Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields

06/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 1

Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields

06/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields

After our previous course in Engineering Electromagnetics, we

are interested in knowing how this electromagnetic energy travels
from point to point
Electromagnetic Energy
Transfer

Guided Waves

Free Space Waves

Transmission Lines

Antennas & Wave

Propagation

We will study the conditions in which a wave can propagate, and

apply it to specific waveguide configurations or Transmission Lines
This will form the foundation to study free space transmission, under
the future course Antennas & Wave Propagation

Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields

06/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Guided Transmission

Waveguides

Optical Fibres
High Voltage Transmission

Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields

06/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Free Space Transmission

Waves not supported by a

structure

Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields

06/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Guided Wave Transmission

I cann
ot
walk o
n
this
!
@$^

Metal

s
i
is
h
T ust K
j
O
t
u
o
ab

Metal

Ahaa !!
This is
Awesome
!!!!!
Metal

Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields

06/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Free Space Transmission

This is
so
nice !
!
y
M
Oh od !
G

Metal

Metal

!
!
!
w
a
Yeeh
I am
!
!
!
!
e
e
fr
Antenna

Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields

06/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Transmission Lines

What is a Transmission Line ?

A structure or medium that enables transfer of electromagnetic
energy from one point to another. Eg : Coaxial cable, Parallel
wire, Microstrip line, Cylindrical / Rectangular waveguides etc
In other terms it is a passive element that supports electrical
signals in a circuit or system
Why we need to study Transmission Lines specifically ?
We will consider two cases to emphasize the importance
Case 1 : Let us suppose that an electrical chord (transmission line) of
length 10 m connects a 230 V, 60 Hz, power main to a vacuum cleaner.
What is the effect of the length of electrical chord ?
The wave length of the electrical signal is : 5000000 m
The ratio of electrical chord length to wave length : 210-6
The electrical signal does not undergo any change while travelling
along 10 m long electrical chord, hence, transmission line effects can be
ignored

Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields

06/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Transmission Lines

Case 2 : A device is transmitting a signal at a frequency of 4 GHz.

Let us suppose that a receiver is connected to the receiving antenna
via a microstrip transmission line of length 2.5 cm. Does microstrip
line has any effect on the signal received by the receiver ?
The wave length of the signal is : 7.5 cm
The ratio of microstrip length to wave length of signal : 0.33
The electrical signal does undergo significant change while travelling
along microstrip line, hence, transmission line effects cannot be ignored
What is a general rule to consider transmission line effects ?
There is no strict thumb rule, but, if the length of the transmission
line is > 10 % of the wavelength of the signal transmitted, then
transmission line effects are significant.
What are these effects we are talking about ?
Transit time / Phase of the signal at the beginning and end of the
transmission line. Impedance of the line, which causes losses in the
signal strength.

Transmission Lines
Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields
06/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Consider the given circuit

B
Load

V(t)
A

Transmission Line

V(t)

The time taken by the signal in travelling from source (A-A) to

observer (B-B) is called transit-time (tr) and is responsible for phase
delay between two points on transmission line

Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields

06/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

What Shall We Study In This Course ?

Transmission Lines and their analysis based on lumped

element circuit parameters
Planar Transmission Lines and their analysis
Impedance Matching and various techniques
Measurement of Transmission Line parameters using
Smith Chart
Electromagnetic Interference, causes and remedial
measures
Waveguides, field distributions inside a waveguide and
general solutions for various modes

Introduction to Transmission Lines & Fields

06/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

How Do We Go About ?

10

We have effectively 40 x 50 min. = 33.3 hours of lecture

time to complete this course
And 3 x 50 min. = 2.5 hours per week
We have 17 lecture classes before CAT I and 13 lecture
classes thereafter till CAT - II and the remainder 10 lecture
classes up to Term End Examination (TEE)
In between CAT I, CAT II and TEE, we will have 3 Quiz
papers and Assignments
The syllabus is divided into 5 Units, We expect to finish
We may go in this order of completing the units - Unit I,
Unit III, Unit V, Unit II, Unit IV
The course chair will decide the syllabus for CAT I, CAT
II, which will intimated to you as the course progresses
We will follow Networks, Lines and Fields by John D Ryder,
and Microwave Engineering by David M. Pozar

Transmission Lines Primary Constants

08/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Transmission Lines Primary Constants

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 2

Transmission Lines Primary Constants

08/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Primary Constants

If we ignore the thermal effects, any conducting medium can be

classified by a set of primary constants
Resistance
Assuming the conductor having
uniform cross-section A and
length l, we can write the current
density as
I
J
A
But we also know that J = E

E
I

l
+ V

E dL
V
l
l

Hence Resistance is defined by R

I E dS A A
Where is the resistivity of the material and its conductivity

Transmission Lines Primary Constants

08/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Primary Constants

The ac resistance of a given wire of similar material and cross-section

is more than its dc resistance. This is due to skin effect which confines
the current to the surface of the conductor
Conductance

A
Similarly Conductance can be defined as G
l
Where its conductivity

Transmission Lines Primary Constants

08/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Primary Constants

Capacitance
The Capacitance between two arbitrary conductors can be
calculated as

Q E dS A
C

V
E dL d
Where is dielectric constant of material and d is the distance
between the conductors
Capacitance does not depend on
the length of the transmission
line, but on cross-section and
distance between the conductors

Outer Conductor
d

Inner Conductor
Dielectric

Transmission Lines Primary Constants

08/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Primary Constants

Inductance
Likewise Inductance can be defined as

N m N H dS NA
L

I
I
l
H dL
Where N is the number of turns of
the transmission line and is
permeability of the medium
If the number of turns is one
then A becomes the crosssection of the conductor itself
and Inductance then mainly
depends on the length l of the
line

Transmission Lines Primary Constants

08/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Impedance

What is Impedance?
Impedance (Z) is the measure of the opposition that a circuit
(transmission line) presents to an alternating current when an
alternating voltage is applied.
There are two additional impeding mechanisms to be taken into
account besides the normal resistance of DC circuits: the
induction of voltages in conductors self-induced by the magnetic
fields of currents, and the electrostatic storage of charge induced
by voltages between conductors (capacitance)
Hence Impedance is sum of Resistance &
Reactance of the transmission line
Im
~
What is Reactance ?
Z
X
The resistance offered to ac signal by
~
|
Z
|
inductance and capacitance of a
transmission line is reactance (X)

X L L

XC 1
C

Re

Resistance / Impedance
Transmission Lines Primary Constants
08/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Impedance can now be written as Z R jX

~ ~
~ j
In Polar form it can be written as Z Z Z e

~
2
2
1 X
Where Z R X , tan

R
If you want to convert back to rectangular coordinates ?

