EE 369
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Lecture 14
Power Flow
Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick
Announcements
Read Chapter 12, concentrating on
sections 12.4 and 12.5.
Homework 12 is 6.43, 6.48, 6.59,
6.61, 12.19, 12.22, 12.20, 12.24,
12.26, 12.28, 12.29; due Tuesday
Nov. 25.
The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus
Example
5
Line
3
345
50
mi
kV
400 MVA
15/345
kV
2
345
kV
100
mi
280
MVAr
345
kV
200
mi
Line
1
400
MVA
15 kV
T1
Line
2
T2
800 MVA
4 345/15
kV
40
Mvar
520
MVA
800
MVA
80 15 kV
MW
800 MW
Single-line diagram
The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus
Example
Type
|V|
per
unit
degrees
Slack
1.0
Load
Constant
voltage
Load
Load
Bus
Table 1.
Bus input
data
PG
QG
PL
QL
QGmax
QGmin
per
unit
per
unit
per
unit
per
unit
per
unit
per
unit
8.0
2.8
0.8
0.4
4.0
5.2
1.05
-2.8
R
per unit
X
per unit
G
per unit
B
per unit
Maximum
MVA
per unit
0.0090
0.100
1.72
12.0
2-5
0.0045
0.050
0.88
12.0
4-5
0.00225
0.025
0.44
12.0
Bus-toTable 2.
Bus
Line input data
2-4
The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus
Example
Table 3.
Transformer
input data
per
unit
Maximum
MVA
per unit
Maximum
TAP
Setting
per unit
6.0
10.0
R
per
unit
X
per
unit
Gc
Bm
per
unit
1-5
0.00150
0.02
3-4
0.00075
0.01
Bus-toBus
Bus
Input Data
Unknowns
|V1 |= 1.0, 1 = 0
P1, Q1
P2 = PG2-PL2 = -8
|V2|, 2
Table 4. Input data
and unknowns
3
Q2 = QG2-QL2 = -2.8
|V3 |= 1.05
Q3, 3
P3 = PG3-PL3 = 4.4
4
P4 = 0, Q4 = 0
|V4|, 4
P5 = 0, Q5 = 0
|V5|, 5
Let the Computer Do the Calculations!
(Ybus Shown)
Ybus Details
Elements of Ybus connected to bus 2
Y21 Y23 0
1
1
Y24
0.89276 j 9.91964 per unit
R24 jX 24 0.009 j 0.1
1
1
Y25
1.78552 j19.83932 per unit
R25 jX 25 0.0045 j 0.05
1
1
B24
B25
Y22
j
j
R24 jX 24 R25 jX 25
2
2
1.72
0.88
(0.89276 j 9.91964) (1.78552 j19.83932) j
j
2
2
2.67828 j 28.4590 28.5847 84.624 per unit
Here are the Initial Bus
Mismatches
And the Initial Power Flow
Jacobian
Five Bus Power System Solved
One
395 MW
114 Mvar
Five
Four
MVA
Three
MVA
520 MW
MVA
337 Mvar
slack
1.000 pu
0.000 Deg
0.974 pu
-4.548 Deg
0.834 pu
-22.406 Deg
MVA
MVA
1.019 pu
-2.834 Deg
80 MW
40 Mvar
1.050 pu
-0.597 Deg
Two
800 MW
280 Mvar
10
37 Bus Example Design Case
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
SLA CK345
MVA
A
MVA
1.03 pu
System Losses: 10.70 MW
1.02 pu
TI M345
220 MW
52 Mvar
RA Y345
MVA
MVA
SLA CK138
1.02 pu
MVA
RA Y138
1.03 pu
A
MVA
MVA
TI M138
1.00 pu
33 MW
13 Mvar
1.02 pu
15.9 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
1.01 pu
MORO138
1.00 pu
0.99 pu
1.00 pu
DEMA R69
MVA
KYLE69
20 MW
12 Mvar
UI UC69
1.00 pu
12.8 Mvar
25 MW
36 Mvar
MVA
A MA NDA 69
25 MW
10 Mvar
MVA
20 MW
3 Mvar
1.00 pu
56 MW
MVA
MVA
A
SHI MKO69
7.4 Mvar
55 MW
25 Mvar
15 MW
5 Mvar
1.01 pu
MVA
LA UF69
A
MVA
MVA
23 MW
6 Mvar
PA TTEN69
10 MW
5 Mvar
LA UF138
BUCKY138
ROGER69
2 Mvar
A
MVA
SA VOY69
1.02 pu
38 MW
3 Mvar
J O138
MVA
MVA
14 MW
14 MW
3 Mvar
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
MVA
MVA
45 MW
0 Mvar
WEBER69
22 MW
15 Mvar
1.01 pu
A
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
MVA
1.00 pu
0.0 Mvar
MVA
MVA
7.3 Mvar
1.02 pu
MVA
MVA
1.00 pu
MVA
BLT69
36 MW
10 Mvar
MVA
LYNN138
14 MW
4 Mvar
BLT138
1.00 pu
MVA
60 MW
12 Mvar
20 MW
28 Mvar
13 Mvar
16 MW
-14 Mvar
1.01 pu
HA LE69
MVA
A
A
MVA
BOB69
124 MW
45 Mvar
MVA
1.01 pu
MVA
1.02 pu
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
BOB138
MVA
HOMER69
1.01 pu
28.9 Mvar
1.00 pu
WOLEN69
4.9 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar
MVA
14.2 Mvar
0.99 pu
1.01 pu
12 MW
3 Mvar
13 Mvar
FERNA 69
PETE69
A
39 MW
13 Mvar
HA NNA H69
60 MW
19 Mvar
37 MW
A
MVA
MVA
MVA
12 MW
5 Mvar
GROSS69
HI SKY69
MVA
RA Y69
17 MW
3 Mvar
MVA
MVA
1.02 pu
MVA
MVA
18 MW
5 Mvar
PA I 69
1.01 pu
TI M69
1.03 pu
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
1.01 pu
MVA
SA VOY138
J O345
150 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
MVA
150 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
MVA
11
Good Power System Operation
Good power system operation requires that there
be no reliability violations (needing to shed
load, have cascading outages, or other
unacceptable conditions) for either the current
condition or in the event of statistically likely
contingencies:
Reliability requires as a minimum that there be no
transmission line/transformer limit violations and that
bus voltages be within acceptable limits (perhaps 0.95
to 1.08)
Example contingencies are the loss of any single
device. This is known as n-1 reliability.
