Company Confidential

15/7/05 1

Site Evaluation

Frequency Planning

BTS n!tallation and Commi!!ioning

"F Coverage #erification

$ptimi%ation

Competitive Compari!on

nterference &anagement
RF Activities in Cellular Systems
Company Confidential
15/7/05 '
Site
Evaluation
"F Planning
n!tallation
Commi!!ion
#erification
Build($ut ) Turn(up
Site Roll out Coverage Verification
$ptimi%ation
Trou*le(
!+ooting
,et-or.
E/pan!ion
Fraud
0etection
n Service
Network Optimization Competitive Comparison
nterference
&anagement
Continou!
RF Activities Application
Segments
Company Confidential
15/7/05 1
C o v e r a g e P r e d i c t i o n
F r e q u e n c y P l a n n i n g
P r e d i c t i o n T o o l
B a n d C l e a r a n c e
T e ! t T r a n ! m i ! ! i o n
" F C o v e r a g e # e r i f i c a t i o n
$ p t i m i % a t i o n
T r o u * l e ! + o o t i n g
C o m p e t i t i v e 2 n a l y ! i !
n t e r f e r e n c e & o n i t o r i n g
P r e d i c t i o n T o o l & o d e l l i n g
0 r i v e T e ! t i n g
C o m m i ! ! i o n i n g
& a i n t e n a n c e
T r o u * l e S + o o t i n g
B T S T e ! t i n g
0 e ! p a t c + n ! p e c t i o n
3 u a l i t y 2 ! ! u r a n c e
T r o u * l e ! + o o t i n g
" e p a i r !
& S T e ! t i n g
T o o l !
Tools for RF Activities
Company Confidential
15/7/05 4
Search Area
Selection
Site hysical
!ualification
Coverage
re"iction
#an"
Clearance
Test
Transmission
Re$ect
Ac%uire
Action Steps
Site &valuation
Company Confidential
15/7/05 5

Stu"y of Contour ' City (ap)

*"entifying potential search zones)

Correlating with near+y e,isting sites)

-rive'.alk through physical /an"

Survey)
Search Area Selection
Company Confidential
15/7/05 5

dentifying Potential Site! in Searc+ %one6

P+y!ical verification of t+e infra!tructure6

&a7or o*!tacle! around6

Future potential of ma7or o*!tacle!6

8$S to ot+er !ite!6

Capturing p+otograp+!6

8ogging 9PS coordinate! :8at;8ong;2lt<6

Site hysical !ualification
Company Confidential
15/7/05 7

0ses re"iction Software tool to estimate coverage

Software has electrical map an" the city contour information

arameters like fre%uency1power1antenna parameters1height1

etc are fe" to the software

#ase" on the city mo"el an" these parameters the tool

estimates the coverage area )

-ata for all sites are fe" to estimate the level of interference)
RF Coverage re"iction
Company Confidential
15/7/05 =
>$"?
ST2T$,
P8$TTE"
re"iction Tool
RF lanning
Company Confidential
15/7/05 @
T+e data availa*le after te!t tran!mi!!ion i! analy%ed *y
t+e mea!urement analy!i! !y!tem6T+i! !y!tem con!i!t!
of a -or. !tation and a plotter6T+e -or. !tation +a!
!oft-are -+ic+ contain! t+e map of t+e geograp+ical
area to covered *y t+e net-or.6T+i! map i! accurate and
i! in term! of eart+ coordinate!6 T+e te!t tran!mi!!ion
data i! fed to t+i! -or. !tation6T+e -or. !tation !oft-are
t+en correlate! t+i! data -it+ t+e map and plot! out t+e
coverage on t+e map6T+e coverage level could *e pre!et
in %one! of variou! color li.e good;average;poor and no(
coverage6>it+ t+i! map repre!entation t+e !ite!
capa*ility i! determined
Company Confidential
15/7/05 10
Relia+ility of re"iction Tool

re"iction tool uses either area2 to 2 area or point2to2point pre"iction mo"els)

Area2to2Area are +ase" on pre"iction mo"els like 3ATA1.alfish1etc) These pre"iction

tools may give a stan"ar" "eviation from later actual measure" coverage in the range
of 45 2 46 "# an" a+ove)

oint2to2oint mo"el +ase" pre"iction tool are specific for a particular terrain an"
hence are more accurate an" will have a stan"ar" "eviation of 728 "#s an" is
generally accepte")

re"iction tool which "eviates from actual measure" coverage +y 529 "+ over :;<
pre"icte" area is consi"ere" to +e e,cellent) This level of accuracy can only +e
maintaine" +y consistently mo"eling the planning tool)
RF Coverage pre"iction
Company Confidential
15/7/05 11

Aig+ co!t of in!talling *a!e !tation!