~
~
R Z cos , X Z sin
If the phase is function of time then t

~ ~
~ jt j ~ jt
Then Z Z Z e e Z s e
Phasor term

Complex Notation
Transmission Lines Primary Constants
08/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

These basic operations with complex numbers are useful

Addition of two complex numbers

Z1 Z 2 R1 R2 j X 1 X 2
Subtraction of two complex numbers

Z1 Z 2 R1 R2 j X 1 X 2
Multiplication of two complex numbers

Z1Z 2 R1 R2 1 2
Division of two complex numbers

Z1 R1

1 2
Z 2 R2

Transmission Line Equations

09/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Transmission Line Equations

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 3

Transmission Line Equations

09/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Equivalent Circuit Representation

Once we calculated primary constants, we can build an equivalent
circuit of the transmission line shown below
V(t)

Load
Transmission Line

z
R

L
G

L
G

L
G

z
1

It should be noted that transmission line is a distributed form of the

lumped network elements represented by R L C G

Equivalent Circuit Representation

+
v(z,t)
z
i(z,t)
+

i(z+z,t)
R z

G z

v(z,t)

Relate
these
primary
l
constants with the given R
A
circuit

L z
C z

Transmission Line Equations

09/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

i(z,t)

v(z+z,t)

A
G
l

A
d

NA
l

Transmission Line Equations

09/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Why z Section of Transmission Line ?

Why are we dividing the transmission line into small sections of

length z ?
We have seen in previous classes that we study transmission line
theory because of transit-time effects at high frequencies. To
apply the lumped element circuit model (which is used at low
frequencies), we have to divide transmission line to a length
where these effects can be ignored
Once lumped element approximation is valid, we can apply
Kirchoffs Laws to study the circuit
The equivalent model is accurate only when z <<
The distributed parameters can be defined per unit length of the line
R = Resistance of both conductors together for unit length of the line
(ohms/m), L = Inductance (self and mutual) for both conductors together
for unit length of the line (Henry/m), C = Capacitance between two
conductors for unit length of the line (Farad/m), G = Leakage
conductance between two conductors for unit length of the line (Mho/m)

Transmission Line Equations

09/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Why We Use V & I Parameters?

If we were to solve the transmission line problem using electric (E)
and magnetic fields (H)
We would require to solve Maxwells equations along with the
boundary conditions, which is non-trivial
Therefore, we use circuit parameters such as voltage (V) and current
(I) which can be easily analysed. Also, most of the measuring
equipment are designed to read voltages and currents. Hence, the
lumped element analysis can be readily tested experimentally.
Similarly the physical properties of the material are related to the
lumped element parameters as

LC
4

Transmission Line Equations

i(z,t)
+

i(z+z,t)
R z

G z

v(z,t)

After KVL

L z

C z

Transmission Line Equations

09/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Now let us apply Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL) to the circuit below

v(z+z,t)

i ( z , t )
v( z , t ) Rzi ( z , t ) Lz
v( z z , t ) 0
t

Similarly we apply Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL) to the circuit

below
v( z z , t )
i ( z , t ) Gzv( z z , t ) Cz
i ( z z , t ) 0
t

Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Line Equations
09/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Re-arranging the previous equations we have

Ri ( z , t ) L

i ( z , t )
v( z z , t ) v( z , t )

t
z

The equivalent circuit approximation will be close to actual

transmission line, if z 0. Applying this limit to previous equation

v( z , t )
i ( z , t )
Ri ( z , t ) L
z
t

(1)

Similarly re-arranging the KCL equation and applying the limit z 0

i ( z , t )
v( z , t )

Gv( z , t ) C
z
t

(2)

Equations (1) & (2) are Coupled Transmission Line or Telegraphers

Equations

Telegraphers Equations Phasor Form

Transmission Line Equations
09/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

The time-harmonic form of voltage and current can be written as

i ( z , t ) Rei ( z )e
v( z , t ) Re vs ( z )e jt
j t

Where vs ( z ), is ( z ) are the phasors of the functions v(z,t) & i(z,t)

Re-writing the Telegraphers equations in Phasor form ( t j )
dv( z )

R j L i ( z )
dz
di ( z )

G jC v( z )
dz
Substituting one equation in the other, the above two equations will
finally give rise to Phasor Form of Transmission Line Equations

d 2 v( z )
2

v( z )
2
dz

d 2i ( z )
2

i( z )
2
dz

Transmission Lines Secondary Constants

13/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Transmission Lines Secondary Constants

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 4

Transmission Lines Secondary Constants

13/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Solutions to Transmission Line Eq.s

If we look at the transmission line equations derived in previous

class,

d 2 v( z )
2

v( z )
2
dz

d 2i ( z )
2

i( z )
2
dz

We can see that it is same as plane wave equation, except that,

instead of field variables, we have circuit variables

d 2 E( z)
2

E ( z ),
2
dz

d 2 H ( z)
2

H ( z)
2
dz

1D Plane wave equations

The above transmission line equations have solutions of the form

v( z ) V1e z V2 ez
i ( z ) I1e z I 2 ez
Incident Wave +z

-z Reflected Wave

Transmission Lines Secondary Constants

13/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Secondary Constants

Propagation Constant
Propagation constant is a secondary constant, that can be derived
from the primary constants as

R jL G jC
j

Real term, Attenuation Const.

L G C
2
2 2

RG LC

Imaginary term, Phase Const.

2

L G C
2
2 2

RG LC

Attenuation const. is measured in Neper/m, 1 Neper = 8.686 dB

Transmission Lines Secondary Constants

13/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Secondary Constants

Phase Constant
Phase constant can also be written in terms of wavelength
2

Phase Velocity
Phase velocity is defined in terms of Phase constant as,

vp

Wavelength
Wavelength can be found from frequency, as well as phase constant

vp

Transmission Lines Secondary Constants

13/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Secondary Constants

Characteristic Impedance
Consider the T-network as shown below

R jL z

R jL z

1
G jC z

Now the total impedance of this T-network is

Z0

R jL 2 z 2 R jL z
G jC z
4

As z 0, z2 0, therefore,

Z0

R j L
G jC

Transmission Lines Secondary Constants

13/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Secondary Constants

From the previous definitions, we can write the characteristic

impedance and propagation constant as

Z
Z0
Y

ZY

Where Z R jL is the series impedance, and Y G jC is

the shunt admittance of the transmission line
If the peak incident voltage (V1) and current (I1) amplitudes are
given or consequently peak reflected voltage (V2) and current (I2),
then the characteristic impedance can be written as

V1
V
Z0 2
I1
I2

Transmission Lines Secondary Constants

13/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Let Us Solve These

Problems
1. A generator of 1 V, 1 kHz supplies power to a 100 km long line
terminated in Z0 and having the following constants
R = 10.4 /km, L = 0.00367 H/km, G = 0.810-6 mho/km
C = 0.0083510-6 F/km
Calculate Z0, attenuation constant , phase constant ,
wavelength and velocity v, received current, voltage and
power.
2. The characteristic impedance of a uniform transmission line is
2039.5 at a frequency of 800 Hz. At this frequency the
propagation constant was found to be 0.054 87.90. Determine
the values of line constants R, L, G and C.

