Digital Logic & Design
Analogue Quantities
Continuous Quantity
Intensity of Light
Temperature
Velocity
Digital Values
Discrete set of values
Continuous Signal
45
40
temperature 0C
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
8
time
10
11
12
13
14
15
Continuous Signal
45
42
40
temperature 0C
35
35
34
41
37
30
29
25
25
20
25
23
22
18
15
10
7
5
1
0
1
2
2
8
time
10
11
12
13
14
15
Digital Representation
45
42
40
temperature 0C
35
35
34
41
37
30
29
25
25
20
25
23
22
18
15
10
7
5
1
0
1
2
2
samples
10
11
12
13
14
15
Under Sampling
45
40
temperature 0C
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
samples
11
13
15
Digital Systems
Two Voltage Levels
Two States
On/Off
Black/White
Hot/Cold
Stationary/Moving
Binary Number System
Binary Numbers
Representing Multiple Values
Advantages of Digital Systems
Efficient Processing & Data Storage
Efficient & Reliable Transmission
Detection and Correction of Errors
Precise & Accurate Reproduction
Easy Design and Implementation
Occupy minimum space
Information Processing
Numbers
Text
Formula and Equations
Drawings and Pictures
Sound and Music
Number Systems and Codes
Decimal Number System
Binary Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
Octal Number System
Decimal Number System
Ten unique numbers 0,1..9
Combination of digits
Positional Number System
275 = 2 x 102 + 7 x 101 + 5 x 100
Base or Radix 10
Weight 1, 10, 100, 1000 .
Representing Fractions
Fractions can be represented in decimal number
system in a manner
= 3 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 2 x 100 + 9 x 10-1
+ 1 x 10-2
= 300 + 80 + 2 + 0.9 + 0.01
= 382.91
Binary Number System
Two unique numbers 0 and 1
Base 2
A binary digit is a bit
Combination of bits to represent larger values
Binary Number System
Decimal Number
Binary Number
Decimal Number
Binary Number
10
1010
11
1011
10
12
1100
11
13
1101
100
14
1110
101
15
1111
110
16
10000
111
17
10001
1000
18
10010
1001
19
10011
Combination of Binary Bits
Combination of Bits
100112 = 1910
= (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21)
+ (1 x 20)
= (1 x 16) + (0 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2)
+ (1 x 1)
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 19
Fractions in Binary
Fractions in Binary
1011.1012 = 11.625
= (1 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (1 x 20)
+ (1 x 2-1) + (0 x 2-2) + (1 x 2-3)
= (1 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 1)
+ (1 x 1/2) + (0 x 1/4) + (1 x 1/8)
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
= 11.625
Floating Point Notations
Decimal-Binary Conversion
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Sum-of-Weights
Adding weights of non-zero terms
100112
(1 24 ) (0 23 ) (0 2 2 ) (1 21 )
(1 2 )
0
Terms 16,0,0.2 and 1
19
Decimal-Binary Conversion
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Sum-of-Weights
Adding weights of non-zero terms
Decimal-Binary Conversion
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Sum-of-Weights
Adding weights of non-zero terms
100112 16 2 1 19
1011.1012 8 2 1 1
2
8
11 5
8
11.625
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Sum-of-Weights
Expression base number & weights
Sum terms
Paper and pencil method
Sum of non-zero terms
Mental Arithmetic, quick method
Sum of weights of non-zero terms
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Sum-of-Weights
100112
(1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21)
+ (1 x 20)
Terms 16, 0, 0, 2 and 1
19
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Add weights of non-zero terms
Weights increase/decrease by power of 2
100112 = 16 + 2 + 1 = 19
1011.1012 = 8 + 2 + 1 + 1/2 + 1/8
= 11 + 5/8
= 11.625
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Sum-of-Weights method used in reverse
Highest binary weight less than the decimal
number
Subsequent smaller weights that add up to
decimal number
Repeated division by 2
Paper and pencil method
Number repeatedly divided by 2
Binary-Decimal fraction conversion
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Sum-of-Weights method
Weights decrease by a factor of 2
0.11012 weights , , 1/16
Sum up to 0.8125
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Repeated Multiplication by 2
example
Decimal-Binary fraction conversion
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Repeated multiplication by 2
Number
Mult. By 2
Integer
0.8125
1.625
(b-1)
0.625
1.250
(b-2)
0.250
0.500
(b-3)
0.500
1.000
(b-4)
Binary Arithmetic
Binary Addition
Binary Subtraction