2re clear *and! really free of interferenceB

&inimi%e ri!. *y a!!e!!ing interference *efore committing fund!

C
#an" Clearance
Company Confidential
15/7/05 1'
T+e co!t and effort involved in developing cell !ite! i! e/tremely +ig+6 Band
clearing can play a critical role in t+e !ite qualification proce!!6
T+e goal of *and clearing i! to minimi%e t+e ri!. of interference and to
under!tand t+e !ignal environment *efore committing fund! to develop t+e
!ite6 &any factor! drive t+e deci!ion to c+oo!e one !ite over anot+erD real
e!tate i!!ue!; acce!!i*ility; maintenance i!!ue!; "F propagation; etc6
"i!. of interference !+ould *e a deciding factor -+en c+oo!ing *et-een
multiple candidate !ite!6 8o-er ri!. implie! t+at le!! time -ill *e !pent
com*ating interference after t+e net-or. +a! *een turned up6 &inimi%ing
interference -ill improve net-or. performance and quality of !ervice6
Even -+en a !ite +a! already *een committed to; or t+ere i! no c+oice; it i!
critical to ma.e t+e mea!urement! nece!!ary c+aracteri%e t+e !ignal
environment in order to under!tand t+e ri!. and type! of interference6 T+i!
proce!! -ill greatly !implify t+e 7o* of dealing -it+ interference after net-or.
turn(up6
Company Confidential
15/7/05 11

C+aracteri%e "F !ignal environment

n(Band and ad7acent *and!

8ong term monitoring

,oi!e Floor C+aracteri!tic!

0etermine type! and !ource! of potential interference *ot+ in

uplin. and do-nlin. *and!6

&inimi%e / Ender!tand ri!. of e/pen!ive interference pro*lem!

#an" Clearance
Company Confidential
15/7/05 14
=2*#

Spectrum Analyzer
Antenna
PC Controller
System
9PS "eceiver
"S('1'
#an" Clearance
Company Confidential
15/7/05 15

Po-er Stati!tic!

E!timate Pro*a*ility of nterference

,oi!e Floor C+aracteri!tic!

8ogging of Signal! in t+e Band

C+annel $ccupancy
#an" Clearance
Company Confidential
15/7/05 15
n order to *e!t under!tand t+e !ignal environment and a!!e!! t+e ri!. of interference it i!
nece!!ary to ma.e !tati!tical mea!urement! of po-er over a long period of time6
T+e po-er !tati!tic! are u!ed to e!timate t+e pro*a*ility of interference in eac+ c+annel6
T+e!e pro*a*ilitie! can *e u!ed to compare pro!pective !ite! *a!ed on interference ri!.6
Since t+e!e mea!urement! are c+anneli%ed t+ey can al!o *e u!ed a! an aid in frequency
planning6
T+e local noi!e floor can vary from !ite to !ite6 #ariou! !ource! of *road*and interference -ill
+ave an effect on t+e level of noi!e at a given location6
C+aracteri%ation of t+e noi!e floor prior to turn(up -ill +elp define po-er !etting! required to
ac+ieve a de!ired !ignal(to(noi!e ratio6 t can al!o indicate !ite! -+ere t+e noi!e floor may *e
e/ce!!ively +ig+6 ,oi!e floor c+aracteri%ation i! particularly important for C0&2 !y!tem!6
Signal logging i! done to get a record :frequency and po-er< of !ignal! pre!ent in t+e *and6
C+annel occupancy can c+aracteri%e t+e u!age pattern of !ignal! in t+e *and and po!!i*ly
+elp to define a frequency plan t+at can -or. -it+ e/i!ting !ignal!6
2gain; long(term monitoring i! .ey to getting t+e *e!t re!ult!6
Company Confidential
15/7/05 17

&ea!ure te!t tran!mitter !ignal !trengt+ a! a
function of location6

9enerate Coverage &ap

Evaluate foliage and !+ado-ing effect!6
Aelp !et modeling parameter! in "F planning
!oft-are6

Cali*rate planning !oft-are tool6
Test Transmission
Company Confidential
15/7/05 1=
1. Te!t Tran!mitter
2. 0rive Sy!tem
T-o Component!

