LTE MAC OVERVIEW
-Balamourougan V
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LTE MAC Functions
Mapping between logical channels and transport channels;
Multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or different logical channels
onto transport blocks (TB) to be delivered to the physical layer on
transport channels;
Demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or different logical
channels from transport blocks (TB) delivered from the physical
layer on transport channels;
Scheduling information reporting;
Error correction through HARQ;
Priority handling between UEs by means of dynamic scheduling;
Priority handling between logical channels of one UE;
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Transport format selection.
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MAC ENTITY DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN UMTS AND LTE
In LTE there is only one MAC entity which needs to
configured whereas in UMTS system there are 4 different
MAC entity based on different type of transport channel i.e
MAC-d (DCH), MAC-c/sh (FACH, DSCH), MAC- hs (HS-DSCH)
and MAC-e (E-DCH).
In UMTS system the state machine which is handling MAC
configuration is quite complex. During state transition from
CELL_FACH to CELL_DCH or CELL_DCH to CELL_FACH lots of
signaling was involved.
In LTE, since there is only one MAC entity which is easier
and simple to configure and thus have very simple State
Machine.
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BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
Service Data Unit (SDU) and Protocol Data Unit (PDU) An SDU
is the basic unit of
data passed between layers and sub layers of the protocol stack. In the
transmit direction, each layer operates on an SDU received from the
layer above, transforming it into a PDU through segmentation,
concatenation, and by adding a header, as needed. That PDU then
becomes the SDU passed to the next layer below.
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LTE DL CHANNELS
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LTE UL CHANNELS
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RANDOM ACCESS MAC
PROCEDURES
RACH in UMTS versus
RACH in LTE
In both schemes, the primary role of RACH is for initial
network access but there exists no possibility to
transmit user data in LTE RACH. This is exclusively sent
on the Physical uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH).
The main purpose of LTE RACH is to achieve uplink time
synchronization for UEs. Also, in LTE RACH, there is no
power ramping as in the case of UMTS, which can be a
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major course for latency
and interference.
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What situations require Random Acce
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Random Access Process
eNodeB broadcasts information regarding random access and
multiple UEs
transmit randomly selected random access code
eNodeB allocates resources to detected UEs.
Each UE transmits detailed information like the random access
code etc using allocated resources.
The eNodeB confirms to each UE .
When the above steps are finished successfully, eNodeB and
each UE initiate data communication.
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Types of RAP:
Contention based RAP
Non-contention based RAP
Contention based versus Contention free
Contention-based can be used by any accessing UE in
need of an uplink connection.
Contention free Random Access can be use in areas where
low latency is required, such as handover and downlink
data arrival events. Nevertheless ,in both procedures, the
Random Access preamble is transmitted by the accessing
UEs.
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1. In the first message the UE provides an indication to the
network about it's resource requirement. This carries the
Preamble ID, RA-RNTI
Most of the information is passed on to the UE through
SIB2
i. UE MAC layer has to select the Preamble sequence.
ii. UE will configure itself with the max retires it will try
for sending RAP (if it doesn't receive RAR)
iii. Also, after every retry, how much power level has to
be increased for transmitting the RAP
iv. UE MAC layer constructs the RAP message and passes
it to the UE PHY layer. UE PHY layer will transmit this
message through PRACH
v. Once the UE has transmiited the RAP on PRACH, it will
start looking for RAR immediately after 3 sub-frames. This
number i.e. 3 sub-frame is specified by 3GPP.
This sub-frame number is again specified in SIB2 and is
known as window length; so, after the 3 sub-frames as
mentioned above, UE
will start looking for RAR in the subProprietary & Confidential.
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2011
frames as mentionedAricent
by the
Window
length. If by
that time
2. The eNB conveys the resources reserved for this UE
along with the Preamble ID and T-CRNTI (a number
generated by eNB and asks the UE to send the RRC
connection)
3. UE sends the RRC connection Request using resources
given by the eNB. It also sends the identifier (CRI) to the
eNB which is used to resolve the Contention.
4. The eNB runs an algorithm and generates C-RNTI which
will be a permanent ID for the UE till the connection is alive.
The eNB sends the UE identifier. In this step, the UE which
has received the ID continues while other UE's will back off
and try again.