12
Good Power System Operation
North American Electric Reliability
Corporation now has legal authority to
enforce reliability standards (and there
are now lots of them).
See http://www.nerc.com for details
(click on Standards)
13
Looking at the Impact of Line
Outages
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
SLA CK345
MVA
A
MVA
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
System Losses: 17.61 MW
TI M345
22 7 MW
43 Mvar
RA Y345
MVA
MVA
SLA CK138
1.02 pu
MVA
RA Y138
1.0 3 pu
A
MVA
MVA
TI M138
1.01 pu
33 MW
13 Mvar
1.02 pu
16 .0 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
1.01 pu
39 MW
13 Mvar
HA NNA H69
60 MW
19 Mvar
1.00 pu
0.90 pu
37 MW
A
FERNA 69
1.00 pu
DEMA R69
KYLE69
20 MW
12 Mvar
UI UC69
1.00 pu
12.8 Mvar
MVA
MVA
25 MW
36 Mvar
A MA NDA 69
110%
25 MW
10 Mvar
MVA
56 MW
1.01 pu
135%
MVA
MVA
SHI MKO69
7.3 Mvar
55 MW
32 Mvar
15 MW
5 Mvar
1.00 pu
MVA
LA UF69
A
MVA
23 MW
6 Mvar
80%
PA TTEN69
10 MW
5 Mvar
MVA
LA UF138
BUCKY138
ROGER69
2 Mvar
A
MVA
SA VOY69
1.0 2 pu
38 MW
9 Mvar
J O1 38
MVA
MVA
14 MW
14 MW
3 Mvar
1.01 pu
1.0 0 pu
MVA
MVA
45 MW
0 Mvar
WEBER69
22 MW
15 Mvar
1.01 pu
A
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
MVA
1.0 0 pu
MVA
MVA
7.2 Mvar
1.02 pu
MVA
36 MW
10 Mvar
MVA
0.0 Mvar
0.99 pu
BLT69
MVA
20 MW
40 Mvar
MVA
MVA
60 MW
12 Mvar
LYNN1 38
14 MW
4 Mvar
BLT138
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
HA LE69
MVA
A
A
MVA
13 Mvar
16 MW
-14 Mvar
MVA
20 MW
3 Mvar
0.94 pu
BOB69
124 MW
45 Mvar
MVA
1.02 pu
MVA
BOB138
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
HOMER69
1.01 pu
28 .9 Mvar
1.00 pu
WOLEN69
4.9 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar
MVA
11.6 Mvar
0.90 pu
1.0 1 pu
12 MW
3 Mvar
PETE69
MVA
13 Mvar
MVA
MVA
12 MW
5 Mvar
GROSS69
MVA
HI SKY6 9
A
Opening
one line
(Tim69Hannah69)
causes
overloads.
This would
not be
Allowed.
RA Y69
17 MW
3 Mvar
MVA
MVA
MORO138
1.02 pu
MVA
MVA
18 MW
5 Mvar
PA I 69
1.0 1 pu
TI M69
1.0 3 pu
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
1.01 pu
MVA
SA VOY138
J O345
150 MW
4 Mvar
MVA
MVA
150 MW
4 Mvar
MVA
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
MVA
14
Contingency Analysis
Contingency
analysis provides
an automatic
way of looking
at all the
statistically
likely
contingencies. In
this example the
contingency set
is all the single
line/transformer
outages
15
Power Flow And Design
One common usage of the power flow is to
determine how the system should be modified to
remove contingencies problems or serve new load
In an operational context this requires working with the
existing electric grid, typically involving re-dispatch of
generation.
In a planning context additions to the grid can be
considered as well as re-dispatch.
In the next example we look at how to remove the
existing contingency violations while serving new
load.
16
An Unreliable Solution:
some line outages result in
overloads
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
SLA CK3 45
MVA
MVA
1.02 pu
Case now
has nine
separate
contingencies
having
reliability
violations
(overloads in
postcontingency
system).
