BASIC HARDWARE
INTRODUCTION OF
DESKTOP
The System Unit
What is the system unit?
system unit
Case that contains
electronic components
of the computer used
to process data
system unit
system unit
system unit
The System Unit
What is the cabinet ATX ?
ATX (Advanced
Technology extended )
is a motherboard
configuration specification
developed by Intel
Figvarious
ATX
cabinet
The System Unit
What are common components inside the system unit?
Processor
Memory
Adapter cards
Sound card
Modem card
Video card
Network card
power supply
drive bays
processor
memory
ports
Ports
Power supply
sound card
network card
modem card
video card
The System Unit
adapter cards
What is the motherboard?
processor chip
Main circuit
board in system
unit
Contains adapter
cards, processor
chips, and
memory chips
Also called
system board
memory chips
memory slots
Expansion
slots for
adapter cards
motherboard
Next
Motherboard
PCI-Peripheral Component Interconnect)
AGP-(Accelerated Graphics Port)
The System Unit
What is a chip?
Small piece of semi-conducting
material on which integrated
circuits are etched
Integrated circuits contain
many microscopic pathways
capable of carrying electrical
current
Chips are packaged so they can
be attached to a circuit board
dual inline
packages (DIP)
holds memory
chips
pin grid
array (PGA)
package
holds processor
chips
xt
Central Processing Unit
What is the central processing unit (CPU)?
Interprets
and carries
out basic instructions
that operate a computer
Control unit directs and
coordinates operations in
computer
Arithmetic logic unit
Input
(ALU) performs
Devices
arithmetic, comparison,
and logical operations
Also
called the processor
Processor
Control
Control
Unit
Unit
Arithmetic
Arithmetic
Logic
Logic Unit
Unit (ALU)
(ALU)
Instruction
Data
Informatio
n
Data
Memory
Instruction
Data
Informatio
n
Storage
Devices
Information
Output
Devices
Central Processing Unit
What are heat sinks and heat
pipes?
Heat sinkcomponent
with fans that cools
processor
Heat pipesmaller
device for notebook
computers
heat sink
heat sink fan
Central Processing Unit
What is parallel
processing?
Using multiple
processors
simultaneously to
execute a
program faster
Requires special
software to divide
problem and
bring results
together
p. 4.12 Fig. 4-12
Control Processor
Processor 1
Processor 2
Processor 3
Processor 4
Memory
Memory
Memory
Memory
Results combined
Next
Data Representation
How do computers represent data?
Most computers are digital
Recognize only two
discrete states: on or off
Use a binary system to
recognize two states
Use Number system with
two unique digits: 0 and
1, called bits (short for
binary digits)
Data Representation
What is a byte?
Eight bits grouped together as a unit
Provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s
to represent 256 individual characters
Numbers
Uppercase
and lowercase
letters
Punctuation
marks
xt
Data Representation
How is a letter converted to binary form and back?
Step 1.
Step 2.
The user presses
the capital letter
D (shift+D key)
on the keyboard.
Step 4.
After processing, the binary
code for the capital letter D is
converted to an image, and
displayed on the output device.
p. 4.15 Fig. 4-16
An electronic signal for the
capital letter D is sent to the
system unit.
Step 3.
The signal for the capital letter D
is converted to its ASCII binary
code (01000100) and is stored in
memory for processing.
Next
Memory
Consists of one or more chips on motherboard or
other circuit board
Each byte stored in unique location called an
address,
Memory stores three basic categories of items
1)Operating
system and other system software
2)Application programs
3)Data and the resulting information
Memory
How is memory measured?
By number of bytes available for storage
Term
Abbreviation
ApproximateSize
Kilobyte
Megabyte
Gigabyte
Terabyte
KBorK
MB
GB
TB
1thousandbytes
1millionbytes
1billionbytes
1trillionbytes
Nxt
Memory
What is random access memory (RAM)?
Memory chips that can be
read from and written
to by processor
Also called
main memory
or primary
storage
Most RAM is
volatile, it is lost
when computers
power is
turned off
The more RAM a
computer has, the
faster it responds
Net
Memory
How do program instructions transfer in and out of RAM?
RAM
Operating system
instructions
Operating system
interface
Step 1. When you start the computer, certain
operating system files load into RAM from the
hard disk. The operating system displays the user
interface on the screen.
Step 2. When you start a Web browser, the
Web browser
instructions
Web browser
window
programs instructions load into RAM from the
hard disk. The Web browser window is displayed
on the screen.
Step 3. When you start a word processing
Word processing
program
instructions
Word processing
program window
program, the programs instructions load into
RAM from the hard disk. The word processing
program, along with the Web Browser and certain
operating system instructions are in RAM. The
word processing program window is displayed on
the screen.
RAM
Step 4. When you quit a program, such as the
Web browser, its program instructions are
removed from RAM. The Web browser no longer
is displayed on the screen.
Web browser program
instructions are
removed from RAM
Web browser
window no longer is
displayed on
desktop
Memory
What are three basic types of RAM chips?