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Scenario:
Multiple UE's attempt to access the network:
1. So, the UEs initiates RACH with same Preamble
sequence, RA-RNTI
2. Therefore, the UEs willreceivethe same T-C-RNTI and
resource allocation from eNB
3. All UEs would send msg 3 (RRCconnectionRequest)
message through the same resource allocation to the
Network
4. Once, when msg3 is transmitted, two Timers are started:
a. T300 : Transmission ofRRCconnectionRequest
b. Contention Resolution Timer:broadcastedin SIB2. If
the UE doesn't receive msg4 (Contention Resolution
message) within this timer, then it go back to Step 1 i.e.
transmitting RAP. If there is a HARQ NACK for msg3
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(RRCconnectionRequest)
and
it has to be re-transmitted
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then thisContention Resolution Timer will be re-started.
Timing Diagram
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Non-contention based RAP
This procedure is always initiated from network in case of a
handover. For this procedure, the eNB reserves a set of
preamble sequence. When this type of scenario is
encountered the eNB allocates the set from this reserved
pool.
This entire procedure is controlled by the eNB. Hence, no
question of collision.
1. Intra-RAT, which is within one radio access technology
(i.e. LTE -to-LTE from one eNodeB to another)
2. Inter-RAT, between radio access technologies e.g.:
between LTE and GSM or 3G WCDMA,WIMAX or even
wireless LAN.
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Collision Detection in LTE RACH
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Further Reading
3GPP standards, [Link]
3GPP TS 36.321 version 9.6.0 Release 9
Thank you
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Contd
MAC Layer
Provisioning for Traffic
Handling
-Mohamed zeeshan
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Agenda
MAC PDU for DL-SCH/UL-SCH
DRX
Downlink/Uplink Traffic Handling
HARQ in detail
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MAC PDU for DL-SCH/ULSCH
Each MAC PDU corresponds to a single Transport Block (TB)
Transport Block size depends on the MCS(modulation coding
scheme) and the number of RBs assigned to UE. Refer table
[Link]-1 and Table [Link].1-1 from 3GPP 36.213
A MAC PDU consists of a MAC header, zero or more MAC
Service Data Units (MAC SDU), zero, or more MAC control
elements, and optionally padding
There is one sub-header for each MAC Control Element in the
PDU and each MAC SDU in the PDU
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MAC PDU for DL-SCH/ULSCH
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MAC Sub-Headers
A MAC PDU subheader consists of the six header fields R/R/E/LCID/F/L but
for the last subheader for fixed sized MAC control elements.
The last subheader in the MAC PDU and subheaders for fixed sized MAC
control elements consist solely of the four header fields R/R/E/LCID
A MAC PDU subheader corresponding to padding consists of the four
header fields R/R/E/LCID.
A maximum of one MAC PDU can be transmitted per TB per UE.
Padding occurs at the end of the MAC PDU, except when single-byte or
two-byte padding is required. Padding may have any value and the UE
shall ignore it. When padding is performed at the end of the MAC PDU,
zero or more padding bytes are allowed.
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MAC Sub-Headers
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MAC Sub-Headers - Fields
R : R means 'Reserved", meaning that it does not have any special meaning
for now. It is always set to be '0' for now.
E : E means "Extension indicating if more fields are present in MAC header.
-The E field is set to "1" to indicate another set of at least R/R/E/LCID fields.
-The E field is set to "0" to indicate that either a MAC SDU, a MAC control
element or padding starts at the next byte
LCID : The Logical Channel ID field identifies the logical channel instance of the
corresponding MAC SDU or the type of the corresponding MAC control element
or padding.
F : F means 'Format'. This defines the length of 'L' field. If F is '0', the length of
L field is 7 bit and if F is '1', the length of L field is 15 bit.
L : L means 'Length'. It shows the length of the MAC SDU..
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MAC Control Element
In LTE case there are several communication
path at MAC layer. It implies that there are
special MAC structure that carries special control
information.
These special MAC structure carrying the control
information is called 'MAC CE', which means
'MAC Control Element'.
There are several MAC CE in downlink MAC and
also several MAC CE in uplink MAC.
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MAC Sub-Headers - Fields
R : R means 'Reserved", meaning that it does not have any
special meaning for now. It is always set to be '0' for now.
E : E means "Extension". This is set to '0' when the PDU
marked as 'C' is used. If E is '1', 'A' or 'B' type of structure is
used.