System Losses: 14.49 MW
1 .02 pu
TI M345
269 MW
67 Mvar
RA Y34 5
MVA
MVA
SLA CK13 8
1.01 pu
MVA
RA Y13 8
1.03 pu
A
MVA
MVA
TI M138
0.99 pu
33 MW
13 Mvar
1.02 pu
15.9 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
1.0 1 pu
1 2 MW
5 Mvar
1.00 pu
0.97 pu
1.00 pu
DEMA R69
KYLE69
20 MW
12 Mvar
UI UC69
1.00 pu
12.8 Mvar
MVA
25 MW
10 Mvar
124 MW
45 Mvar
56 MW
MVA
MVA
55 MW
28 Mvar
36 MW
10 Mvar
MVA
15 MW
5 Mvar
1.01 pu
MVA
MVA
MVA
2 3 MW
6 Mvar
PA TTEN69
1 0 MW
5 Mvar
LA UF1 38
BUCKY13 8
ROGER69
2 Mvar
A
MVA
SA VOY69
1.02 pu
38 MW
4 Mvar
J O138
MVA
MVA
14 MW
14 MW
3 Mvar
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
MVA
MVA
45 MW
0 Mvar
WEBER69
22 MW
15 Mvar
1 .01 pu
A
1.00 pu
LA UF6 9
MVA
1.02 pu
1.0 2 pu
MVA
MVA
7.3 Mvar
1 .00 pu
0.0 Mvar
1.00 pu
SHI MKO6 9
7.4 Mvar
MVA
MVA
20 MW
40 Mvar
MVA
60 MW
12 Mvar
LYNN1 38
14 MW
4 Mvar
MVA
BLT 69
1.01 pu
HA LE6 9
MVA
A
A
MVA
BLT 138
1.00 pu
13 Mvar
16 MW
-14 Mvar
A
MVA
1.01 pu
A MA NDA 69
BOB6 9
MVA
0.97 pu
MVA
A
MVA
25 MW
36 Mvar
MVA
MVA
1.02 pu
MVA
MVA
20 MW
3 Mvar
0.99 pu
BOB138
MVA
MVA
1.0 1 pu
28.9 Mvar
1.00 pu
WOLEN69
4.9 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar
MVA
13.6 Mvar
HOMER69
1.01 pu
12 MW
3 Mvar
MVA
13 Mvar
FERNA 6 9
PETE69
A
3 9 MW
1 3 Mvar
HA NNA H6 9
60 MW
19 Mvar
37 MW
A
MVA
MVA
MVA
GROSS69
MVA
HI SKY6 9
96%
MORO138
RA Y69
17 MW
3 Mvar
MVA
MVA
1.02 pu
MVA
MVA
18 MW
5 Mvar
PA I 69
1.01 pu
TI M69
1.02 pu
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
1.01 pu
MVA
SA VOY13 8
J O3 45
150 MW
1 Mvar
MVA
MVA
150 MW
1 Mvar
MVA
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
MVA
17
A Reliable Solution:
no line outages result in
overloads
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
SLA CK345
MVA
A
MVA
1.02 pu
System Losses: 11.66 MW
1.02 pu
TI M345
26 6 MW
59 Mvar
RA Y345
MVA
MVA
SLA CK138
1.01 pu
MVA
RA Y138
1.0 3 pu
A
MVA
MVA
TI M138
1.00 pu
Previous
case was
augmented
with the
addition of a
138 kV
Transmission
Line
33 MW
13 Mvar
1.02 pu
15 .8 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
MORO138
0.99 pu
0.99 pu
1.00 pu
Kyle138
V A
KYLE69
20 MW
12 Mvar
UI UC69
1.00 pu
12.8 Mvar
MVA
MVA
25 MW
36 Mvar
MVA
25 MW
10 Mvar
56 MW
MVA
MVA
SHI MKO69
7.4 Mvar
55 MW
29 Mvar
36 MW
10 Mvar
MVA
15 MW
5 Mvar
1.01 pu
MVA
LA UF69
A
MVA
MVA
23 MW
6 Mvar
PA TTEN69
10 MW
5 Mvar
LA UF138
BUCKY138
ROGER69
2 Mvar
A
MVA
SA VOY69
1.0 2 pu
38 MW
4 Mvar
J O1 38
MVA
MVA
14 MW
14 MW
3 Mvar
1.02 pu
1.0 1 pu
MVA
MVA
45 MW
0 Mvar
WEBER69
22 MW
15 Mvar
1.01 pu
A
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
MVA
1.0 0 pu
0.0 Mvar
MVA
MVA
7.3 Mvar
1.02 pu
MVA
MVA
1.00 pu
MVA
60 MW
12 Mvar
20 MW
38 Mvar
MVA
BLT69
1.01 pu
HA LE69
MVA
A
A
MVA
LYNN1 38
14 MW
4 Mvar
BLT138
1.00 pu
20 MW
3 Mvar
1.00 pu
13 Mvar
16 MW
-14 Mvar
MVA
1.01 pu
A MA NDA 69
BOB69
124 MW
45 Mvar
0.99 pu
MVA
1.02 pu
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
BOB138
MVA
MVA
1.01 pu
DEMA R69
WOLEN69
4.9 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar
28 .9 Mvar
14.1 Mvar
HOMER69
1.0 1 pu
12 MW
3 Mvar
MVA
13 Mvar
FERNA 69
PETE69
A
39 MW
13 Mvar
HA NNA H69
60 MW
19 Mvar
37 MW
A
MVA
MVA
MVA
12 MW
5 Mvar
GROSS69
HI SKY6 9
MVA
RA Y69
17 MW
3 Mvar
MVA
MVA
1.02 pu
MVA
1.01 pu
MVA
18 MW
5 Mvar
PA I 69
1.0 1 pu
TI M69
1.0 3 pu
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
1.01 pu
MVA
SA VOY138
J O345
150 MW
1 Mvar
MVA
MVA
150 MW
1 Mvar
MVA
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
MVA
18
Generation Changes and The
Slack Bus
The power flow is a steady-state analysis tool,
so the assumption is total load plus losses is
always equal to total generation
Generation mismatch is made up at the slack bus
When doing generation change power flow
studies one always needs to be cognizant of
where the generation is being made up
Common options include distributed slack, where
the mismatch is distributed across multiple
generators by participation factors or by economics.