Transmission Lines Special Cases

20/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Transmission Lines Special Cases

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 5

Transmission Line Lossless

Transmission Lines Special Cases
20/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

If we consider a transmission line with no losses, the condition is

RG0
The propagation constant can now be written as

j LC
Which means that the attenuation constant 0
And phase constant LC
The characteristic impedance becomes Z 0

2
The wavelength is
LC
1

L
C

and phase velocity v p

1
LC

Transmission Line Low Loss

Transmission Lines Special Cases
20/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

If we consider a transmission line with low-loss, the condition is

R L, G C
Which means that both conductor and dielectric losses are low
In such a case the propagation constant can be written as

G
R

L C

j LC 1 j

By taking Taylors expansion of the highlighted term, up to first

order, we can write propagation constant for low-loss case as

j R
G
j LC 1

2 L C

Where

1 x

1 x 1 x .......
2

Transmission Lines Special Cases

20/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Transmission Line Low Loss

1
C
L

G
Where the attenuation constant is R
2
L
C

1 R
GZ 0
Or alternately attenuation constant is
2 Z0

And phase constant LC

L
The characteristic impedance becomes Z 0
C

Transmission Lines Special Cases

20/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Transmission Line Distortionless

If we consider a transmission line which is lossy, its phase
constant is not a linear function of frequency

LC
Which means that different frequencies have different phase
velocities for a wideband signal
These different frequencies of same wideband signal will arrive
at receiver end at different times resulting in dispersion or
distortion of the original signal, which is undesirable effect.
Hence a distortionless line is a special case of lossy transmission
line, where the phase constant is a linear function of frequency

R G

The condition for distortionless line is

L C
4

Transmission Line Distortionless

Transmission Lines Special Cases
20/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

The propagation constant can now be written as

R
R2
j LC 1 2 j
2 2
L L

R
j LC 1 j

C
R
j LC
L
Where the attenuation constant R

C
is same for all frequencies
L

And phase constant LC is a linear function of frequency

5

Transmission Lines Special Cases

22/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Transmission Lines Special Cases

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 6

Let Us Solve These

Transmission Lines Special Cases
22/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Problems

3. A 10 % voltage drop occurs in 2 km of a uniformly loaded

transmission line terminated by its characteristic impedance and
there is a phase change of 200 over the same distance at a
frequency of 796 Hz. Find the value of (i) the line attenuation in
dB/km and (ii) the velocity of propagation
4. A telephone line has resistance of 20 , inductance of 10 mH,
capacitance of 0.1 F, and insulation resistance of 0.1 M/km.
Find the input impedance at angular frequency of 5000 rad/s, if
the line is very long.
5. A distortionless transmission line has a characteristic impedance
of 50 , = 0.02 Np/m, vp = 0.6c. Determine R, L, G, C and
wavelength at 0.1 GHz

Let Us Solve These

Transmission Lines Special Cases
22/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Problems

6. A lossless transmission line of length 100 m has an inductance

of 28H and a capacitance of 20 nF. Find (i) propagation
velocity (ii) phase constant at an operating frequency of 100
kHz (iii) characteristic impedance of the line
7. A lossless transmission line used in a TV receiver has a
capacitance of 50 pF/m and an inductance of 200 nH/m. Find
the characteristic impedance for sections of a line 10 m long and
500 m long

Terminated Transmission Lines I

23/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Terminated Transmission Lines I

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 7

Forward & Backward Waves

Terminated Transmission Lines I
23/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Consider a transmission line of finite length

Plane of Reflection
Vs

V +I +

V +I +
Transmitted Wave

V-I l

Z=0

v( z ) V e z V ez
i ( z ) I e z I ez

Forward Wave +z

-z Backward Wave

Terminated Transmission Lines I

23/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Sources Of Reflection
Plane of Reflection

Mismatched Load Z0 ZL
R

L
G

L
G

L
G

C ZL

Open Circuit Z0 ZL (ZL )

Vs

Short Circuit Z0 ZL (ZL 0)

Vs
l

Z=-l

Z=0

Lossless Line Mismatched Load

Terminated Transmission Lines I
23/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Consider a lossless line terminated by an arbitrary load

v(z), i(z)

-l

ZL

Z=0

The voltage and current equations can be written in terms of

characteristic impedance as
= j, since = 0
v ( z ) V e j z V e j z

V j z V j z
i( z )
e

e
Z0
Z0
Here we assume Z0 = ZL

Terminated Transmission Lines I

23/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Lossless Line Mismatched Load

Since the load impedance is arbitrary, there is a mismatch

between Z0 and ZL
The load impedance can be written as the ratio of voltage to current
at the reference plane (Z=0)

v( z 0) V V
ZL

Z0

i ( z 0) V V

V V
Where we substituted i ( z 0)
Z0
From which we have the amplitude of the reflected wave as
Z Z0
V L
V
Z L Z0

Terminated Transmission Lines I

23/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Lossless Line Mismatched Load

Now the amplitude of reflection coefficient can be defined as the
ratio of magnitude of reflected voltage to that of the incident
voltage

V Z L Z0

V
Z L Z0
We can now re-write the voltage and current equations as

V
i( z )
Z0
Zero Reflection 0
Total Reflection 1

v( z ) V e jz e jz
j z

e j z

Terminated Transmission Lines II

27/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Terminated Transmission Lines II

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 8

Terminated Transmission Lines II

27/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Complex Reflection Coefficient

The magnitude of reflection coefficient in terms of characteristic
and load impedances, can be written as

V Z L Z0

V
Z L Z0
The voltage/current is varying along the length of the line, and is
decided by not only the magnitude of forward and backward
waves, but also their phase
v( z l ) V 1 e 2 jl
If forward and backward voltage waves have a phase term then their
ratio reflection coefficient will also have a phasor form

v( z l ) V 1 e j 2 l
Where the complex reflection coefficient can be written as

e j
1

Terminated Transmission Lines II

27/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

From the previous equations, voltage is maximum when the

phase term is

e j 2 l 1

2 l 2 or l

Similarly the voltage has a minimum when the phase term is

e j 2 l 1 2 l

or

The maximum and minimum of voltage can be written as

Vmax V 1
Vmin V 1

The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio can be defined as ratio of voltage

maximum to minimum

Vmax 1
s

Vmin 1

1 s

Terminated Transmission Lines II

27/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Input Impedance

As we have seen that the voltage and current are varying along
the length of the transmission line, the impedance looking into
the line also varies along the length of the line

