Mobile Communications

Chapter 4: Wireless
Telecommunication Systems
Market
GSM

Overview
Services
Sub-systems
Components

DECT
TETRA
UMTS/IMT-2000

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S.K.RAGHU,GITAM UNIVERSITY

4.0.
1

Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

700000

subscribers (x 1000)

600000
500000

Analog
total
GSM total

400000

CDMA total

300000

TDMA total

200000

PDC/PHS
total
total

100000
0
199
6

199
7

199
8

199
9

200
0

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

S.K.RAGHU,GITAM UNIVERSITY

200
1

4.1.
1

GSM: Overview
GSM

formerly: Groupe Spciale Mobile (founded 1982)

now: Global System for Mobile Communication
Pan-European standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications
Standardisation Institute)
simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases
(1991, 1994, 1996) by the European telecommunication
administrations (Germany: D1 and D2)
seamless roaming within Europe possible
today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 130
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
more than 100 million subscribers

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.2.
1

Performance characteristics of GSM

Communication

mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data

services

Total mobility

international access, chip-card enables use of access points of

different providers

Worldwide connectivity

one number, the network handles localization

High capacity

better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell

High transmission quality

high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone

calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains)

Security functions

access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.3.
1

Disadvantages of GSM
There is no perfect system!!
no end-to-end encryption of user data
no full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to the user, no transparent
B-channel

reduced concentration while driving

electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.4.
1

GSM: Mobile Services

GSM offers

several types of connections

voice connections, data connections, short message service

multi-service options (combination of basic services)

Three service domains

Bearer Services
Telematic Services
Supplementary Services
bearer services

MS
TE

MT
R, S

GSM-PLMN
Um

transit
network
(PSTN,
ISDN)

source/
destination
network

TE
(U, S, R)

tele
services
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4.5.
1

Bearer Services

Telecommunication services to transfer data between access

points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers
1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)

data service (circuit switched)

synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s

data service (packet switched)

synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
asynchronous: 300 - 9600 bit/s

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4.6.
1

Tele Services I

Telecommunication services that enable voice communication

via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions, security
measurements etc.
Offered services

mobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the
traditional bandwidth of 3.1 kHz
Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all
service providers; free of charge; connection with the highest
priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumbering
several ISDN phone numbers per user possible

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4.7.
1

Tele Services II
Additional services

Non-Voice-Teleservices
group 3 fax
voice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile
terminals)
electronic mail (MHS, Message Handling System, implemented in the fixed
network)
...

Short Message Service (SMS)

alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal using the
signaling channel, thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and
SMS

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4.8.
1

Supplementary services

Services in addition to the basic services, cannot be offered

stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the
radio link
May differ between different service providers, countries and
protocol versions
Important services

identification: forwarding of caller number

suppression of number forwarding
automatic call-back
conferencing with up to 7 participants
locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
...

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4.9.
1

Architecture of the GSM system

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM

standard within each country
components
MS (mobile station)
BS (base station)
MSC (mobile switching center)
LR (location register)

subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects
NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover,
switching
OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network

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4.10.
1

GSM: overview
OMC, EIR,
AUC
HLR
NSS
with OSS
VLR

MSC

GMSC

VLR

fixed network

MSC

BSC
BSC
RS
S

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4.11.1

GSM: elements and interfaces

radio cell
M
M
S
S

BSS

Um

radio cell
M
S

BT
S

RSS

BT
S
Abis
BS
C

BS
C

A
MS
C
NSS

VL
R

MS
C
VL
R

HL
R
O

OSS

EIR

AU
C

signaling
G
MS
C IW
F

ISDN, PSTN
PDN

O
MC

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4.12.
1

GSM: system architecture

radio
subsystem
MS

network and
switching subsystem

MS

Abis
BS
C

EI
R
SS7

BT
S
BT
S

ISDN
PSTN

MS
C

Um

BT
S
BT
S

BS
C
BSS

fixed
partner networks

HL
R

VL
R
A

MS
C IW
F

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ISDN
PSTN
PSPDN
CSPDN
4.13.
1