19
Generation Change Example 1
SLA CK345
Display shows
Difference
Flows
between
original
37 bus case,
and case with
a BLT138
generation
outage;
note all the
power change
is picked
up at the slack
MVA
A
Slack bus
MVA
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
TI M345
MVA
MVA
SLA CK138
-0.01 pu
16 2 MW
35 Mvar
RA Y345
MVA
RA Y138
0.0 0 pu
A
MVA
TI M138
0.00 pu
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
0.00 pu
-0.1 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
-0.01 pu
RA Y69
0.00 pu
TI M69
PA I 69
0.00 pu
0 MW
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
0 Mvar
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
0.0 0 pu
GROSS69
MVA
FERNA 69
MVA
MVA
HI SKY6 9
MVA
MVA
-0.1 Mvar
A
MVA
0.00 pu
WOLEN69
A
0 MW
0 Mvar
0.0 0 pu
0 MW
0 Mvar
MORO138
0 MW
0 Mvar
-0.01 pu
-0.03 pu
PETE69
DEMA R69
MVA
HA NNA H69
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
-0 .2 Mvar
MVA
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
0.00 pu
-157 MW
-45 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
A
0 MW
MVA
MVA
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
0.00 pu
BLT138
-0.03 pu
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
A
A
HOMER69
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
MVA
0.0 0 pu
HA LE69
SHI MKO69
0.0 Mvar
0.00 pu
A
BLT69
-0.01 pu
0 MW
0 Mvar
0.00 pu
LYNN138
MVA
A MA NDA 69
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
-0.002 pu
BOB69
MVA
0.00 pu
0.0 0 pu
A
MVA
A
A
MVA
UI UC69
-0.1 Mvar
BOB138
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
0 MW
51 Mvar
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
A
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
A
A
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
MVA
MVA
0.0 0 pu
0.0 Mvar
0.00 pu
MVA
0.0 Mvar
0.00 pu
PA TTEN69
MVA
MVA
0.00 pu
MVA
LA UF69
0.00 pu
0 MW
4 Mvar
0.00 pu
MVA
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
LA UF138
0.00 pu
0 MW
0 Mvar
WEBER69
0.00 pu
BUCKY138
ROGER69
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
SA VOY69
0.00 pu
0 MW
3 Mvar
MVA
0 MW
J O138
MVA
0.00 pu
MVA
SA VOY138
J O3 45
0 MW
2 Mvar
MVA
MVA
0 MW
2 Mvar
MVA
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
MVA
20
Generation Change Example 2
A
SLA CK34 5
MVA
A
MVA
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
TI M34 5
MVA
MVA
SLA CK138
-0.0 1 pu
0 MW
37 Mvar
RA Y34 5
MVA
RA Y13 8
0.00 pu
A
MVA
MVA
TI M138
0 .00 pu
A
0 MW
0 Mvar
0.00 pu
-0 .1 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
0.00 pu
RA Y69
TI M69
PA I 6 9
0.00 pu
0 MW
0 MW
0 Mvar
0.00 pu
MVA
0 Mvar
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
0.0 0 pu
GROSS6 9
MVA
FERNA 69
MVA
MVA
MVA
HI SKY6 9
MVA
0.0 Mvar
A
MVA
0.00 pu
WOLEN69
A
0 MW
0 Mvar
0.00 pu
0 MW
0 Mvar
MORO13 8
0 MW
0 Mvar
0.00 pu
-0.03 pu
PETE69
DEMA R69
MVA
HA NNA H69
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
UI UC69
-0.1 Mvar
0.00 pu
-157 MW
-4 5 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
A
0 MW
MVA
-0.003 pu
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
0.00 pu
BLT13 8
-0 .03 pu
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
A
A
HOMER6 9
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
MVA
-0 .01 pu
HA LE69
SHI MKO69
-0.1 Mvar
0.0 0 pu
A
BLT6 9
-0.01 pu
0 MW
0 Mvar
0.00 pu
LYNN13 8
A MA NDA 69
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
A
MVA
BOB69
MVA
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
A
MVA
A
A
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
-0 .2 Mvar
BOB13 8
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
19 MW
51 Mvar
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
A
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
A
A
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
MVA
MVA
0.0 Mvar
A
A
0.00 pu
0.0 Mvar
0.00 pu
MVA
0.0 0 pu
PA TTEN6 9
MVA
MVA
MVA
0.00 pu
LA UF6 9
0.00 pu
99 MW
-20 Mvar
0 .00 pu
MVA
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
LA UF1 38
0 .00 pu
0 MW
0 Mvar
WEBER6 9
0.00 pu
BUCKY13 8
ROGER69
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
SA VOY69
0.00 pu
MVA
0 MW
42 MW
-14 Mvar
J O138
MVA
0.00 pu
MVA
SA VOY13 8
J O34 5
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
0.0 0 pu
0.00 pu
Display repeats previous case except now the change in
generation is picked up by other generators using a
participation factor (change is shared amongst generators) approach.