Binary Multiplication
Binary Division
Binary Addition
Four Basic rules for binary addition
1st digit
0
0
1
1
2nd digit Sum
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
Carry
0
0
0
1
Addition of multiple binary numbers
Binary Addition
Carry
10
1st Number
2nd Number
3rd Number
4th Number
Result
Binary Subtraction
Four Basic rules for binary subtraction
1st digit
0
0
1
1
2nd digit Difference
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
Borrow
0
1
0
0
Binary Subtraction
Borrow
1st Number
1
1
2nd Number
Result
Binary Multiplication
Four Basic rules for binary multiplication
1st digit
0
0
1
2nd digit Product
0
0
1
0
0
0
Example of Binary Multiplication
Binary Multiplication
1st product term
2nd product term
3rd product term
Product
1101
x
101
1101
0000
1101
1000001
(13)
(5)
(65)
Binary Division
10
101 | 1101
101
011
000
11
Hexadecimal Number System
Base 16
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
Representing Binary in compact form
11011000001102 = 1B06 H
Counting in Hexadecimal
Decimal Binary
Hexadecimal
Decimal Binary
Hexadecimal
0000
1000
0001
1001
0010
10
1010
0011
11
1011
0100
12
1100
0101
13
1101
0110
14
1110
0111
15
1111
Counting in Hexadecimal
Decimal HexaDecimal
16
10
Decimal HexaDecimal
24
18
Decimal HexaDecimal
32
20
17
11
25
19
33
21
18
12
26
1A
34
22
19
13
27
1B
35
23
20
14
28
1C
36
24
21
15
29
1D
37
25
22
16
30
1E
38
26
23
17
31
1F
39
27
Binary-Hexadecimal Conversion
Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
11010110101110010110
1101 0110 1011 1001 0110
D
6
B
9
6
Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
FD13
1111 1101 0001 0011
Decimal-Hexadecimal Conversion
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
Indirect Method
Decimal Binary Hexadecimal
Repeated Division by 16
Decimal-Hexadecimal Conversion
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
Indirect Method
Hexadecimal Binary Decimal
Sum-of-Weights
Hexadecimal Addition & Subtraction
Hexadecimal Addition
Carry generated
Hexadecimal Subtraction
Borrow weight 16
Repeated Division by 16
Number
Quotient
Remainder
2096
131
131
Sum-of-Weights
CA02
(C x 163) + (A x 162) + (0 x 161) + (2 x 160)
(12 x 163) + (10 x 162) + (0 x 161) + (2 x 160)
(12 x 4096) + (10 x 256) + (0 x 16) + (2 x 1)
49152 + 2560 + 0 + 2
51714
Hexadecimal Addition
Carry
+
1
2AC6
92B5
BD7B
6+5=11d Bh
C+B=23d 17h
A+2+1=13d Dh
2+9=11d Bh
Hexadecimal Subtraction
Borrow
-
111
92B5
2AC6
67EF
21-6=15d Fh
26-C=14d Eh
17-A=7d 7h
8-2=6d 6h
Octal Number System
Base 8
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Representing Binary in compact form
11011000001102 = 154068
Counting in Octal
Decimal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Binary
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Counting in Octal
Decimal Octal Decimal Octal
8
10
16
20
9
11
17
21
Decimal Octal
24
30
25
31
10
11
12
13
14
15
26
27
28
29
30
31
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
22
23
24
25
26
27
32
33
34
35
36
37
Binary-Octal Conversion
Binary to Octal Conversion
11010110101110010110
011 010 110 101 110 010 110
3
2
6 5 6 2
6
Octal to Binary Conversion
1726
001 111 010 110
Decimal-Octal Conversion
Decimal to Octal Conversion
Indirect Method
Decimal Binary Octal
Repeated Division by 8
Decimal-Octal Conversion
Octal to Decimal Conversion
Indirect Method
Octal Binary Decimal
Sum-of-Weights
Octal Addition & Subtraction
Octal Addition
Carry generated
Octal Subtraction
Borrow weight 8
Repeated Division by 8
Number
Quotient
Remainder
2075
259
(O0)
259
32
(O1)
(O2)
(O3)
Sum-of-Weights
4033
(4 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (3 x 81) + (3 x 80)
(4 x 512) + (0 x 64) + (3 x 8) + (3 x 1)
2048 + 0 + 24 + 3
2075
Octal Addition
Carry
1
7602
+ 5771
15573
2+1=3d 3O
0+7=7d 7O
6+7=13d 15O
1+7+5=13d 15O
Octal Subtraction
Borrow
-
11
7602
5771
1611
2-1=1d 1O
8-7=1d 1O
13-7=6d 6O
6-5=1d 1O
Alternate Representations
BCD Code
BCD Addition
Gray Code
Alternate Representations
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Code
Decimal
0
1
2
3
4
BCD
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
Decimal
5
6
7
8
9
BCD
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
BCD Addition
Multi-digit BCD numbers can be added together
23
0010 0011
45
0100 0101
68
0110 1000
23
0010 0011
48
0100 1000
71
0110 1011
1011 is illegal BCD number
BCD Addition
Add a 0110 (6) to an invalid BCD number
Carry added to the most significant BCD digit
23
48
71
0010 0011
0100 1000
0110 1011
0110
0111 0001