#TS
Simulator
ower
Amplifier
Test Transmission
Company Confidential
15/7/05 1@
T+e typical configuration for a pre(in!tallation "F coverage mea!urement
!y!tem +a! t-o ma7or component! (( a tran!porta*le !ignal !ource and a
drive !y!tem6
T+e !ignal !ource i! placed at t+e location of t+e pro!pective cell !ite6 T+e
tran!mitter i! elevated to t+e propo!ed antenna +eig+t of t+e cell !ite; often
u!ing a !ci!!or lift or a crane6 t may *e de!ira*le to e/ecute t+e drive te!t
-it+ variou! antenna +eig+t!6 nitial mea!urement! are made -it+ a
continuou! -ave :C>< !ignal6 Typically C> te!ting provide! adequate data
for pre(in!tallation coverage a!!e!!ment6
n !ome ca!e! a modulated !ignal !ource may *e u!ed6 2 deci!ion mu!t
*e made to trade off time to turn(up for a more complete coverage data !et6
2 modulated !ignal !ource al!o require! a more !op+i!ticated
mea!urement at t+e receiver to capitali%e on t+e modulation6
T+e drive !y!tem contain! a receiver to mea!ure !ignal !trengt+ and a
mec+ani!m for determining location :typically 9PS ve+icular navigation; or
*ot+<6
Company Confidential
15/7/05 '0
Sy!tem Controller
9S
9P(B

9PS "eceiver
"S('1'
"S('1'
9S& Te!t &S
9S& BTS
"eceiver
-rive Test System
Test Transmission
Company Confidential
15/7/05 '1

Test Transmitter can +e Single Channel C. Source> or a =S(

#C3 Transmitter

For C. source1 Receiver shoul" +e preferre" in -rive Test

System)

Receiver can "o C. measurements accurately1 +ecause (o+ile

"oes Channel ower measurement)

For a =S( #C3 transmitter1 use a "ifferent network co"e1 or

prefera+ly activate cell +arring1 to avoi" traffic "iscrepancies)
Test Transmission
Company Confidential
15/7/05 ''

For C. transmission1 each measurement value

shoul" +e a running average of ?; samples taken over
a "istance of 6; wavelengths)

T+i! proce!!; -ill re!ult into @5F confidence in t+e

predicted coverage -it+ t+e C> tran!mitter; -it+ reference
to t+e actual coverage later6
(eeting /ee@s Criteria
Company Confidential
15/7/05 '1
-TS
T!t6T/
Test Transmission
Test Transmission
Company Confidential
15/7/05 '4
$nce an appro/imate !ite i! !elected;t+e te!t tran!mi!!ion i! to
*e done6T+e te!t tran!mi!!ion a! t+e term !tate! i! a proce!!
*y -+ic+ a te!t tran!mitter : BTS Simulator < i! temporarily
in!talled at t+e !ite and any of t+e allotted 9S& frequencie! i!
tran!mitted6 ,o- t+i! i! tran!mi!!ion i! received *y a 0rive Te!t
Sy!tem in!talled in a mo*ile van -+ic+ move! around t+e plan
and give! a plot of !ignal !trengt+ received in t+e cell6
T+e received level !+ould *e e!timated at (=5 d*m;-+ic+
mean! a good outdoor coverage and con!idering on average 15
d* indoor margin;t+i! level of outdoor -ill give !ome-+at
accepta*le indoor coverage
Company Confidential
15/7/05 '5

,avigation
Signal Strengt+
=S ' -R AAA
&apping
rocess
=S'-R is essential if re"iction tool mo"eling is to +e "one
2naly!i!
&ea!urement
Test Transmission
Company Confidential
15/7/05 '5
T+i! !lide depict! a typical configuration for "F coverage
mea!urement!6
T+e 9PS receiver and / or t+e ve+icular navigation !y!tem .no-n a!
dead rec.oning :0"< mea!ure! location6
n a C> drive !y!tem t+e !ignal !trengt+ i! !imply pea. po-er
mea!ured at t+e tran!mit frequency6 For more !op+i!ticated
modulation type! t+e receiver typically ma.e! an e!timate of t+e *it(
error(rate :BE"<6 T+i! i! done *y comparing a reference !ignal -it+ t+e
received !ignal6 T+e reference !ignal i! con!tructed to matc+ t+e
.no-n tran!mit !ignal6
T+e re!ulting output data i! di!played on a map6 $ften t+e di!play i!
done in t+e "F planning prediction tool6 T+i! allo-! for compari!on of
t+e mea!ured coverage to t+at predicted *y t+e model6
Company Confidential
15/7/05 '7
Three types of =S Receiver@s for Navigation

=S
22 accuracy in the range of 6; 2 B; m

=S with -ea" Reckoning

22 with Compass an" .heel'O"ometer
22 improves performance "uring signal lossC street canyonD

