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Understanding Spread Spectrum Techniques

This document discusses spread spectrum techniques for wireless communication. It describes how a signal is encoded and modulated to increase its bandwidth before transmission. It also explains how a receiver can demodulate the spread spectrum signal to recover the original data. Spread spectrum provides advantages like interference resistance, encryption, and allowing multiple users to share bandwidth. It covers two types: frequency hopping spread spectrum which transmits over random frequencies, and direct sequence spread spectrum which spreads a signal using a pseudorandom code.

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129 views19 pages

Understanding Spread Spectrum Techniques

This document discusses spread spectrum techniques for wireless communication. It describes how a signal is encoded and modulated to increase its bandwidth before transmission. It also explains how a receiver can demodulate the spread spectrum signal to recover the original data. Spread spectrum provides advantages like interference resistance, encryption, and allowing multiple users to share bandwidth. It covers two types: frequency hopping spread spectrum which transmits over random frequencies, and direct sequence spread spectrum which spreads a signal using a pseudorandom code.

Uploaded by

sunil
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Spread Spectrum

SUBMITTED BY:
VIKAS SHARMA
M.TECH(PART TIME)
Spread Spectrum
 Input is fed into a channel encoder
◦ Produces analog signal with narrow bandwidth
 Signal is further modulated using sequence of digits
◦ Spreading code or spreading sequence
◦ Generated by pseudonoise, or pseudo-random number
generator
 Effect of modulation is to increase bandwidth of
signal to be transmitted
Spread Spectrum
 On receiving end, digit sequence is used to demodulate
the spread spectrum signal
 Signal is fed into a channel decoder to recover data
Spread Spectrum
Spread Spectrum Advantages

• Immunity from various kinds of noise and multipath


distortion
• Can be used for hiding and encrypting signals
• Several users can independently use the same higher
bandwidth with very little interference
Types of spread spectum
 Frequency hoping spread spectrum(FHSS)

 Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)


Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
 Signal is broadcast over seemingly random series of
radio frequencies
◦ A number of channels allocated for the FH signal
◦ Width of each channel corresponds to bandwidth of input
signal
 Signal hops from frequency to frequency at fixed
intervals
◦ Transmitter operates in one channel at a time
◦ Bits are transmitted using some encoding scheme
◦ At each successive interval, a new carrier frequency is
selected
Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum
 Channel sequence dictated by spreading code
 Receiver, hopping between frequencies in

synchronization with transmitter, picks up message


 Advantages

◦ Eavesdroppers hear only unintelligible blips


◦ Attempts to jam signal on one frequency succeed only at
knocking out a few bits
FHSS TRANSMITTER
FHSS RECEIVER
Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum
FHSS Performance Considerations

• Large number of frequencies used


• Results in a system that is quite resistant to
jamming
– Jammer must jam all frequencies
– With fixed power, this reduces the jamming power in
any one frequency band
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
• Each bit in original signal is represented by multiple bits
in the transmitted signal
• Spreading code spreads signal across a wider frequency
band
– Spread is in direct proportion to number of bits used
• One technique combines digital information stream with
the spreading code bit stream using exclusive-OR (Figure
7.6)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
DSSS Transmitter & Receiver
Categories of Spreading Sequences

•Spreading Sequence Categories


• PN sequences
• Orthogonal codes
•For FHSS systems
• PN sequences most common
•For DSSS systems not employing CDMA
• PN sequences most common
•For DSSS CDMA systems
• PN sequences
• Orthogonal codes
PN Sequences
• PN generator produces periodic sequence that
appears to be random
• PN Sequences
– Generated by an algorithm using initial seed
– Sequence isn’t statistically random but will pass many
test of randomness
– Sequences referred to as pseudorandom numbers or
pseudonoise sequences
– Unless algorithm and seed are known, the sequence is
impractical to predict
– Similar idea used in SW license numbers!
Important PN Properties

• Randomness
– Uniform distribution
• Balance property
• Run property
– Independence
– Correlation property
• Unpredictability
Summary
Looked at the use of spread spectrum
techniques:-
 FHSS
 DSSS

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