LCID : LCID stands for "Logical Channel ID", meaning Logical
Channel Number.
F : F means 'Format'. This defines the length of 'L' field. If F is
'0', the length of L field is 7 bit and if F is '1', the length of L
field is 15 bit.
L : L means 'Length'. It shows the length of the MAC SDU..
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MAC Control Element
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MAC Control Element
Six Control Elements are defined
3 for DL
Timing Alignment (8bits): Sent to provide initial and periodic time synchronization
to the
UE for UL
DRX Command (8 bits): Initiates discontinuous reception mode at UE
UE Contention Resolution Identity (48bits): Used during RACH procedure to resolve
possible contention b/w multiple UEs trying to simultaneously access the network
3 for UL
UE Buffer Status Reports (8 or 24bits): Reports UE buffer occupancy for UL
scheduling
UE Power Headroom (8 bits): Reports UE transmit power compared to maximum
or if the UE is currently power limited
C-RNTI (16 bits): Identifies a UE when sending information over CCCH
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DRX operation
In normal operation, UE has to be awake all the time and
monitor PDCCH for every subframe meaning that it has to be
awake all the time since it doesn't know exactly when the
network will transmit the data for it.
DRX is a mechanism in which UE gets into sleep mode for a
certain period of time and wake up for another period of time.
The UE and network timings need to be synchronized.
If these two timing does not match, there can be a worst case
where UE is awake but Network does not transmit anything or
Network transmit something for the UE but UE is in sleep mode.
One solution would be that Network decide when to let UE
sleep and when to wake it up and inform the timing to the UE
using a RRC message.
We can also have implicit transition based on timers.
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DRX operation
During DRX, UE maintains a DRX cycle that is defined as a
number of subframes.
UE monitors PDCCH for on-duration subframes (1~200
subframes) and may turn off its receiver for rest of the DRX
cycle
eNB does not schedule transmissions during off-period of the
DRX cycle
Two DRX cycles: Short and Long
UE starts with Short DRX cycle and transitions to long DRX
cycle after the expiration of a timer
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Downlink Traffic Handling
4 step process
UE is supposed to give CQI(Channel Quality Indicator) to the eNB on a
periodic basis. UE measures the channel quality and reports the CQI
using PUCCH.
Scheduler at eNB dynamically allocated DL resources to the UE
(PDCCH)
When the DL scheduler makes resource allocation decisions the eNB
will use these resources to transmit traffic to those UEs. But all the
UEs reported CQI values and so all of them are expecting traffic from
the network. The eNB needs to ensure that the selected UEs
understand their allocation of resources and receive data. This is
done by sending the allocation info by eNB during the initial symbols
followed by the user traffic. Allocation info is sent on PDCCH.
The eNB transmits traffic to the selected UEs on the PDSCH( FEC,
Modulation , Mapping)
ACK/NACK: When a UE receives its transmission it will verify the
checksum of the packet and sends ACK/NACK on the PUCCH
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Downlink Traffic Handling
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Uplink Traffic Handling
[Link] sends BSR (Buffer Status Report) & PHR (Power
Headroom Report) to network on PUSCH
[Link] at eNB dynamically adjusts resources assigned to
UE - Grant on PDCCH is adjusted
[Link] UE then performs data rate selection from UL using
current allocation from eNB, data in buffer and UE capabilities.
[Link] on the adjusted grant, UE sends user data on PUSCH
[Link] eNB decodes the uplink data successfully, it toggles NDI
(New Data Indicator) on PDCCH, and sends ACK on PHICH
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Uplink Traffic Handling
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HARQ
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HARQ
LTE utilizes Incremental Redundancy HARQ with a
1/3 turbo encoder used for forward error correction.
The receiver only receives different punctured
versions of the same turbo-encoded data
The maximum number of retransmissions is limited
to 3 in DL and in UL the value is set by RRC in UE.
For FDD there shall be a max of 8 HARQ processes.
There is one entity at the UE which maintains a
number of parallel HARQ processes
Each HARQ process is associated with a HARQ ID.
HARQ process is stopped when
ACK is received
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HARQ - Downlink
The HARQ entity directs HARQ info and associated TBs received
on DL-SCH to the corresponding HARQ process in D/L.