A
MVA
21
Voltage Regulation Example:
37 Buses
Automatic voltage regulation system controls voltages.
SLA CK345
A
MVA
A
MVA
1.02 pu
System Losses: 11.51 MW
1.02 pu
TI M345
MVA
MVA
SLA CK138
1.01 pu
219 MW
52 Mvar
RA Y345
MVA
RA Y138
1.03 pu
A
MVA
33 MW
13 Mvar
T I M69
15.9 Mvar
18 MW
5 Mvar
1.02 pu
RA Y69
1.01 pu
37 MW
17 MW
3 Mvar
A
MVA
23 MW
7 Mvar
1.03 pu
MVA
PA I 69
1.01 pu
MVA
MVA
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
T I M138
1.00 pu
GROSS69
13 Mvar
MVA
MVA
FERNA 69
MVA
A
MVA
MVA
HI SKY69
MVA
4.8 Mvar
MVA
20 MW
8 Mvar
1.00 pu
PET E69
DEMA R69
HA NNA H69
51 MW
15 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar
29.0 Mvar
14.3 Mvar
MVA
12.8 Mvar
0.997 pu
MVA
56 MW
HOMER69
33 MW
MVA
MVA
1.01 pu
HA LE69
36 MW
10 Mvar
MVA
7.2 Mvar
MVA
1.00 pu
LA UF69
A
20 MW
9 Mvar
1.00 pu
MVA
23 MW
6 Mvar
A
MVA
PA T T EN69
0 MW
0 Mvar
LA UF138
1.01 pu
14 MW
1.02 pu
BUCKY138
ROGER69
2 Mvar
14 MW
3 Mvar
A
MVA
SA VOY69
1.02 pu
38 MW
3 Mvar
J O138
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
45 MW
0 Mvar
WEBER69
22 MW
15 Mvar
A
A
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
MVA
MVA
1.00 pu
20.8 Mvar
15 MW
5 Mvar
92 MW
10 Mvar
MVA
1.010 pu
MVA
MVA
60 MW
12 Mvar
1.02 pu
BLT69
1.01 pu
MVA
A
A
SHI MKO69
7.4 Mvar
MVA
14 MW
4 Mvar
MVA
MVA
BLT 138
1.00 pu
MVA
LYNN138
MVA
0.0 Mvar
10 Mvar
15 MW
3 Mvar
1.00 pu
13 Mvar
0 MW
A
0 Mvar
A MA NDA 69
BOB69
157 MW
45 Mvar
MVA
58 MW
36 Mvar
MVA
0.99 pu
MVA
A
MVA
1.02 pu
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
A
A
45 MW
12 Mvar
0.99 pu
UI UC69
1.00 pu
BOB138
1.00 pu
MVA
1.00 pu
WOLEN69
A
12 MW
5 Mvar
1.01 pu
21 MW
7 Mvar
MORO138
1.01 pu
A
MVA
SA VOY138
J O345
150 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
A
MVA
150 MW
0 Mvar
MVA
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
MVA
Display shows voltage contour of the power system
22
Real-sized Power Flow Cases
Real power flow studies are usually done with
cases with many thousands of buses
Outside of ERCOT, buses are usually grouped into
various balancing authority areas, with each area
doing its own interchange control.
Cases also model a variety of different
automatic control devices, such as generator
reactive power limits, load tap changing
transformers, phase shifting transformers,
switched capacitors, HVDC transmission lines,
and (potentially) FACTS devices.
23
Sparse Matrices and Large
Systems
Since for realistic power systems the model
sizes are quite large, this means the Ybus
and Jacobian matrices are also large.
However, most elements in these matrices
are zero, therefore special techniques,
sparse matrix/vector methods, are used to
store the values and solve the power flow:
Without these techniques large systems would
be essentially unsolvable.
24
Eastern Interconnect Example
VI K
1 38
B I G B EN D
W H TW TR 3
E EN
1 38
ST
S UN
M U KW O
W H T W TR 4
138
R I TA
N GO
T RI PP
W H T W T R5
UN
I V R ST Y
Ra c i n e
J AN
1 38
SG R
LB T
UN
138
I V
C K4
N EU
S GR
L AN
C K5
1 38
B R LGT N 2
A LB
SO
M E RS
13 8
RO R
13 8
LK
GV
T
B R LGT N 1
AL B E R S- 2
P a dd o c k
PO T
13 8
N
H LM
O M
138
M RE
P A RI S
1 38
T I CH
D AR
W I B
1 38
LG
13 8
13 8
N W T
ED
BA I N
138
N
N ED
W E
I GN
13 8
Pl e a s a n t
13 8
P r ai r i e
16 1
Ke n o s h a
L I B E R T Y5
TR K
B CH
RI V5
1 38
W BT
13 8
EL K
C AS V I L L 5
BL K
LEN A
8TH
LE N A
1 38
CO
1 38
I K
138
L A KE VI E W
13 8
R
Zi o n
ST . 5
Z i on
An t i o c h
L O RE
Rockford
5
E L E R O ; BT
A S BU R Y
E L E R O ; RT
5
SO
W em pl eton
. GVW . 5
P E C AT ;
( 1 38
kV )
cH e nr y
G
R o un d
ur ne e
L ak e
W au ke g an
CN T R GR V5
L A N C A;
J UL I A N
S AL E M
H arl em
Sal em
F R EE P ;
Be l v i d e r e
a r e ng o
W o o ds t o c k
W i l so n
R os c oe
P
GA LE N A
L a ke hu r st
Va l
Cr ys t a l
5
S a nd
L ak e
Pa r k
P i er p on t
Li b er t yv i l l e
F O RD
A;
Si l v e r
H u nt l ey
B 4 65
34 5
La k e
Li b er t yv i l l e
k V
1 38
k V
No r t h
C hi ca go
Al g o n q u i n
S
P EC ;
E.
