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Multicast Routing in Computer Networks

This document summarizes multicast routing. It begins by defining unicast and multicast, describing different approaches to multicast including one-to-all unicast, application-level multicast, and explicit multicast. It then discusses multicast groups and the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) which allows hosts to join multicast groups. The document proceeds to explain multicast routing techniques including group shared trees which use a center-based approach and source-based trees which employ reverse path forwarding. Finally, it briefly discusses multicast routing protocols like DVMRP and PIM.

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Gandhi Jabakumar
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170 views14 pages

Multicast Routing in Computer Networks

This document summarizes multicast routing. It begins by defining unicast and multicast, describing different approaches to multicast including one-to-all unicast, application-level multicast, and explicit multicast. It then discusses multicast groups and the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) which allows hosts to join multicast groups. The document proceeds to explain multicast routing techniques including group shared trees which use a center-based approach and source-based trees which employ reverse path forwarding. Finally, it briefly discusses multicast routing protocols like DVMRP and PIM.

Uploaded by

Gandhi Jabakumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CHAPTER 4 Network Layer and

Routing

Multicast Routing
970127 ChangIl Kim

CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

What is Multicast?
Unicast
One sender and one receiver

Multicast
One sender to multiple receivers with single
send operation

CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

Multicast Abstraction
One-to-All unicast
Using an underlying unicast network layer
Duplicated at the sender transport layer

Application-level multicast
Involving the receivers in the replication and
forwarding of data.

Explicit multicast
Network player supports multicast
Data is replicated at the network router

CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

Multicast Group
If each multicast datagram carries the IP
Addresses of all of the multiple recipients
Not scalable
Sender must know the identities and addresses
of all of the receivers

Address Indirection & multicast group

CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

IGMP : Internet Group Management Protocol


Operates between a host and its directly
attached router
Provides the means for a host to inform its
attached router that an application running on
the host wants to join a specific multicast group

IGMP

CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

IGMP v2 Message Types


IGMP Msg Type

Sent By

Purpose

Membership query:
General

Router

Query multicast groups joined by attached


hosts

Membership query:
Specific

Router

Query if specific multicast group joined by


attached hosts

Membership report

Host

Report host wants to join or is joined to


given multicast group

Leave Group

Host

Report leaving given multicast group

Report

Query

CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

IGMP Message Format

8
Type

16

Max.resp.time

32
CheckSum

Multicast group address

CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

Multicast Routing
Goal
To find a tree of links that connects all of the
routers that have attached hosts belonging to
the multicast group

a Group Shared Tree


a Source-Based Tree

CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

Group Shared Tree


Used to distribute the traffic for all senders in
the group
Center-based approach
1. A center node is identified
2. Routers unicast so-called join msg addressed
to the center node
Join Msg forwarded using unicast routing
toward center

CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

Constructing a center-based tree


Path/order in which
join msgs generated

D
1

Router E is selected as a center node

CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

Source-Based Tree
Used to construct for each individual sender
Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) algorithm
Router transmits the packet on all of its
outgoing links only if the packet arrived on the
link that is on its own shortest path back to the
sender
Need only know the next hop on its unicast
shortest path to the sender

CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

Reverse path forwarding


pkt will be
forwarded
pkt not forwarded
beyond receiving
router

S : source

CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

Multicast Routing in Internet


Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)
Implemented by source-based trees with reverse path
forwarding and pruning
Use distance vector algorithm

Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)


Independent of the underlying unicast routing protocol
Dense mode

Flood and Prune reverse path forwarding technique


Sparse mode

Center-based approach
Inter-Autonomous System Multicast Routing
DVMRP has been the de facto inter-AS multicast routing
protocol
CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

THANK YOU

CS441 Introduction to Computer Network

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