Zin(z)

v(z), i(z)

ZL

-l

Z=0

The impedance at any point on the line can be written as

j l
j l
v z l V e e
Z in
j l
Z0
j l
i z l V e e

V j l V j l
e
e
Where i ( z l )
Z0
Z0

Terminated Transmission Lines II

27/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Input Impedance
Substituting in terms of the characteristic & load impedances

Z in

Expanding the exponentials in terms of sine & cosine functions

Z L cos l jZ 0 sin l
Z in Z 0
Z 0 cos l jZ L sin l
Or alernately, input impedance for a lossless line can be written
as

Z L jZ 0 tan l
Z in Z 0
Z 0 jZ L tan l

And for a lossy line

4

j l
j l

Z
e

Z
e
L
0
L
0
Z0
j l
j l
Z L Z0 e
L Z0 e

Z L Z 0 tanh l
Z in Z 0
Z 0 Z L tanh l

Terminated Transmission Lines II

27/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Transmission Coefficient

If two transmission lines of characteristic impedances Z0 and Z1

are attached, then the reflection and transmission are
Plane of Reflection
Vs

Z0

Z1

V +I +

V +I +

Transmitted Wave
l
Z=0

Reflection coefficient is

Z1 Z 0
Z1 Z 0

Transmission coefficient is

2 Z1
T 1
Z1 Z 0

Let Us Solve These

Terminated Transmission Lines II
27/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Problems

8. A transmission line 100 m long operating at 100 MHz has the

following
Z0 = 50-50
= 0.001 Np/m
= /1.8 rad/m
The transmission line is now connected to a load and the value
of voltage reflection coefficient measured at a distance of 4 m
away from the load is found to be 0.5300. Calculate input
impedance.
9. The characteristic impedance of a certain line is 710140 and
= 0.007+j0.028 /km. The line is terminated in a 300
resistor.
Calculate the input impedance of the line if its
length is 100 km.

Terminated Transmission Lines III

29/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Terminated Transmission Lines III

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 9

Terminated Transmission Lines III

29/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Lossless Line Short Circuit

Let us consider the second source of reflection, that is, a short
circuited transmission line
IL

-l

The reflection coefficient in this case is given as

Z L Z0

1
Z L Z0
From which the standing wave ratio can be calculated as

s
1

VL = 0 ZL = 0

v(z), i(z)

1
1

Terminated Transmission Lines III

29/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Lossless Line Short Circuit

The voltage and current can be written as

v ( z ) V e j z e j z
V
i( z )
Z0

j z

e j z

where V V
We can use the trigonometric identities

1 jx
1 jx
jx
sinh jx e e
j sin x cosh jx e e jx cos x
2
2
The voltage and current can be simplified using above identities

v( z ) 2 jV sin z
2

cos z
2
V
i( z)
Z 0

Lossless Line Short Circuit

Terminated Transmission Lines III
29/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Dividing the voltage by current obtained in previous equations

v( z )
2 jV sin z
Z in

i ( z ) 2V cos z
Z 0

The input impedance of a short-circuited lossless transmission

line can be written at any point z = - l on the line as

Z sc jZ 0 tan l
It can be noted that the input impedance of a short circuited
transmission line is purely imaginary and varies periodically
between -j to +j
A special case exists when l = /4, Zsc = corresponding to an
open circuit.

Terminated Transmission Lines III

29/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Lossless Line Short Circuit

Normalized Voltage and Current on a short-circuited transmission

line
Plane of Reflection/ Load

Terminated Transmission Lines III

29/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Lossless Line Open Circuit

Let us consider the third source of reflection, that is, an open
circuited transmission line
IL = 0
ZL =

-l

The reflection coefficient in this case is given as

Z0

Z0

From which the standing wave ratio can be calculated as

1
1

ZL
ZL

Lossless Line Open Circuit

Terminated Transmission Lines III
29/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

The voltage and current can be written as

v ( z ) V e j z e j z
V
i( z)
Z0

j z

e j z

We again use the trigonometric identities to simplify above equations

1 jx
1 jx
jx
sinh jx e e
j sin x cosh jx e e jx cos x
2
2
The voltage and current can be simplified using above identities

v( z ) 2V cos z
2 jV
i( z )
sin z

Z
0

Lossless Line Open Circuit

Terminated Transmission Lines III
29/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Dividing the voltage by current obtained in previous equations

2V cos z

2
jV
sin z

Z 0

v( z )
Z in

i( z )

The input impedance of an open-circuited lossless transmission

line can be written at any point z = - l on the line as

Z oc jZ 0 cot l
It can be noted that the input impedance of an open circuited
transmission line is purely imaginary and varies periodically
between -j to +j
A special case exists when l = /2, Zoc = corresponding to an
open circuit.

Terminated Transmission Lines III

29/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Lossless Line Open Circuit

Normalized Voltage and Current on an open-circuited transmission

line
Plane of Reflection/ Load

Terminated Transmission Lines IV

30/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Terminated Transmission Lines IV

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 10

Terminated Transmission Lines IV

30/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Calculation of Characteristic Impedance

In many instances, the primary constants of a transmission line R,
L, C, G may not be known and other methods have to be explored
to calculate characteristic impedance
The input impedance of a short-circuited lossless transmission line
can be written at any point z = - l on the line as

Z sc jZ 0 tan l
The input impedance of an open-circuited lossless transmission line
can be written at any point z = - l on the line as

Z oc jZ 0 cot l
From which, we can calculate the characteristic impedance as

Z 0 Z sc Z oc
1

Terminated Transmission Lines IV

30/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Average Power Lossless Line

From the voltage and current equations, we can define average
power flowing on a transmission line

v ( z ) V e j z e j z
V
i( z)
Z0

j z

e j z

The average power is

Pavg

i( z )

1
1V
2
*
* 2 j z
2 j z
Re v( z )i ( z )
Re 1 e
e

2
2 Z0

Ignoring the imaginary terms, we have

2

Pavg
2

V j z

e * e j z
Z0

1V
2

1
2 Z0

Term contributing
to reactive power

Terminated Transmission Lines IV

30/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Average Power Lossy Line

For a lossy transmission line, the voltage and current equations
are

v( z ) V e z ez

V
i( z )
Z0

ez

i( z )

V z

e *e z
Z0

The reflection coefficient at a distance l from the load is given as

V e l
l l e 2l
V e

V
where
V

We can now write input power as

1
V
V
2 2l
2 2l
*
2l
Pin Re V (l ) I (l )
e e

1 l e
2
2Z 0
2Z 0
3

Terminated Transmission Lines IV

30/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Average Power Lossy Line

Now power delivered to the load can be written as

1
V
2
*
PL Re V (0) I (0)
1
2
2Z 0

Hence, the power lost on the line Ploss = Pin - PL

2

Ploss

V
2
2l

e 1 1 e 2l
2Z 0

Loss factor of Incident Wave

Loss factor of reflected Wave

Terminated Transmission Lines IV

30/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Reflection & Insertion Loss