System architecture: radio subsystem

radio
subsystem
M
S

network and switching

subsystem

M
S

Components
MS (Mobile Station)
BSS (Base Station Subsystem):
consisting of

Um
BT
S
BT
S

Abis
BS
C

MSC

BTS (Base Transceiver Station):

sender and receiver
BSC (Base Station Controller):
controlling several transceivers

Interfaces

BT
S
BT
S

A
BS
C
BSS

Um : radio interface

Abis : standardized, open interface with

16 kbit/s user channels
A: standardized, open interface with
64 kbit/s user channels

MSC

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.14.
1

System architecture: network and switching subsystem

network
subsystem

fixed partner
networks

ISDN
PSTN

M
SC

SS7

MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center):

IWF (Interworking Functions)

EI
R
HL
R

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Net.)
CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Net.)

Databases

VL
R
M
SC IW
F

Components

ISDN
PSTN

HLR (Home Location Register)

VLR (Visitor Location Register)
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)

PSPDN
CSPDN

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4.15.
1

Radio subsystem
The Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network
up to the switching centers
Components

Base Station Subsystem (BSS):

Base Transceiver Station (BTS): radio components including sender,
receiver, antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover
several cells
Base Station Controller (BSC): switching between BTSs, controlling
BTSs, managing of network resources, mapping of radio channels (Um)
onto terrestrial channels (A interface)

BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection

Mobile Stations (MS)

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4.16.
1

GSM: cellular network

segmentation of the area into
cells
possible radio coverage of the cell

cell

idealized shape of the cell

use of several carrier frequencies

not the same frequency in adjoining cells
cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user
density, geography, transceiver power etc.
hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on
geography)
if a mobile user changes cells
handover of the connection to the neighbor cell

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.17.
1

Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller

Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTS
BTS comprises radio specific functions
BSC is the switching center for radio channels

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.18.
1

Mobile station
Terminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups

MT (Mobile Terminal):
offers common functions used by all services the MS offers
corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access
end-point of the radio interface (Um)

TA (Terminal Adapter):

terminal adaptation, hides radio specific characteristics

TE (Terminal Equipment):
peripheral device of the MS, offers services to a user
does not contain GSM specific functions

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module):

personalization of the mobile terminal, stores user parameters

TE

TA
R

MT
S

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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Um
4.19.
1

Network and switching subsystem

NSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM

switching, mobility management, interconnection to other networks,

system control

Components

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile
terminal within the domain of the MSC - several BSC can belong to
a MSC
Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay)
Home Location Register (HLR)
central master database containing user data, permanent and semipermanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider
can have several HLRs)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user
currently in the domain of the VLR

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.20.
1

Mobile Services Switching Center

The MSC (mobile switching center) plays a central role in GSM

switching functions
additional functions for mobility support
management of network resources
interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)
integration of several databases

Functions of a MSC

specific functions for paging and call forwarding

termination of SS7 (signaling system no. 7)
mobility specific signaling
location registration and forwarding of location information
provision of new services (fax, data calls)
support of short message service (SMS)
generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.21.
1

Operation subsystem
The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation,
management, and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components

Authentication Center (AUC)

generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR
authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals
and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

registers GSM mobile stations and user rights
stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes
even localized

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network
subsystem

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4.22.
1

GSM - TDMA/FDMA

fr
y equ
en
c

935-960 MHz
124 channels (200
kHz)
downlink
890-915 MHz
124 channels (200
kHz)
uplink

higher GSM frame structures

tim
e

GSM TDMA frame

1

8
4.615 ms

GSM time-slot (normal burst)

guard
tai
user
spac
l
data
e
3 bits 57

bits

S Training S

1 26
bits

user
data

57
bits

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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tai
l

guard
spac
e

546.5 s
577 s
4.23.
1

GSM hierarchy of frames

hyperframe
0

204 204 204 3 h 28 min 53.76 s

5
6
7

...
superframe

...

...

multifram
1 e
...

48

49
24

24
2

50
6.12 s

25

120 ms

25

...