UE does not know anything about HARQ process information for
DL data before it gets it. So Network send these information
(Process ID, Redundancy Version - RV) in PDCCH
It can use the 8 HARQ processes in any order (Asynchronous
Process).
AsynchronousHARQ increases signalling overhead because it
includes the HARQ process Identity
The frequency location and possibly the more detailed
transmission
format can be changed b/w transmissions
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HARQ - Uplink
It has to use the specific process in a specific
subframe (Synchronous Process). UE has to use the
same HARQ process number every 8 subframes.
Since UE have to use specific HARQ process ID at
specific subframe, the receiver (eNode B) knows
exactly which HARQ process comes when. And
eNodeB can also knows about RV because UL Grant
from eNodeB can specify RV using MCS field.
It can use the 8 HARQ processes synchronous order.
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HARQ - Timing
Timing relation b/w downlink data in
subframe n and uplink HARQ
acknowledgement in subframe n+4 for
FDD is as in the figure below
Upon reception of HARQ
acknowledgement, eNB can, if needed,
retransmit the downlink data in
subframe n+8.
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References
TS 136 321 V9.6.0
TS 136 213 V9.3.0
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Thank You.
MAC LAYER FUNCTIONS, CONTROL
ELEMENTS & PROCEDURES
-Janardhan R
-Subhashini R
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AGENDA
MAC Layer Functions
Logical Channel Prioritization
Scheduling
MAC Control Elements
Buffer Status Reporting
Power Headroom Reporting
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FUNCTIONS OF MAC LAYER
Mapping
between
logical
channels
and
transport channels
Error correction through HARQ
Logical Channel prioritization
Scheduling information reporting
Priority handling between UEs by means
of dynamic scheduling
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing of MAC SDUs
Priority handling between logical channels of
one UE
Transport format selection
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LOGICAL CHANNEL
PRIORITIZATION
UE performs Logical Channel Prioritization
The
procedure which is applied when a new transmission
is performed
RRC controls the scheduling of uplink data for each
logical channel by
Priority - where an increasing priority value indicates a
lower priority level
prioritisedBitRate - which sets the Prioritized Bit Rate (PBR)
bucketSizeDuration - which sets the Bucket Size Duration
(BSD)
For each logical channel j, UE maintains a bucket
indicating variable Bj
When the related logical channel is established, Bj is
initialized to 0.
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Contd..
For each TTI (Transmission Time Interval), Bj is
incremented by PBR * TTI value
Bj value can never exceed Bucket Size and
If Bj value > Bucket Size of the logical channel
j,
then Bj = Bucket Size
Bucket Size = PBR * BSD, where PBR and BSD
are configured by upper layers
UE allocates resources to the logical channel as
follows :
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Step 1 : For all logical channels with Bj > 0
resources are allocated in decreasing priority
order
Step 2 : The UE shall decrement Bj by the total
size of MAC SDUs served to logical channel j in
Step 1
Step 3 : If any resources remain, all the logical
channels are served in a strict decreasing
priority order (regardless of the value of Bj)
Logical channels configured with equal priority
should be served equally
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Priority consideration (high to low)
MAC Control Element for C-RNTI (Cell Radio
Network Temporary Identity) or data from ULCCCH
MAC Control Element for BSR (Buffer Status
Reporting), with exception of BSR included for
padding
MAC Control Element for PHR (Power Headroom
Reporting)
Data from any Logical Channel, except data from
UL-CCCH
MAC control element for BSR included for padding
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SCHEDULING
The Scheduling Request (SR) is used for
requesting
UL-SCH
resources
for
new
transmission
When an SR is triggered, it shall be considered
as pending until it is cancelled
If an SR is triggered and there is no other SR
pending, the UE shall set the SR_COUNTER to 0
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Downlink Scheduling
The PDCCH carries the Cell Radio Network
Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI), which is the dynamic
UE identifier
The CRNTI indicates that an upcoming downlink
resource has been de-multiplexed by the MAC and
passed on to higher layers and is now scheduled
for this UE
Semi-persistent
scheduling
periodicity
is
configured by RRC. Whether scheduling is dynamic
or semi-persistent is indicated by using different
scrambling codes for the C-RNTI on PDCCH
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Uplink Scheduling
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MAC CONTROL ELEMENTS (MAC CE)
MAC control elements are short signaling
messages that are included within a MAC PDU
that is being transmitted on the uplink to the
eNB
In LTE, 7 MAC Control Elements (CE) are defined
Buffer Status Report(BSR) MAC CE
C-RNTI MAC CE
DRX Command MAC CE
UE Contention Resolution Identity MAC CE
Timing Advance Command MAC CE
Power Headroom MAC CE
MCH Scheduling Information MAC CE
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Buffer Status Report(BSR)
MAC
CE
Consists of
Short or Truncated BSR
Long BSR
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Contd..