-ifferential =S
22 improves the a+solute accuracy C in few metersD
22 /ocal correction signal is transmitte" from a separate T,)
22 F( receiver with the =S picks up an" applies the correction
Something on =S
Company Confidential
15/7/05 '=
=S Fi, AA

=S Fi, occurs when it gets Satellite Signals)

A relia+le =S shoul" +e at least a 8 channel receiver)

5- fi, E at least 5 satellite availa+le C lat1longD)

9- fi, E at least 9 satellite availa+le Clat1long1altD)

=S *nterface

=S communicates on the RS595 interface with the C)

Stan"ar" interface protocols are TA*1TS* or N(&A)

Something on =S
Company Confidential
15/7/05 '@





FC1
FC'
FC1
FC4;=
FC5;@
FC5;10
FC7





FC1
FC'
FC1
FC4;=
FC5;@
FC5;10
FC7




FC1
FC'
FC1
FC4;=
FC5;@
FC5;10
FC7
FC 1;';1;4;5;5;7;=;@;10

9S& u!e! concept of cell!

$ne cell cover! !mall part of net-or.

,et-or. +a! many cell!

Frequency u!ed in one cell can *e u!ed

in anot+er cell!

T+i! i! .no-n a! Fre%uency Re2use

Clu!ter!
Co(C+annel : "e(u!e < Cell!
Fre%uency Re2use
Fre%uency lanning
Company Confidential
15/7/05 10
9S& u!e! t+e concept of cell!6 $ne cell cover! a !mall
part of t+e net-or.6 2 9S& net-or. -ill +ave !everal
cell!6 Since a cell +a! limited area; t+e frequency u!ed in
t+i! cell can *e re(u!ed in !ome ot+er cell6 T+i! i! .no-n
a! frequency reu!e6 By u!ing t+i! concept; all cell! -ill
+ave appropraite frequencie! and +ence can *e
increa!ed; *y increa!ing cell and re(u!ing t+e
frequencie!6 T+e cell! -+ic+ u!e t+e !ame frequency
num*er! are .no-n a! re(u!e or co(c+annel cell!6
2d7acent cell! !+ould not u!e t+e !ame frequency; a!
t+ey -ould interfere -it+ eac+ ot+er and di!tur* t+e
!peec+6
Company Confidential
15/7/05 11
O+$ective

Optimum uses of Resources

Re"uce *nterference
Fre%uency lanning
Company Confidential
15/7/05 1'





2





2
3 C 0
"
C ' *c F : "+
3 C Sqrt : 1 / , <
Co 2 Channel Re2use factor
Company Confidential
15/7/05 11
Frequency reu!e implie! t+at in a given coverage area t+ere are
!everal cell! t+at u!e t+e !ame !et of frequencie!6T+e!e cell!
are called co(c+annel cell!;and t+e interference *et-een !ignal!
from t+e!e cell! i! called co(c+annel interference62n increa!e in
tran!mit po-er and decrea!e in cell !i%e lead! to t+i! pro*lem 6
Con!idering eac+ cell !i%e to *e !ame co(c+annel interference
*ecome! t+e function of t+e radiu! of t+e cell : " < ;and t+e
di!tance to t+e center of t+e neare!t co(c+annel cell :0<6 T+i!
ratio of 0/" i! termed a! co ( c+annel reu!e ratio : 3 < 6 By
increa!ing 3 t+e !patial !eparation *et-een t-o co(c+annel! i!
increa!ed t+ere*y reducing interference6
2 !mall value of 3 provide! larger capacity *y more
reu!e;-+ere a! a large value of 3 provide! improved
tran!mi!!ion quality ;due to a !maller level of co(c+annel
interference6
Company Confidential
15/7/05 14

A"$acent ARFCN@s shoul" not +e use" in the same cell

*t will have no pro+lems in -ownlinkG1 +ut will have high risk of

uplink interference C"ue to man"atory uplink power control D)
G f 0o-nlin. dynamic po-er control i! not u!ed
2 7; "+m C C'*a F 5; D
2 :; "+m C C'*a F 25; D
? "+m
99 "+m

Since all the ARFCN@s in a cell are frame

synche"1 Timeslot num+ers will align on
all the ARFCn@s
A"$acent2Channel Re2use Criteria
Company Confidential
15/7/05 15

A"$acent ARFCN@s can +e use" in a"$acent cells1 +ut as far as

possi+le shoul" +e avoi"e")

As such separation of 5;; Hhz is sufficient1 +ut taking into

consi"eration the propagation effects1 as factor of protection
B;; Hhz shoul" +e use"G)