Ro c k f o r d
U. S . N
Al pi n e
Ab b o t t
L a bs
T r a i ni ng
Pa r k
L e st h on
C h ar l es
B 4 27
; 1T
S a br o o k e
Ap t a k i s i c
Ch e r r y
V a l l ey
O
La ke
l d
El m
Zu r i c h
B uf f al o
r oo v e
B a r r i ng t o n
Bl a w
kh aw
W h ee l i n g
De e r f i e l d
P al at i ne
SA V AN
D u nd e e
N A5
P r o s pe ct
A r l i ng t o n
S T I L L ; RT
M Q O K ET A 5
Ho f f m a n
He i g h t s
Pr o s p e c t
Es t a t e s
N o r t h br oo k
He i g h t s
W Y O M I N G5
C4 34
M
To l l w
M T
PCI
VE RN
ou n t
Pr o s p e c t
a y
Sc h a u m b e r g
El m w
o od
5
By r o n
H a no v er
S.
S c ha um
be r g
ol f
M i l l
B us se
L an dm
BE R T R AM
5
Sk o k i e
Sp a u l d i n g
Ba r t l e t t
El g i n
Y O RK
De s
T on ne
E v an st o n
Pl a i ne s
Ni l e s
M A RY L ;
Ho w
B
S o ut h
El gi n
a r d
De v o n
ay n e
De s
I t as c a
Pl a i n e s
H i gg i n s
Al t
R os e
Hi l l
No r d i
G
W
es t
l en d al e
N o r t h r i dg e
M i c h i ga n
40 7
( Fe r m i )
A d di so n
- 0 . 40
L E E CO
; BP
H 4 45
H 44 0
; 3B
De
Ka l b
Na t o m
deg
No r t h w
N D
-13. 4
Fr a nk l i n
A ur or a
- 13 . 3
Pa r k
2 . 35
El m h u r s t
A L BA N Y
M EN D O
BV R
C H 65
B VR
CH
D I XO
GA R D E ;
AL B AN Y
Pa r k
a l e w
el l
ood
C l yb o ur n
CA L M S5
D EW I T T
ak
deg
Dr i v e r
Ro c k w
Cr k .
deg
deg
Ro ck
E
e s t
Ch u r c h
l i d d en
L om b a r d
GR
Ci t y
C hi ca g o
Su g a r
N ; BT
Gr o v e
N
at e r m a n
l e n
El l y n
Be r k e l e y
O
A ur o r a
C on gr e ss
a kb r oo k
C r os b y
Bu t t e
H 71
Be l l w
; BT
H
71
44 0
; RT
S TE W A ;
El e c t r i c
Yo r k
J un ct i on
S T ER L ;
K i n gs b ur y
J e ff e r s o n
Y4 5 0
71
hi o
Cl i nt
o od
Cen t er
La
H
ek o v
T a y l or
r a ng e
Un i v e r s i t y
R i dg e l a nd
D u na c r
L i sl e
H -471
(N
S t ee l )
c C oo k
La s al l e
Fi s k
D7 9 9
W a sh i n g t o n
Pa r k
C r a w f or d
W
ar r en vi l l e
-1. 1
Stat e
D7 7 5
D
ow
ne r s
G a r fi
de g
H arbor
el d
Gr o o v e
F r o n t e na c
Sa w y e r
W o o d r i d ge
Q u ad
W ol f
C i t i es
Fo r d
Cr e e k
W 6 00
E C C O RD
C a l um e t
W 60 4
H ay f or d
O s w e go
Bu r r
i c h
W 60 1
RD O ;
N E L SO ;
B ed f o r d
Ri d g e
deg
B ab c oc k
S t at e
Li ne
W a l l ac e
R i ve r
W 6 03
J 30 7
P l an o
de g
Chi av e
1. 9
D am en
P ar k
S ay r e
91
CO
0. 6
W i l l ow
S a n dw
Su b
Q u ar r y
Ci t y
Cl e a r ni ng
( N a pe r v i l l e)
N el s on
M
S h e fi
el d
E v er g r e en
Br i dg e v i e w
B o l i ng br o o k
on t g om er y
Al si p
Z - 49 4
W 6 02
W
R
FA L ;
FA L ;
79
Ro b e r t s
C o.