The ratio of reflected power to incident power is commonly

referred as return loss

RL 20 log dB
The ratio of transmitted power to incident power is commonly
referred as insertion loss

IL 20 log T dB
It can be noted that the reflection and transmission coefficients are in
voltage ratios and power will be square of that, therefore, the ratio of
powers can directly be defined as, where P2 is receiving end and P1 is
sending end power
P2
Positive Value is Gain
10 log dB
Negative Value is Loss
P1
When received power is only half of sent power, then in decibel scale
we call it -3dB, and if it is 1/10th , the power ratio is -10dB

Terminated Transmission Lines IV

30/01/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Power Measurements

dB or dBW

P
10 log10
or
1W

V
20 log10

1V

Peak Power or Pulse Power P0 or Ppeak is the rate of energy flow in each
pulse
E
Ppeak
T
Average Power Pavg is the rate of energy flow average over one full
period
E
Pavg
T
Duty Cycle is defined as ratio of pulse Duty t Pavg
width to pulse repetition
T
Ppeak

Terminated Transmission Lines V

03/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Terminated Transmission Lines V

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 11

Let Us Solve These

Terminated Transmission Lines V
03/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Problems
10. A radio transmitter is connected to an antenna of impedance
80+j40 with a 50 coaxial cable. If the 50 transmitter can
deliver 30 W when connected to a 50 load, how much power
is delivered to the antenna.
11. A lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance 75
and an electrical length l=0.3 is terminated with a load
impedance of 30 - j20 . Find the reflection coefficient at the
load, the SWR on the line, the reflection coefficient at the input
of the line and the input impedance of the line.
12. A lossless transmission line is terminated with a 100 load. If
the SWR on the line is 1.5, find the two possible values for the
characteristic impedance of the line
1

Let Us Solve These

Terminated Transmission Lines V
03/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Problems

13. A generator is connected to a transmission line as shown below.

Find the voltage as a function of z along the transmission line.
Plot the magnitude of this voltage for l z 0.

14. A 50 transmission line is matched to a 10 V source and feeds

a load ZL = 100 . If the line is 2.3 long and has an
attenuation constant of 0.5 dB/, find the powers that are
delivered by the source, lost in the line and delivered to the
load.

Terminated Transmission Lines VI

10/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Terminated Transmission Lines VI

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 12

Reflected Wave Incident Wave

Terminated Transmission Lines VI

10/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Maxima & Minima Short Circuit

V+,V - Out of phase

Out of phase points

I+,I in phase

Imax

Vmax

Imin

Vmin
Z = -l

/2

/4

Z=0

Reflected Wave Incident Wave

Terminated Transmission Lines VI

10/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Maxima & Minima Open Circuit

V+,Vin
phase

Out of phase points

I+,IOut of
phase

Vmax

Imax

Vmin

Imin
Z = -l

/2

/4

Z=0

Terminated Transmission Lines VI

10/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Maxima & Minima Arbitrary Real Load

If ZL = RL > Z0
Z0

Vmax

If ZL = RL < Z0

Z0
Vmin
Z = -l

Z=0

Terminated Transmission Lines VI

10/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Maxima & Minima Arbitrary Load

Vmax

If Im{ZL} > 0 (Inductive +jL) (Vmax nearest to load)

Z0
ZL

If Im{ZL} < 0 (Capacitive -jC) (Vmin nearest to load)

Z0

ZL
Vmin

Z = -l
4

Z=0

Terminated Transmission Lines VI

10/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Maxima & Minima Arbitrary Load

Z L Z0
If Im{ZL} > 0 Im L Im
0
Z L Z0
The location of the voltage maxima are given as

2 d max 2n d max

2 n

Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ..
n=2

n=1

n=0

ZL

/2

Terminated Transmission Lines VI

10/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Maxima & Minima Arbitrary Load

Z L Z0
If Im{ZL} < 0 Im L Im
0
Z L Z0
The location of the voltage maxima are given as

2 d min (2n 1) d min

Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ..

ZL

n=1

n=2

/2
6

(2n 1)

n=0

Generator & Load Mismatch

12/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Generator & Load Mismatch

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 13

Generator & Load Mismatch

12/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Generator & Load Reflections

Let us consider a transmission line with no losses, but

mismatched generator and load impedances
i(z)
Zg
Vg

v(z)

Z0

ZL

Zin
-l

Z=0

If generator impedance is not matched to the characteristic impedance

of transmission line i,e, Zg Z0 , we will have reflection of the signal,
given by g
Similarly if i,e, ZL Z0 , we will have reflection L at the load end

Generator & Load Reflections

Generator & Load Mismatch
12/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Let us consider the input end of the line

i(z)
Zg
Vg

v(z)

Zin
-l

Zin v(z)
2

The voltage at the beginning of the line is

Z in
v( z l ) Vg
Z in Z g

Zg
Vg

Z0

But we can also write voltage as

v( z l ) V0 e jl L e jl

(1)

(2)

Generator & Load Mismatch

12/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Generator & Load Reflections

Comparing (1) & (2), we get

Z in
1
Vg
Z in Z g e jl L e jl

V0

Substituting input impedance in the above equation

Z in Z 0

1 e
1 e
L

V0
3

Z in

Vg
V0 e jl L e jl
Z in Z g

2 j l
2 j l

Z 0 1 L e 2 jl
e j l
Vg
Z 0 1 L e 2 jl Z g 1 L e 2 jl 1 L e 2 jl

Generator & Load Reflections

Generator & Load Mismatch
12/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Re-writing the previous equation

V0

Z 0 e j l
Vg
Z 0 Z g Z 0 Z g L e 2 jl

Now we can define reflection coefficient at generator end as

Z g Z0

Taking into account, the reflection at the generator, we have

V0 Vg

Z 0 e j l
(Z g Z 0 )

Z0 Z g 1
L e
(Z 0 Z g )

V0

Z g Z0

2 j l

Z 0 e j l
Vg
( Z 0 Z g )(1 g L e 2 jl )

Generator & Load Reflections

Generator & Load Mismatch
12/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Why we require to find V0+ ?