LCG ID : The Logical Channel Group ID field
identifies the group of logical channels for
which buffer status is being reported. Length
2 bits
Buffer Size : This field identifies the total
amount of data (in bytes) available across all
logical channels of a LCG after the MAC PDU has
been built. Length - 6 bits
The BSR formats are identified by MAC PDU sub
headers with LCID 11100(Truncated BSR),
11101(Short BSR) & 11110(Long BSR)
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Cell-Radio Network Temporary
Identity(C-RNTI) MAC CE
The C-RNTI MAC control element is identified by
MAC PDU subheader with LCID 11011
It has a fixed size and consists of a single field
C-RNTI : This field contains the C-RNTI of the UE.
Length - 16 bits
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Discontinuous Reception(DRX) Command
MAC CE
The DRX Command MAC control element is
identified by a MAC PDU subheader with LCID
11110
It has a fixed size of zero bits
Discontinuous
Reception
(DRX)
can
be
implemented in the UE to save battery power
During
Discontinuous
Reception
in
RRC_CONNECTED state, eNodeB can send the
mobile to sleep using DRX command
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UE Contention Resolution Identity
MAC CE
UE Contention Resolution Identity MAC Control Element
is identified by MAC PDU subheader with LCID 11100
It has a fixed 48-bit size and consists of a single field
which contains the uplink CCCH SDU.
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Timing Advance Command
MAC
CE
The Timing Advance Command MAC control element
is identified by MAC PDU subheader with LCID 11101
It has a fixed size and consists of a single octet
R : reserved bit, set to "0
Timing Advance Command : This field indicates the index
value TA (0, 1, 2 63) used to control the amount of timing
adjustment that UE has to apply. Length - 6 bits
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Power Headroom MAC CE
The Power Headroom MAC control element is
identified by a MAC PDU subheader with LCID
It has a fixed size and consists of a single octet
R : reserved bit, set to "0
Power Headroom (PH) : this field indicates the power
headroom level. Length 6 bits
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MCH Scheduling Information MAC CE
The MCH Scheduling
Information
MAC
Control Element has a
variable size
LCID : indicates the
Logical Channel ID of
the MTCH. Length 5
bits
Stop MTCH : indicates
the ordinal number of
subframe,
counting
only
the
subframes
allocated
to
MCH,
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the
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BUFFER STATUS REPORTING
The Buffer Status Reporting procedure is used
to provide the serving eNodeB with information
about the amount of data available for
transmission in the UL buffers of the UE
RRC controls BSR reporting by configuring the
two timers
periodicBSR-Timer
retxBSR-Timer
BSR types
Regular BSR
Periodic BSR
Padding BSR
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Contd..
Triggers for BSR transmission
UE has UL data to transmit : When UE has some data
to transmit in RLC or PDCP entity for a certain LCG
UE got the UL Grant and the padding data is larger
than the size of BSR CE and the subheader
retxBSR-Timer is expired and UE has some data to
transmit
periodicBSR-Timer is expired
A MAC PDU shall contain at most one MAC BSR
control element, even when multiple events
trigger a BSR
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POWER HEADROOM REPORTING
The Power Headroom reporting procedure is used to
provide the serving eNB with information about the
difference between the nominal UE maximum transmit
power and the estimated power for UL-SCH
transmission
Power Headroom = UE Max Transmission Power - PUSCH Power
RRC controls Power Headroom reporting by configuring
the two timers periodicPHR-Timer and prohibitPHRTimer
A Power Headroom Report (PHR) shall be triggered if
any of the following events occur
prohibitPHR-Timer expires
periodicPHR-Timer expires
upon configuration or reconfiguration of the power headroom
reporting functionality by upper layers
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References
3GPP standards, [Link]
3GPP TS 36.321 version 9.6.0 Release 9
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Thank You !!!
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