B e ve r l y
Z - 7 15
N E LS O ; R T
SB
i l l
R
W 507
Ro m e o
O
Pa l o s
SB
49
17
M en d ot a
SB
D
a v e np o r t
SB
W al c ott
Sub
S UB
77
90
74
SB
Cr e s t w o o d
71
B l ue
G o o d i ng s
R oa d
I s l a nd
Gr o ve
Gr e e n
78
N O R M A;
Gr e e n
H i l l c r es t
SB
76
Ro c k d a l e
T i nl e y
J 3 22
So u t h
88
J o 45 6
Sh o r e
58
H o l l a nd
S a nd
L a n s i ng
J ol i e t
J 3 70
SB
70
Gl e nw
oo d
J - 37 1
C h i c a go
F - 50 3
Br i gg
SB
SB
28
SB
47
SB
31T
F r a n kf or t
Co u nt r y
Cl ub
i l l s
El w o o d
N
48
E as t
F r a nk f o r t
J - 3 75
PR I N
SB
TP
Len
at t es on
Pa r k
Fo r e s t
B l o om
J - 3 39
U.
P ar k
W o o dh i l l
St .
J - 3 05
85
SB
53
18
PR I N C T N
5
E
M O LI N
K EW A N
LTV
I P
TP
43
LT V
TP
ST
TA P
EN
N E;
ES K
105%
93%
H EN
112
C e nt e r
C r et e
D r e s d en
M a so n
5
S
SB
J oh n
L ak e
W i l t on
M ol i ne
K E W AN ;
SB
Up no r
Go o s e
S TL
C ol l i n s
LT V
Ea s t
SB
e i gh t s
F- 5 75
J - 3 90
52
M o ke n
J - 32 6
SB
Ri dg e
ar ve y
J 323
Acr e s
Park
SB
SB
SB
La k e
Rd
un s t e r
Bu r nh a m
J - 33 2
K e nd a
5
I P S CO
To w e r
eg e w i s c h
Z- 5 2 4
L o c k p or t
5
N O RM A;
SB
89
I P SC O
J I C
W i l d w oo d
el d
Be l l
SB
SB
Pl a i n fi
92
D A VN P R T 5
SB
Z- 1 0 0
G 38 52
G eo r g e
r l an
Ar c he r
UI C
G3 8 5 1
G 3 94
S B H Y C5
SB
La k e
T AP
Sc h a h f e r
N EP I N
K e nd r a
1 5 56 A
O TT A W A
MVA MVA
TP
T
N
GL E S;
L as al l e
O GLS B Y
L AS AL
O G L E S BY
La
Sa l l e
M a r s ei l l e s
W i l m i ngton
K- 3 1 9
# 1
L o ui s a
D a vi s
Creek
K- 3 1 9
# 2
KP E CK T P 5
W ES T
B r ad l ey
SO
. S UB
St reator
Br a i d w
9
H W Y61
S UB
ood
M I N O N
G A L E SB R 5
Ka n k a k e e
G A L E S BR G
R I CH L AN
N E W P O R T5
M O N
M O U TH
SP N G
BA Y
Po n t i a c
M i d p o i nt
D e qu i n e
M
PW S PL I T
AL L O CK
E L P AS O
Peoria
W A T S E KA
1 7 GO
D LN
GI L M AN
F A RG O
CA T
O SS
RSW
E A ST
RAD N O R
CA T
S U B1
Example, which models the Eastern Interconnect
contains about 43,000 buses.
PI O N
EE R C
CA T
PE O R I A
T AP
25
Solution Log for 1200 MW
Outage
In this example the
losss of a 1200 MW
generator in Northern
Illinois was simulated.
This caused
a generation imbalance
in the associated
balancing authority
area, which was
corrected by a
redispatch of local
generation.
26
Interconnected Operation
Power systems are interconnected
across large distances.
For example most of North America
east of the Rockies is one system,
most of North America west of the
Rockies is another.
Most of Texas and Quebec are each
interconnected systems.
27
Balancing Authority Areas
A balancing authority area (previously
called a control area) has traditionally
represented the portion of the interconnected
electric grid operated by a single utility or
transmission entity.
Transmission lines that join two areas are
known as tie-lines.
The net power out of an area is the sum of the
flow on its tie-lines.
The flow out of an area is equal to
total gen - total load - total losses = tie-line
flow
28
Area Control Error (ACE)
The area control error is a combination of:
the deviation of frequency from nominal, and
the difference between the actual flow out of an area
and the scheduled (agreed) flow.
That is, the area control error (ACE) is the
difference between the actual flow out of an area
minus the scheduled flow, plus a frequency
deviation component:
ACE provides a measure of whether an area is
producing more or less than it should to satisfy
ACE and
Pactual
schedules
to contribute
toPcontrolling
tie-line flow
sched 10 f
frequency.
29
Area Control Error (ACE)
The ideal is for ACE to be zero.
Because the load is constantly changing, each
area must constantly change its generation to
drive the ACE towards zero.
For ERCOT, the historical ten control areas
were amalgamated into one in 2001, so the
actual and scheduled interchange are
essentially the same (both small compared to
total demand in ERCOT).
In ERCOT, ACE is predominantly due to
frequency deviations from nominal since there
is very little scheduled flow to or from other
areas.
30
Automatic Generation
Control
Most systems use automatic
generation control (AGC) to
automatically change generation to
keep their ACE close to zero.