Most
common
type
Faster
variations
of DRAM are
SDRAM and
RDRAM
Static
Dynamic
RAM
RAM
(SRAM)
(DRAM)
Used for
special
applications
such as
cache
Faster and
more reliable
than DRAM
chips
DynamicRAM(DRAM)
StaticRAM(SRAM)
MagnetoresistiveRAM(MRAM):lesspower;morestoragecapability;fasteraccess
time;stable;moreexpensive
Net
Memory
dual inline memory module
Where does memory
reside?
Resides
on small circuit
board called memory
module
Memory slots on
motherboard hold memory
modules
p. 4.18 Fig. 4-20
memory chip
memory slot
Next
Memory
How much RAM does an application require?
Software package
System Requirements
typically indicates
Windows XP Home Edition/Professional
Intel Pentium processor at 233MHZ or higher
RAM requirements
AMD K6 (Athlon Duron Family processor at 233MHZ or higher
64 MB of RAM
For optimal
performance, you
need more than
minimum specifications
Memory
How much RAM do you need?
RAM
Use
Depends on type of applications you intend to run
on your computer
128to256MB
Homeand
business
usersmanaging
personalfinance
Usingeducational
orentertainment
CDROMs
256to1GB
1GBandup
Usersrequiringmore
Poweruserscreating
advancedmultimedia professionalWebsites
capabilities
Runningsophisticated
CreatingWebsites
CAD,3Ddesign,or
Participatinginvideo
othergraphics
conferences
intensivesoftware
PlayingInternetgames
Next
Memory
What is read-only memory (ROM)?
Memory chips that store
permanent data
and instructions
Firmware
Manufactured with
permanently written
data, instructions,
or information
Nonvolatile memory, it is not
lost when computers
power is turned off
Three types:
EEPROM
(electrically
erasable programmable
read-only memory)
Type of PROM
containing microcode
programmer
can erase
PROM
(programmable
read-only
memory)
Blank ROM
chip onto which
a programmer
can write permanently
Memory
What is flash memory?
Nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and
reprogrammed
Used with PDAs, digital cameras, digital cellular phones, music players,
digital voice recorders, and pagers
Step 3.
Step 1.
Purchase and download MP3 music tracks
from a Web site. With one end of a special
cable connected to the system unit, connect
the other end into the MP3 player.
Flash memory chip
To headphones
Plug the headphones into the MP3
player, push a button on the MP3
player, and listen to the music through
the headphones.
From computer
Flash memory card
Step 2.
Instruct the computer to copy the MP3 music track
to the flash memory chip in the MP3 player.
MP3 Player
Nex
Memory
What is access time?
Amount of time it takes processor
to read data from memory
Measured in nanoseconds (ns),
one billionth of a second
It takes 1/10 of a second to blink
your eye; a computer can perform
up to 10 million operations in same amount of
time
Term
Millisecond
Microsecond
Nanosecond
Picosecond
p
Speed
Onethousandthofasecond
Onemillionthofasecond
Onebillionthofasecond
Onetrillionthofasecond
SMPS Switched-mode power
supply
1. Anelectronic
powersupplythat
incorporatesa
switchingregulator
toconvert
electricalpower
efficiently
Expansion Slots and Expansion
Cards
What
are PC cards and flash memory cards?
A PC card adds memory, sound,
modem, and other capabilities to
notebook computers
A flash memory card allows
users to transfer data from
mobile devices to desktop
computers
Hot plugging allows you to insert
and remove cards while computer
is running
Ports
What are ports and connectors?
Port connects external devices to system unit
Connector joins cable to peripheral
Ports
What is a serial port?
Transmits one bit of data at a
time
Connects slow-speed devices,
such as mouse, keyboard,
modem
p. 4.27 Fig. 4-34
Next
Ports
What is a parallel port?
Connects devices that can
transfer more than one bit at
a time, such as a printer
Ports
What are USB ports?
USB (universal serial bus) port can connect
up to 127 different peripherals together
with a single connector type
PCs typically have
two to four USB ports
on front or back of
the system unit
Single USB port can
be used to attach
multiple peripherals
in a daisy chain
First USB
device connects
to USB port
on computer
Third USB
device connects
to second USB
device, and so on
Second USB
device connects
to first USB
device
SATA cable
SerialATAisacomputer
businterfacethatconnects
hostbusadapterstomass
storagedevicessuchas
harddiskdrivesand
opticaldrives
SerialATAsucceededtheolderParallelATA
(PATA)standard
Buses
What is a bus?
Channel that allows devices
inside computer to
communicate with each other
System bus connects processor
and RAM
Bus width determines number
of bits transmitted at one time
Word size is the number of
bits processor can interpret
and execute at a given time
Bays
What is a bay?
Open area inside
system unit used to
install additional
equipment
Drive bays typically
hold disk drives
Net
Mobile Computers
What ports are on a notebook computer?
p. 4.34 Fig. 4-43
Next
Mobile Computers
What ports are on a tablet PC?
THANK YOU