48

49

50

235.4 ms

frame
0

...

slot
bur
st
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4.615 ms
577 s
4.24.
1

GSM protocol layers for signaling

Um

Abis

MS

BTS

BSC

MSC

CM

CM

MM

MM
BSSA
P

RR

RR
BT
SM

LAPDm

R
R
LAPDm

LAPD

LAPD

radio

radio

PCM

PCM

BTSM

16/64 kbit/s

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BSSAP

SS7

SS7

PCM

PCM

64 kbit/s /
2.048 Mbit/s

4.25.
1

Mobile Terminated Call

1: calling a GSM subscriber
2: forwarding call to GMSC
3: signal call setup to HLR
4, 5: request MSRN from VLR
6: forward responsible
calling
MSC to GMSC
statio
1
n
7: forward call to
current MSC
8, 9: get current status of MS
10, 11: paging of MS
12, 13: MS answers
14, 15: security checks
16, 17: set up connection

HLR

4
5

3 6
PSTN

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GMS
C

10

VLR

8 9
14 15
MSC

10 13
16

10

BSS

BSS

BSS

11

11

11

11 12
17
MS

4.26.
1

Mobile Originated Call

1, 2: connection request
3, 4: security check
5-8: check resources (free circuit)
9-10: set up call

VLR

3 4
PSTN

6
7

GMS
C

5
MSC

8
2 9

MS

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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1
10

BSS

4.27.
1

MTC/MOC
MS

MTC
paging
request
channel
request
immediate
assignment
paging
response
authentication
request
authentication
response
ciphering
command
ciphering
complete
setu
p
call
confirmed
assignment
command
assignment
complete
alertin
g
connec
tconnect
acknowledge
data/speech
exchange

BTS

MS

MOC

BTS

channel
request
immediate
assignment
service
request
authentication
request
authentication
response
ciphering
command
ciphering
complete
setu
p
call
confirmed
assignment
command
assignment
complete
alertin
g
connec
tconnect
acknowledge
data/speech
exchange

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.28.
1

4 types of handover
1
M
S

2
M
S

3
M
S

4
M
S

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BSC

BSC

BSC

MSC

MSC

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.29.
1

Handover decision

receive
level
BTSold

receive
level
BTSold

HO_MARGIN
M
S

M
S
BTSold

BTSnew

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.30.
1

Handover procedure
MS
BTSold
BSCold
measuremen
measuremen
t
t
report
result
HO decision
HO
required

HO
command

HO
command

HO
command

MSC

HO access

Link
establishment
clear
clear
command
command
clear
clear
complete
complete

BSCnew

BTSnew

HO
request

resource
allocation
ch.
activation
ch. activation
HO request
ack
ack

HO
complete

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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HO
complete

4.31.
1

Security in GSM
Security services

access control/authentication
user SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): secret PIN (personal
identification number)
SIM network: challenge response method

confidentiality

voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful

authentication)

anonymity
temporary identity TMSI
(Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)
encrypted transmission

3 algorithms specified in GSM

A3 for authentication (secret, open interface)

A5 for encryption (standardized)
A8 for key generation (secret, open interface)

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secret:
A3 and A8
available via the
Internet
network providers
can use stronger
mechanisms

4.32.
1

GSM - authentication

SIM

mobile network
Ki
128 bit

AC

RAN
D
128 bit

RAN
D

RAN
D
128 bit

A3

Ki
128 bit
A3
SIM

SRES* 32 bit

MSC

SRES* =?
SRES

SRES
SRE
S
32 bit

Ki: individual subscriber authentication key

response

32 bit

SRE
S
SRES: signed

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.33.
1

GSM - key generation and encryption

MS with SIM

mobile network (BTS)

Ki
AC

128 bit

RAN
D
128 bit

RAN
D

RAN
D
128 bit

A8
cipher
key
BTS

Ki
128 bit

SIM

A8

Kc
64 bit

Kc
64 bit
data

encrypted
data

A5

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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SRE
data
S

MS

A5

4.34.
1

Data services in GSM I

Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s

advanced coding allows 14,4 kbit/s

not enough for Internet and multimedia applications

HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)

already standardized
bundling of several time-slots to get higher
AIUR (Air Interface User Rate)
(e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4 slots, 14.4 each)
advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple
disadvantage: channels blocked for voice transmission