We require voltage v(z) to calculate power at any point on the

transmission line

Pavg

1
Rev( z )i ( z )*
2

To know the voltage v(z) on the transmission line, we need the

amplitude of the voltage V0+ at that point

v( z ) V0 e jz L e jz

Previously we ignored the generator impedance in transmission

line calculations, hence, we require a corrected voltage V0+ value
that considers impedance mismatch and consequent reflection at
the generator end

Effective Power Under Mismatch

Generator & Load Mismatch
12/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

The average power delivered to the load can be written as

Pavg

1
1
1
2
*
Re v( z )i ( z ) v( z ) Re

2
2
Z in

1
Vg
2

Z in
Z in Z g

1
Re

Z
in

If we consider Zin = Rin + j Xin & Zg = Rg + j Xg

Pavg

1
Vg
2

Rin X in
1
( Rin Rg ) 2 ( X in X g ) 2 Rin

Generator & Load Mismatch I

13/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Generator & Load Mismatch I

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 14

Matched Load
Generator & Load Mismatch I
13/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

The condition for a matched load is ZL = Z0 L = 0

Under these conditions the input impedance becomes Zin = Z0 , where
Z0 is assumed to be real
i(z)
Zg
Vg

ZL

v(z)

Zin
-l

Z=0

Now we can write the power delivered to the load as

1
P Vg
2
1

Z0

Z0
( Z 0 Rg ) 2 ( X g ) 2

Matched Generator
Generator & Load Mismatch I
13/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

The condition for a matched generator is Zin = Zg g = 0

However the load may not be matched to the transmission line i.e,
ZL Z0
i(z)
Zg

v(z)
Vg

Zin
-l

Z=0

Now we can write the power delivered to the load as

1
P Vg
2
2

Z0

Rg
2

4( Rg X g )

ZL

Generator & Load Mismatch I

13/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Conjugate Matching

The method of conjugate matching starts with fixing the

generator impedance, which in almost all practical problems is
unalterable
The input impedance is then varied in such a way that it matches
the generator impedance

Z L jZ 0 tan l
Z in Z 0
Rin jX in
Z 0 jZ L tan l
After the input impedance is matched to the generator, we can use
a suitable impedance transformer to match the load
(1) Transform the impedance at the input terminals of the line
into a real value. (2) Do the same for the load end. (3) Scale up or
down the real impedance to the level of Z0

Conjugate Matching
Generator & Load Mismatch I
13/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Recall the equation of power delivered to the load

1
P Vg
2

Rin X in
1
( Rin Rg ) 2 ( X in X g ) 2 Rin

To find the maximum power that can be delivered, we should

differentiate the above equation with the real and reactive
components of the input impedance separately.

P
2
2
0 Rg Rin ( X in X g ) 2 0
Rin

(1)

Similarly, differentiating w.r.t. Xin and equating to zero

P
0 X in ( X in X g ) 0
X in

(2)

Conjugate Matching
Generator & Load Mismatch I
13/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Solving (1) & (2), we can write

Rin Rg
X in X g
Alternately we can write the above as

Z in Z g

The above conditions are referred as conjugate matching and it will

result in maximum transfer of power to the load for a fixed Zg

1
P Vg
2

1
4 Rg

Let Us Solve These

Generator & Load Mismatch I
13/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Problems

15. The short circuit and open circuit impedances at 800 Hz of a

transmission line 40 km long are 3200-800 and 1300800
respectively. Calculate the line constants R, L, G and C.

Transmission Line Resonators - I

17/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Transmission Line Resonators I

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 15

Transmission Line Resonators - I

17/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Series Resonator

A series RLC circuit, as shown below, acts as a resonator when

the average magnetic energy stored in the inductor equals the
electrical energy in the capacitor
R
Vg

L
I

Zin

1
The input impedance can be written as Z in R jL j
C
1
1

At resonance X L X C L
C
LC
Input impedance at resonance is Z in R

Transmission Line Resonators - I

17/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Series Resonator

Now, the input impedance near resonance = 0 + can be

written as
2
2

0
1
Z in R jL 1 2
R jL
2
LC

Transmission Line Resonators - I

17/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Series Resonator

We can write (as << 1)

2 0 2 0 0 (2 ) 2
The input impedance then becomes

Z in R j 2 L

If we define quality factor as the ability of the circuit to store

energy,
W W

Q0 0

Ploss

1
2
We C V
4
2Wm 0 L
1

At resonance Wm = We Q0 0
Ploss
R
0 RC
Where, Wm

1
LI
4

2 RQ0
Input Impedance becomes Z in R j
0

Transmission Line Resonators - I

17/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Series Resonator

At resonance impedance is purely resistive and at a minimum value

Transmission Line Resonators - I

17/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Parallel Resonator

A parallel RLC circuit, as shown below, acts as a resonator when

the average magnetic energy stored in the inductor equals the
electrical energy in the capacitor
I

Vg

Zin
1

1
The input impedance is Z in

jC
R j L

1
1

At resonance X L X C L
C
LC
Input impedance at resonance is Z in R

Transmission Line Resonators - I

17/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Parallel Resonator
If we define quality factor as the ability of the circuit to store
energy,
Wm We

Q0 0

1 2 1
Where, Wm V
4
2L

1
We C V
4

Ploss

1V

2 R

2Wm
R

0 RC
At resonance Wm = We Q0 0
Ploss 0 L
Input Impedance becomes
When R

Ploss

R
Z in
1 2 jRC

1
Z in
2 jC 0

Transmission Line Resonators - I

17/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Parallel Resonator

At resonance impedance is purely resistive and at a maximum value

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Transmission Line Resonators - II

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 16

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Short Circuited Half Wave Resonator

Let us consider a short circuited transmission line of length l =

/2,
Zin

Z0, ,

-l

ZL = 0

The input impedance of a lossy short circuited line can be written

as
Z in Z 0 tanh l Z 0 tanh j l (1)

tanh x tanh y
Let us use the trigonometric identity tanh( x y )
1 tanh x tanh y
Where x l , y j l and tanh(iy ) j tan y

Short Circuited Half Wave Resonator

Transmission Line Resonators - II
19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Now, the equation (1) for input impedance can be re-written as

tanh l j tan l
(2)
Z in Z 0
1 j tan l tanh l
It can be seen that for = 0, we have the input impedance for a shortcircuited lossless line Zsc = j Z0 tanl
For all practical applications, we require a lossless or a low-loss line,
hence we assume l << 1, then tanh l l
If we let = 0 + , where << 1, then for a TEM line, we have

l 0l l
l

vp
vp
vp
0l
At resonance = 0 & l = /2, we get l

vp

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Short Circuited Half Wave Resonator

Therefore at = 0 + ,

0l l 0l

1

vp
vp
vp
0
0
Then we can write

tan l tan
tan

0
0
0

0
0
0

Substituting the above relations into equation (2), we get

l j

Z in Z 0
Z 0 l
l

1 j

<< 1

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Short Circuited Half Wave Resonator