Usually the control center (either ISO
or utility) calculates ACE based upon
tie-line flows and frequency; then the
AGC module sends control signals out
to the generators every four seconds
or so.
31
Power Transactions
Power transactions are contracts between
generators and (representatives of) loads.
Contracts can be for any amount of time
at any price for any amount of power.
Scheduled power transactions between
balancing areas are called interchange
and implemented by setting the value of
Psched used in the ACE calculation:
ACE = Pactual tie-line flow Psched + 10 f
and then controlling the generation to
bring ACE towards zero.
32
Physical power
Transactions
For ERCOT, interchange is only
relevant over asynchronous
connections between ERCOT and
Eastern Interconnection or Mexico.
In Eastern and Western
Interconnection, interchange occurs
between areas connected by AC
lines.
33
Three Bus Case on AGC:
no interchange.
Bus 2
-40 MW
8 MVR
40 MW
-8 MVR
Bus 1
1.00 PU
266 MW
133 MVR
1.00 PU
101 MW
5 MVR
150 MW AGC ON
166 MVR AVR ON
-39 MW
-77 MW
25 MVR
12 MVR
78 MW
-21 MVR
Home Area
Generation
is automatically
changed to match
change in load
100 MW
39 MW
-11 MVR
Bus 3
1.00 PU
133 MW
67 MVR
250 MW AGC ON
34 MVR AVR ON
Net tie-line flow is
close to zero
34
100 MW Transaction
between areas in Eastern or
Western
Bus 2
8 MW
-2 MVR
-8 MW
2 MVR
Bus 1
1.00 PU
225 MW
113 MVR
1.00 PU
0 MW
32 MVR
150 MW AGC ON
138 MVR AVR ON
-92 MW
-84 MW
27 MVR
30 MVR
85 MW
-23 MVR
Home Area
93 MW
-25 MVR
Bus 3
Scheduled Transactions
100.0 MW
100 MW
1.00 PU
113 MW
56 MVR
291 MW AGC ON
8 MVR AVR ON
Scheduled
100 MW
Transaction from Left to Right
Net tie-line
flow is now
100 MW
35
PTDFs
Power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs)
show the linearized impact of a transfer of
power.
PTDFs calculated using the fast decoupled
power flow B matrix:
B 1P
Once we know we can derive the change in
the transmission line flows to evaluate PTDFs.
Note that we can modify several elements in P,
in proportion to how the specified generators would
participate in the power transfer.
36
Nine Bus PTDF Example
Figure shows initial flows for a nine bus power system
300.0 MW
400.0 MW
300.0 MW
250.0 MW
71%
10%
71.1 MW
57%
60%
92%
0.00 deg
55%
11%
F
74% 250.0 MW
64%
150.0 MW
250.0 MW
44%
32%
24%
H
200.0 MW
I
150.0 MW
37
Nine Bus PTDF Example,
cont'd
Figure now shows percentage PTDF flows for a change in transaction fro
300.0 MW
400.0 MW
300.0 MW
250.0 MW
30%
43%
71.1 MW
10%
57%
13%
0.00 deg
35%
2%
F
34% 250.0 MW
20%
150.0 MW
250.0 MW
34%
32%
34%
H
200.0 MW
I
150.0 MW
38
Nine Bus PTDF Example,
cont'd
Figure now shows percentage PTDF flows for a change in transaction fro
300.0 MW
400.0 MW
300.0 MW
250.0 MW
18%
6%
71.1 MW
6%
6%
12%
0.00 deg
61%
19%
F
21% 250.0 MW
12%
150.0 MW
250.0 MW
20%
21%
H
200.0 MW
I
150.0 MW
39
WE to TVA PTDFs
40
Line Outage Distribution
Factors (LODFs)
LODFs are used to approximate the change
in the flow on one line caused by the outage
of a second line
typically they are only used to determine the
change in the MW flow compared to the precontingency flow if a contingency were to occur,
LODFs are used extensively in real-time
operations,
LODFs are approximately independent of flows
but do depend on the assumed network topology.
41
Line Outage Distribution
Factors (LODFs)
Pl change in flow on line l ,
due to outage of line k .
Pk pre-contingency flow on line k
Pl LODFl ,k Pk ,
Estimates change in flow on line l
if outage on line k were to occur.
42
Line Outage Distribution
Factors (LODFs)
If line k initially had Pk 100 MW of flow on it,
and line l initially had Pl 50 MW flow on it,
and then there was an outage of line k ,
if LODFl ,k =0.1 then the increase in flow
on line l after a contingency of line k would be:
Pl LODFl ,k Pk 0.1 100 10 MW
from 50 MW to 60 MW.
43
Flowgates
The real-time loading of the power grid can
be assessed via flowgates.
A flowgate flow is the real power flow on
one or more transmission elements for either
base case conditions or a single contingency
Flows in the event of a contingency are
approximated in terms of pre-contingency flows
using LODFs.
Elements are chosen so that total flow has a
relation to an underlying physical limit.
44
Flowgates
Limits due to voltage or stability limits are
often represented by effective flowgate
limits, which are acting as proxies for
these other types of limits.
Flowgate limits are also often used to
represent thermal constraints on corridors of
multiple lines between zones or areas.
The inter-zonal constraints that were used in
ERCOT until December 2010 are flowgates
that represent inter-zonal corridors of lines.
45
