bridge piers, Core suspended structures
Enormous risk that a possible failure can cause to

nuclear power plants, dams

Seismic Zone Map

1962 1975 2002 -Seven Seismic Zones - Five Seismic Zones - Four Seismic Zones II, III, IV, V

Zone I merged with Zone II

SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA

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Limit State Design

Load combinations 1.5 ( DL + LL ) 1.2 ( DL + LL EL) 1.5 (DL EL ) 0.9 DL 1.5 EL Substitute WL for EL in case of wind

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Design Spectrum
The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah Ah Z I Sa = -------2 R g

Z = Zone factor I = Importance factor R = Response reduction factor Sa / g = Average response acceleration coeff
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Response Acceleration coefficient as given in IS 1893 (Part 1)-2002

Smoothened Elastic Design Acceleration Response Spectrum (SEDRS) for 5% damping. For Steel structures use 2% damping
Earthquake Engineering

Zone Factor ( Z )
This is for earthquake). MCE (maximum considered

The factor 2 in the denominator is used to reduce the factor for DBE (design basis earthquake)
Seismic zone Seismic intensity Z
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II Low 0.10

III

IV

V Very Severe 0.36

Moderate Severe 0.16 0.24

Underground Structures and Foundations

When depth > 30 m horizontal acceleration spectrum value=Ah/2

When depth is between ground level & 30 m design horizontal acceleration spectrum value linearly interpolated between Ah and 0.5Ah The design acceleration spectrum for vertical motion Av = 2 / 3 Ah

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Spectral Values ( Sa / g )
Spectral values for different soils, having 5% damping is
Type of soil Sa / g Rocky or hard soil 1 + 15 T 2.50 Medium soil For values of T 0.00 to 0.10 0.10 to 0.40

Soft soil
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1.00 / T 1 + 15 T 2.50 1.36 / T 1 + 15 T 2.50 1.67 / T

0.40 0.00 0.10 0.55 0.00 0.10 0.67

to to to to to to to

4.00 0.10 0.55 4.00 0.10 0.67 4.00

Multiplying Factors for Obtaining Values for other Damping

For other values of damping, spectral values are multiplied by factors as below
Damping % Factor 0 3.2 2 1.4 5 1.0 7 0.9 10 0.8 15 0.7 20 0.6 25 0.55 30 0.5

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Importance Factor ( I )
The minimum value of importance factor, I, for different building systems
Sr No 1 2 Structure Important building All other buildings Importance factor (I) 1.5 1.0

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Response Reduction Factor ( R )

System Load resisting system R 3 5 4 5 5

Building A. Ordinary RC moment resisting frame frame (OMRF ), detailed as per IS 456 or IS systems 800 or SP 6 (6) B. Special RC moment resisting frame (SMRF ), detailed as per IS 13920 C. Steel frame a) Concentric braces b) Eccentric braces D. Steel moment resisting frame designed as per SP 6 (6)
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Cont.
System Load resisting system Building with shear walls A .Load bearing masonry wall building a) Unreinforced b) Reinforced with horizontal bands as per IS 4326 c) Reinforced with horizontal RC bands and vertical bars at corners of rooms and jambs of openings as per IS 4326 B. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls. These are prohibited in zones IV and V C. Ductile shear walls, detailed as per 13920 R 1.5 2.5 3 3 4

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Cont
System Buildings with dual systems Load resisting system A. Ordinary shear wall with OMRF B. Ordinary shear wall with SMRF C. Ductile shear wall with OMRF D. Ductile shear wall with SMRF R 3 4 4.5 5

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Design Imposed Loads

The earthquake force shall be calculated for full DL plus the percentage of LL
Imposed Uniformly Distributed 2 Floor Loads kN / m ( LL ) Upto and including 3.0 Above 3.0 Percentage of Imposed Load 25 50

The imposed load on roof need not be 70 considered.

Seismic Weight
For each floor = Full DL + LL For the whole building = sum of seismic weights of all floors

The weight of columns and walls to be equally distributed to floors above and below
weight supported in between storeys shall be distributed to floors above and below in inverse proportion to its distance.
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Design Seismic Base Shear ( VB )

The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear VB = Ah W Ah - design horizontal acceleration spectrum value based on fundamental natural time Ta

W - seismic weight of building

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Fundamental Natural Period ( Ta )

Ta = 0.075 h0.75 for RC frame building, without brick infill panels Ta = 0.085 h0.75 for Steel frame building, without brick infill panels 0.09 h Ta = for all other frame buildings, d with brick infill panels Where h is the height of the building in m
d
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Distribution of Design Forces

The base shear VB along the height Wi h i 2 Qi = VB -- --n---------- Wi h i 2 i =1 Qi = design lateral force at floor i Wi = seismic weight of floor i hi = height of floor i measured from base, n = number of storeys in the building The shear at any floor i=n Vj = Qi Where Vj is shear in jth storey 74 i=j

Equivalent Lateral Base Shear Force Procedure

Equivalent Lateral Base Shear Force :

Where Z= zone factor, I = importance factor, and R= Response reduction Factor

I = 1.5 for largely crowded and imp. Buildings, and equal to 1.0 for other buildings.

Earthquake Engineering

Approximate Fundamental Period

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration for a moment resisting frame without brick infill panels is : Ta = 0.085 h0.75 in seconds where h = height of the building in m For all other buildings, including moment resisting frame buildings with brick in-fill, Ta = 0.09h / d in seconds where d = base dimension of the building at the plinth level, along the considered direction of the lateral force, in meters.
Earthquake Engineering

Equivalent Static Method (seismic coefficient method)

Total design seismic base shear if determined by

VB = Ah W
Ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value W = Seismic weight of the building

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Fundamental natural periods of structures differ over a large range

Adapted from: Newmark, (1970), Current trends in the Seismic Analysis and Design of High Rise Structures, Chapter 16, in Wiegel, (1970), Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, USA.
Earthquake Engineering

Distribution of Base Shear to Different Levels of the Building

After the base shear force VB is determined it should

be distributed along the height of the building (to the various floor levels) using the following expression:

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After the Base shear is distributed, the frames may be analyzed by any standard computer program to get the internal forces!