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.35.
1

Data services in GSM II

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

packet switching
using free slots only if data packets ready to send
(e.g., 115 kbit/s using 8 slots temporarily)
standardization 1998, introduction 2000?
advantage: one step towards UMTS, more flexible
disadvantage: more investment needed

GPRS network elements

GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN

GGSN (Gateway GSN)

SGSN (Serving GSN)

interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)

supports the MS (location, billing, security)

GR (GPRS Register)

user addresses

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.36.
1

GPRS quality of service

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4.37.
1

GPRS architecture and interfaces

SGS
N
Gn

M
S

SGS
N

BSS

Um

Gb

Gn

PD
N

Gi

HLR/
GR

MSC

VLR

GGS
N

EIR

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.38.
1

GPRS protocol architecture

MS

BS
S

Um

SGSN

Gb

Gn GGSN

Gi

apps.
IP/X.25

IP/X.25
SN
DC
P

SNDCP
LLC
RLC

UDP/T
CP

BSSGP

IP

IP

FR

L1/L2

L1/L2

LLC

MAC

RL
C
MAC

radio

radio

BSSGP

FR

GTP

GTP
UDP/T
CP

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.39.
1

DECT
DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone) standardized by
ETSI (ETS 300.175-x) for cordless telephones
standard describes air interface between base-station and
mobile phone
DECT has been renamed for international marketing reasons
into Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication
Characteristics

frequency: 1880-1990 MHz

channels: 120 full duplex
duplex mechanism: TDD (Time Division Duplex) with 10 ms frame
length
multplexing scheme: FDMA with 10 carrier frequencies,
TDMA with 2x 12 slots
modulation: digital, Gauian Minimum Shift Key (GMSK)
power: 10 mW average (max. 250 mW)
range: ca 50 m in buildings, 300 m open space

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4.40.
1

DECT system architecture reference model

D4

D3

P
A

P
T

P
A

P
T

V
D
B

D2
FT

local
netwo
rk

H
D
B

D1
global
network

FT
local
netwo
rk

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.41.
1

DECT reference model

C-Plane

U-Plane

signaling,
interworkin
g

applicatio
n
processes

network
layer
data link
control

management

OSI layer 3

close to the OSI reference

model
management plane over
all layers
several services in
C(ontrol)- and U(ser)plane

data link
control
OSI layer 2

medium access control

physical layer

OSI layer 1

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4.42.
1

DECT layers I

Physical layer

modulation/demodulation
generation of the physical channel structure with a guaranteed
throughput
controlling of radio transmission
channel assignment on request of the MAC layer
detection of incoming signals
sender/receiver synchronization
collecting status information for the management plane

MAC layer

maintaining basic services, activating/deactivating physical

channels
multiplexing of logical channels

e.g., C: signaling, I: user data, P: paging, Q: broadcast

segmentation/reassembly
error control/error correction

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4.43.
1

DECT time multiplex frame

1 frame = 10 ms

12 down slots

slot

0
0

sync

A: network control
B: user data
X: transmission quality
25.6 kbit/s
simplex bearer
32 kbit/s

guar
41
d

420 bit + 52 s guard time (60 bit)

in 0.4167 ms

31 0
0

D field
A field

12 up slots

38
7

B field

63 0

protected
mode

DATA
64

C
1
6

31 0
9

DATA
64

unprotected
mode

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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X field
C
1
6

DATA
64

C
1
6

DATA
64

DATA

4.44.
2

C
1
6

DECT layers II

Data link control layer

creation and keeping up reliable connections between the mobile

terminal and basestation
two DLC protocols for the control plane (C-Plane)
connectionless broadcast service:
paging functionality
Lc+LAPC protocol:
in-call signaling (similar to LAPD within ISDN), adapted to the
underlying MAC service

several services specified for the user plane (U-Plane)

null-service: offers unmodified MAC services

frame relay: simple packet transmission
frame switching: time-bounded packet transmission
error correcting transmission: uses FEC, for delay critical, timebounded services
bandwidth adaptive transmission
Escape service: for further enhancements of the standard

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.45.
1

DECT layers III

Network layer

similar to ISDN (Q.931) and GSM (04.08)

offers services to request, check, reserve, control, and release
resources at the basestation and mobile terminal
resources
necessary for a wireless connection
necessary for the connection of the DECT system to the fixed network

main tasks
call control: setup, release, negotiation, control
call independent services: call forwarding, accounting, call redirecting
mobility management: identity management, authentication,
management of the location register