Compare the previous equation with the input impedance of a
series RLC resonator

Z in R 2 jL

We can write resistance of the equivalent circuit as R Z 0l

Z 0
Inductance of the equivalent circuit as L
20
From the equation 0
equivalent circuit as

1
we can write the capacitance of the
LC

C
4

0 L
2

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Short Circuited Half Wave Resonator

Thus, the half wave short-circuited line resonates when = 0 at l

= /2. And its input impedance is Zin = R = Z0l
Resonances occur at l = n/2, for n = 1, 2, 3,..
n=1
n=2

-l

0 L
The unloaded Q of the resonator is Q0
, substituting the
R
previous L & R values, we get

Q0
2

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Short Circuited Quarter Wave Resonator

Let us consider a short circuited transmission line of length l =

/4,
The input impedance of a lossy short circuited line can be written
as

Z in Z 0 tanh l Z 0 tanh j l

Again proceeding as in the previous case, we can re-write the above

tanh l j tan l
Z in Z 0
1 j tan l tanh l
Multiplying the numerator and denominator with j cot l

1 j tanh l cot l
Z in Z 0
tanh l j cot l

(3)

We again make the same assumptions that at resonance l = /4 and

= 0 +

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Short Circuited Quarter Wave Resonator

Therefore at = 0 + ,

0l l 0l


l

1

vp
vp
vp
0
2
20
Then we can write

cot l cot

20
2

tan

20
20

0
0
20

Again for a lossless or a low-loss line, we assume l << 1, then we

have tanh l l
Substituting the above relations into equation (3) we can write the
input impedance

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Short Circuited Quarter Wave Resonator

<< 1
1 jl

20
Z0

Z in Z 0

l j 2
l j 2
0
0

Compare the above equation with the input impedance of a parallel

RLC resonator
R

Z in

1 2 jRC

Z0
We can write resistance of the equivalent circuit as R
l

Capacitance of the equivalent circuit as C

40 Z 0

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Short Circuited Quarter Wave Resonator

Then inductance can be found out as L

0 2C

The unloaded Q of the resonator is Q0 0 RC, substituting the

previous C & R values, we get

Q0
2
Therefore a short circuited transmission line acts as a parallel
resonant circuit at a lengths of l = (2n-1) /4, where n = 1, 2, 3...

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Open Circuited Half Wave Resonator

10

Let us consider an open circuited transmission line of length l =

/2,
Zin

Z0, ,

-l

The input impedance of a lossy open circuited line can be written

as

Z in Z 0 coth l Z 0 coth j l

Using trigonometric identities we can re-write the above equation

1 j tan l tanh l
(4)
Z in Z 0
tanh l j tan l

Open Circuited Half Wave Resonator

Transmission Line Resonators - II
19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Assume l = /2 at = 0 , we can write at = 0 + ,

11

0l l 0l

1

vp
vp
vp
0
0
Then we can write

tan l tan
tan

0
0
0

tanh l l

Substituting the above relations into equation (4), we get

Z in

Z0

l j
0

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Open Circuited Half Wave Resonator

12

Compare the above equation with the input impedance of a parallel

RLC resonator
R

Z in

1 2 jRC

Z0
We can write resistance of the equivalent circuit as R
l

Capacitance of the equivalent circuit as C

20 Z 0
Then inductance can be found out as L

0 C
2

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Open Circuited Half Wave Resonator

13

The unloaded Q of the resonator is Q0 0 RC, substituting the

previous C & R values, we get

Q0
2
V
n=1

-l

n=2
0

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Summary Of Transmission Line Resonators

14

-l
0

-l

0
Z

Transmission Line Resonators - II

19/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Summary Of Transmission Line Resonators

15

-l

-l

0
Z

Smith Chart - Introduction

20/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Smith Chart - Introduction

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 17

Smith Chart - Introduction

20/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Complex Impedance or Z - Plane

Impedance Plane or Z- Plane is where you can uniquely define

impedances by its two constituents Resistance & Reactance

Z R jX
Since, we tune all networks to match characteristic impedance, it is
convenient to normalize impedances with characteristic impedance

Z
Z
R jX
Z0
Normalized
Impedance
Normalized
Resistance
Normalized
Reactance

jX

Passive load
Inductive
load

jX

R
Capacitive
load

Smith Chart - Introduction

20/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Complex Reflection or - Plane

The complex reflection or - Plane is a coordinate plane where

you can uniquely represent any reflection arising out of mismatched passive impedances
Phase of Reflection
j

Complex Reflection Coeff.

Magnitude of Reflection

jv

For all passive loads 0 | | 1

| | = 1 circle

Normalized Reflection Coeff.

Z Z0 Z 1

Z Z0 Z 1
R jX 1

u jv
R jX 1

||

Smith Chart - Introduction

20/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Smith Chart
Smith Chart gives the graphical approach of analyzing
transmission line parameters
This approach does not give voltage and current solutions, it gives
impedance characteristics, VSWR, reflection coefficient, location of
voltage minima and maxima etc
It transforms complex impedance (Z- Plane) into complex reflection ( Plane)
Just as we wrote reflection coeff. in terms of normalized impedance

Z Z0 Z 1

Z Z0 Z 1
We can also write complex impedance in terms of reflection coeff.

1
Z
1

Smith Chart
Smith Chart - Introduction
20/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

We can re-write the previous equation as

1 u jv (1)
R jX
1 u jv
If we rationalize the above equation and separate the real and
imaginary parts
Comparing real parts we get

R
R 1
u
u v 2
0
R 1
R 1
2

Equation (2) represents a circle on complex - Plane which is a locus

of constant resistance values

(2)

R
Its center is
,0
R 1

and its radius

1
R 1

Smith Chart - Introduction

20/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Smith Chart Constant Resistance Circles

R
,0
R 1

Its center is

and its radius

1
R 1

jv
R 0

R 1
R 2
R
1

Note : All values of are R positive

Smith Chart Constant Reactance Circles

Smith Chart - Introduction
20/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Similarly comparing imaginary parts of equation (1), gives us

2
u v 2u
v 1 0 (3)
X
2

Equation (3) represents a circle on complex - Plane which is a locus

of constant reactance values

jv

1
Its center is 1,
X

X 1

X 2

1
and its radius
X

X 0

R 0 Circle

Note : X Could be negative

u
X 2
X 1

Smith Chart - Introduction

20/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Smith Chart

Plotting Constant resistance & reactance circles together gives us

the Smith chart

jv

Const. Resistance Circles

Const. Reactance Circles

For passive loads, all impedances will lie within || = 1 circle, therefore
we neglect reactances that fall outside this circle.