*n the worst1 A"$acent ARFCN@s can also +e use" in a"$acent

cells +y setting appropriate han"over parameters C "iscusse"
later in optimizationD
G Practically not po!!i*le in mo!t of t+e net-or.! due to tig+t reu!e
A"$acent2Channel Re2use Criteria
Company Confidential
15/7/05 15

$mnidirectional Cell
BTS



Sectorial Cell
BTS

/ow gain Antennas

/esser penetration'"irectivity

Receives *nt from all "irections

/ower implementation cost

3igh gain Antennas

3igher penetration'"irectivity

Receives *nt from lesser "irections

3igher implementation cost

Cell Configuration
Company Confidential
15/7/05 17

1;5;@
A










2
B




C

1;5;@
#

1;5;
@
C

Receives *nterference from all "irections

*nterference in Omni2Cells
Company Confidential
15/7/05 1=




21
2'
21
1
5
@



B1
B'
B1
1
@
5


C1
C'
C1
1
5
@

Receives
*nterference
from lesser
"irections)
Sectore" Cells
Company Confidential
15/7/05 1@

"e(u!e Pattern! en!ure! t+e optimum !eparation *et-een Co(C+annel!6

"e(u!e pattern i! a formation of a clu!ter -it+ a pattern of frequency di!tri*ution in

eac+ cell of t+e clu!ter6

Same clu!ter pattern i! t+en re(u!ed6

referre" Re2use atterns
$mni ( Cell! D 1 cell; 7 cell; 1' cell; 14 cell; 1@ cell! etc
Sector ( Cell! D 1/@ ; 4/1'; 7/'1
Re2use atterns
Company Confidential
15/7/05 40






A4
A5
A9
#4
#9
C4
C5
C9






A4
A5
A9
#4
#5
#9
C4
C5
C9






A4
A5
A9
#4
#5
#9
C4
C5
C9






A4
A5
A9
#4
#5
#9
C4
C5
C9

A4


#4
#5
#9

A4
A5
A9
#5


C4
C5
C9

C5
C9

C5
C9

C5
C9

A4
9': Re2use attern
Company Confidential
15/7/05 41






A4
A5
A9
#4
#9
C4
C5
C9






A4
A5
A9
#4
#5
#9
C4
C5
C9






A4
A5
A9
#4
#5
#9
C4
C5
C9






A4
A5
A9
#4
#5
#9
C4
C5
C9

A4


#4
#5
#9


A4
A5
A9
#5


C4
C5
C9

C5
C9

C5
C9

C5
C9

A4
0sing ARFCN@s 41519161?1B17181: 1 "o the channel allocation for
the +elow cells using 9': pattern
&,ercise AAA
Company Confidential
15/7/05 4'
A"$acent Channel *nterference is very "ifficult to avoi"
within the cluster itself)






4
6
9
5
8
?
7
:
B
Fre%uency Allocation in 9':
patterns
Company Confidential
15/7/05 41




-4
-9
#4
#9




C4
C5
C9
-4






A4
A5
A9
#4
#5
#9
C4
C5
C9






#4
#5
#9
A4
A5
A9
C4
C5
C9

C4


-4
-5
-9

-5
-9

#5
#9

#5
#9



-5 C4
C9
#5


-5
-9
A4
A5
A9

#4
#5
#9
C5


-4
-5
-9

A4
6'45 Reuse atterns
Company Confidential
15/7/05 44
0sing ARFCN@s 41519161?1B17181:14;144145 "o the channel
allocation for the +elow cells using 6'45 pattern)






-4
-5
-9
C4
C9
#4
#5
#9






C4
C5
C9
-4
-5
-9
A4
A5
A9






A4
A5
A9
#4
#5
#9
C4
C5
C9






#4
#5
#9
A4
A5
A9
C4
C5
C9

C4


-4
-5
-9


#4
#5
#9
C5


-4
-5
-9

-5
-9

#5
#9

#5
#9

A4
&,ercise
Company Confidential
15/7/05 45




4
9 ?


5
6 B


7
:
44
45
4;
8
6'45 pattern avoi"s a"$acent channels in a"$acent cells
6'45 attern Channel Allocation
Company Confidential
15/7/05 45

/arger reuse patterns give re"uction in interference

Re2use patterns +ecomes more effective with sectorial cell

configurations)

To implement large patterns C like 6'451 7'54D 1 more channels

are re%uire")

So with less resources1 the +est way to plan is E

4) 0se optimum no of channels per cell)
5) Thus1 increase the pattern size)
Reuse atterns Conclusion