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

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4.46.
2

Enhancements of the standard

Several DECT Application Profiles in addition to the DECT
specification

GAP (Generic Access Profile) standardized by ETSI in 1997

assures interoperability between DECT equipment of different
manufacturers (minimal requirements for voice communication)
enhanced management capabilities through the fixed network: Cordless
Terminal Mobility (CTM)

DECT
basestation
fixed network

DECT
Common
Air Interface

DECT
Portable Part

GAP

DECT/GSM Interworking Profile (GIP): connection to GSM

ISDN Interworking Profiles (IAP, IIP): connection to ISDN
Radio Local Loop Access Profile (RAP): public telephone service
CTM Access Profile (CAP): support for user mobility

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

S.K.RAGHU,GITAM UNIVERSITY

4.47.
1

TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked Radio

Trunked radio systems

many different radio carriers

assign single carrier for a short period to one user/group of users
taxi service, fleet management, rescue teams
interfaces to public networks, voice and data services
very reliable, fast call setup, local operation

TETRA - ETSI standard

formerly: Trans European Trunked Radio

offers Voice+Data and Packet Data Optimized service
point-to-point and point-to-multipoint
ad-hoc and infrastructure networks
several frequencies: 380-400 MHz, 410-430 MHz
FDD, DQPSK
group call, broadcast, sub-second group-call setup

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

S.K.RAGHU,GITAM UNIVERSITY

4.48.
1

TDMA structure of the voice+data system

hyperframe
0

...
multifram
e ...

57

58

59

61.2 s

15

16

17

1.02 s

CF
frame
0

slot

509

56.67 ms

Control Frame

14.17 ms

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

S.K.RAGHU,GITAM UNIVERSITY

4.49.
1

UMTS and IMT-2000

Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)

UWC-136, cdma2000, WP-CDMA

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI

UMTS

UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access)

enhancements of GSM
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbit/s
CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)
VHE (virtual Home Environment)

fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI

requirements
min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s)
min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s)
up to 2 Mbit/s city

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

S.K.RAGHU,GITAM UNIVERSITY

4.50.
1

UMTS architecture
UTRAN (UTRA Network)

cell level mobility

Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)

inter system handover

Uu
UE

Iu
UTRA
N

CN

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

S.K.RAGHU,GITAM UNIVERSITY

4.51.
1

UMTS FDD frame structure

superframe
720 ms

...

69

70

71

13

14

15

frame
10 ms

...

slot
625 s

pilot

625 s
625 s

TPC

TFI

data
pilot

TPC
DPCC
H

TFI

data
DPDC
H

uplink
DPCCH
uplink
DPDCH
downlink
DPCH

W-CDMA
1920-1980 MHz uplink
2110-2170 MHz downlink
chipping rate:
4.096 Mchip/s
soft handover
localization of
MS (ca. 20 m precision)
complex power control
(1600 power control
cycles/s)

TPC: Transmit Power Control

TFI: Transport Format Identifier
DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control
Channel
DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

S.K.RAGHU,GITAM UNIVERSITY

4.52.
1

UMTS TDD frame structure

frame
10 ms

625 s

slot
midampl
data
e

GP: Guard
Period

...

data

13

G
P

14

15

traffic burst

W-TDMA/CDMA
2560 chips per slot
symmetric or asymmetric
slot assignment to up/downlink
tight synchronization needed
simpler power control
(100-800 power control
cycles/s)

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

S.K.RAGHU,GITAM UNIVERSITY

4.53.
1

Future mobile telecommunication networks

termina
l
mobility

MBS
(Mobile Broadband System)

fas
t
mobil
e
slow

UMTS
G
S
M

portabl
e

DE
CT

SAMBA

MEDIAN

WAND
ISDN

fixed
10
kbit/s

2
Mbit/s

B-ISDN
20
Mbit/s

30
Mbit/s

Mobile Communications: Wireless Telecommunication Systems

S.K.RAGHU,GITAM UNIVERSITY

150
Mbit/s
4.54.
1