Smith Chart - Introduction

20/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Impedance Smith Chart Special Points

jv
R 0, X 0
Short Circuit

R 0, X 1
Inductive Reactance
R , X
Open Circuit

u
R 1, X 0
Resistive Load

R 0, X 1
Capacitive Reactance

Smith Chart - Introduction

20/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Impedance Smith Chart

Admittance Smith Chart

24/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Admittance Smith Chart

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 18

Admittance Smith Chart

24/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Complex Admittance or Y - Plane

Admittance or Y - Plane is where you can uniquely define

admittances by its constituents Conductance & Susceptance

Y G jB
It maybe convenient to use admittances when using shunt elements,
therefore we normalize admittances with characteristic admittance

Y
Y G jB
Y0
Normalized
Admittance
Normalized
Conductance
Normalized
Susceptance

jB

Passive load
Capacitive
load

jB

G
Inductive
load

Admittance Smith Chart

24/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Complex Reflection or - Plane

The complex reflection or - Plane is a coordinate plane where
you can uniquely represent any reflection arising out of mismatched passive impedances
Phase of Reflection
j

Complex Reflection Coeff.

Magnitude of Reflection

Z Z0 Z 1

Z Z0 Z 1
Normalized Reflection Coeff.

jv

Normalized Reflection Coeff.

Y0 Y 1 Y
Y 1 j

e
Y0 Y 1 Y
Y 1

| | = 1 circle

||

||
1

jv

Admittance Smith Chart

24/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Admittance Smith Chart

jv

G , B
Short Circuit

G 0, B 1
Capacitive Susceptance

G 0, B 0
Open Circuit

u
G 1, B 0
Conductive Load

G 0, B 1
Inductive Susceptance

Admittance Smith Chart

24/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Smith Chart Combined

Blue lines correspond to

admittance and Red
lines to impedance
respectively

Admittance Smith Chart

24/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Smith Chart A simpler Approach

The combined Admittance Impedance Smith Chart looks
complicated when one has to plot load values
The easier approach is to use same Impedance Smith Chart for
plotting both admittances and impedances, since impedance or
admittance corresponds to same normalized values
The only difference comes with phase, hence any impedance
value rotated by and angle of 1800 on Smith Chart gives us
admittance

jv

Smith Chart - Constant VSWR Circles

Admittance Smith Chart
24/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

The complex reflection coefficient can be written as

e j
The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) can be written in terms of
the reflection coefficient as

VSWR(s )

jv
| | = 0.5 circle, s = 3

1
| | = 1 circle, s =

| | = 0 circle, s = 1

Admittance Smith Chart

24/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Smith Chat - Complex Reflection Coefficient

The complex reflection coefficient at any point on a lossless

transmission line is

(l ) L e

2 j l

L e e

2 jl

L e

j ( 2 l )

So, the magnitude of the reflection |L| remains constant whereas, the
phase changes by an amount ( - 2l)
The phase ( - 2l) is more
negative, if we are increasing l, or
in other words, if we are moving
towards generator

jv
||

And the phase ( - 2l) is more

positive of l decreases , i,e, when
we move towards load

| | = 1 circle

To Load

2l

To Generator

Admittance Smith Chart

24/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Smith Chat - Complex Reflection Coefficient

If the characteristic impedance Z0 and load impedance ZL are

given and we need to find complex reflection coefficient

ZL
R jX
Step 1 : Z
Z0

Step 2 : Plot R & X on complex - Plane

jv

R jX

Step 3 : Draw a line from center to R jX

jv

Step 4 : is angle of |L| with +u - axis

Smith Chart Basic Calculations

26/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Smith Chart Basic Calculations

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 19

Smith Chart Basic Calculations

26/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Smith Chart Input Impedance

If the characteristic Z0 and load ZL impedances are given and we

need to find impedance at a distance l from load

ZL
R jX
Step 1 : Z L
Z0

Step 2 : Plot R & X on complex - Plane

jv

Step 3 : Draw a circle from center touching

the load point
jv
Const. VSWR Circle

R jX

Smith Chart Basic Calculations

26/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Smith Chart Input Impedance

One full rotation on the smith chart corresponds to an angle of 2

which is equal to 2l in electrical length

2 2 l l

So, one full rotation on smith chart corresponds to a length of /2.

Step 4 : For given l, calculate 2l, and equivalent angle of rotation L

jv

Step 5 : Find the R & X circles that intersect

at Z in R jX
jv
ZL

ZL
2l

u
Z in

Z in

Smith Chart Basic Calculations

26/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Smith Chart VSWR

To find VSWR (s) on Smith chart, we should know what Zmax and
Zmin points are
j 2 jl

1 e e
1 e 2 jl
Z Z0
Z0
2 j l
1 e
1 e j e 2 jl

So, the Z is maximum when - 2l = 0 and minimum when - 2l =

Z max Z 0

1
1

& Z min Z 0

1
1

But we know that VSWR & reflection coefficient are related by

1
1

Therefore s in terms of max. and min. impedances is

3

Z max Z 0 s

Z min

1
Z0
s

Smith Chart Basic Calculations

26/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Smith Chart VSWR

If the characteristic Z0 and load ZL impedances are given and we

need to find VSWR on the transmission line

ZL
R jX
Step 1 : Z L
Z0

Step 2 : Plot R & X on complex - Plane

Step 3 : Draw const. VSWR circle through load point

ZL
1/s

jv
s

u
Const. VSWR
Circle

Step 4 : The point where const.

VSWR circle cuts the real axis
nearest to R = circle is the
required VSWR s.

Smith Chart Maxima & Minima

Smith Chart Basic Calculations
26/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

We know that impedance is the ratio of voltage to current

Z
alternately Z min

Vmin
I max

Vmin , Imax

Const. VSWR
Circle

ZL
Step 1 : Z L
R jX
Z0
Step 2 : Plot R & X on complex - Plane

jv
ZL

V
V
Z max max
I
I min

Step 3 : Draw const. VSWR

circle through load point

2 lmax

u
Vmax , Imin

Step 4 : The distance of Vmax

or Imin is obtained as

lmax

Similarly for Vmin or Imax

Review Problems & Solutions

27/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Review Problems & Solutions

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fiel

ds
Lecture - 20

Let Us Solve These

Review Problems & Solutions
27/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Problems
16. A load of 100 + j 150 is connected to a 75 lossless line.
Find using Smith chart (i) (ii) s (iii) The load admittance YL
(iv) Zin at 0.4 from the load (v) location of Vmax and Vmin w.r.t.
load if the line is 0.6 long (vi) Zin at the generator
17. Calculate the time averaged power delivered to the load in the
given circuit
i(z)
Z0 = 50
Zg = 50
Vg = 100 V
1

ZL = 40 + j 30
vin

Vp = 200 m/s

f = 26 MHz

Zin
-l

4.808 m

Z=0

Review Problems & Solutions

27/02/2015, Jagadish C. Mudiganti

Let Us Solve These