Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Objectives Overview
Define the term,
database, and
explain how a
database interacts
with data and
information
Define the term,
data integrity, and
describe the
qualities of
valuable
information
Describe file
maintenance
techniques and
validation
techniques
See Page 513
for Detailed Objectives
Discuss the terms
character, field,
record, and file
Differentiate
between a file
processing
approach and the
database approach
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
Objectives Overview
Discuss the
functions common
to most database
management
systems
Describe
characteristics of
relational, objectoriented, and
multidimensional
databases
Explain how to
access Web
databases
Identify database
design guidelines
and discuss the
responsibilities of
database analysts
and administrators
See Page 513
for Detailed Objectives
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and
Information
Database
Collection
of data
organized in
a manner
that allows
access,
retrieval,
and use of
that data
Page 514
Data
Collection
of
unprocesse
d items
Text
Numbers
Images
Audio
Video
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
Information
Processed
data
Document
s
Audio
Images
Video
Databases, Data, and
Information
Pages 514 515
Figure 10-1
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and
Information
Database software, often called a
database management system
(DBMS), allows users to:
Page 515
Create a
computerized
database
Add, modify, and
delete data
Sort and retrieve
data
Create forms and
reports from the
data
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and
Information
Data integrity identifies the quality of
the data
Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points
out the accuracy of a computers output
depends on the accuracy of the input
Page 516
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and
Information
Valuable information should have the
following characteristics:
Accurate
Verifiable
Accessibl
e
Pages 516 - 517
Useful
Timely
Organize
d
Costeffective
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
The Hierarchy of Data
Data is organized in layers
Files, records, fields, characters
Page 517
Figure 10-2
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
The Hierarchy of Data
A character is one
byte
Numbers, letters,
space, punctuation
marks, or other
symbols
A field is a
combination of one
or more related
characters
Field name
Field size Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
Page 518
Figure 10-3
10
The Hierarchy of Data
Common data types include:
Text
Numeric
AutoNumb
er
Currency
Date
Memo
Yes/No
Hyperlink
Object
Attachmen
t
Page 518
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
11
The Hierarchy of Data
A record is a group of related fields
A primary key uniquely identifies each
record
A data file is a collection of related
records
Page 519
Figure 10-4
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
12
Maintaining Data
File maintenance refers to the
procedures that keep data current
Adding
records
Modifyi
ng
records
Deletin
g
records
Page 520
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
13
Maintaining Data
Users add new records to a file when
they obtain new data
Page 520
Figure 10-5
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
14
Maintaining Data
Users modify a record to correct
inaccurate data or update old data
Page 521
Figure 10-6
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
15
Maintaining Data
When a record no longer is needed, a
user deletes it from a file
Page 522
Figure 10-7
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
16
Maintaining Data
Validation compares data with a set of
rules or values to find out if the data is
correct
Alphabetic/Num
eric check
Range check
Consistency
check
Completeness
check
Check digit
Other checks
Pages 522 - 524
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
17
File Processing Versus
Databases
File processing
system
Each department has
its own set of files
Used for many years
Have data
redundancy
Isolate data
Pages 524 - 526
Database approach
Programs and users
share data
Reduce data
redundancy
Improve data integrity
Share data
Allows easier access
Reduces development
time
Can be more
18
vulnerable
Discovering Computers 2012:
Chapter 10
File Processing Versus
Databases
Page 525
Figure 10-10
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
19
Database Management
Systems
Page 527
Figure 10-11
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
20
Database Management
Systems
A data dictionary contains data about
each file in the database and each field
in those files
Pages 527 528
Figure 10-12
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
21
Database Management
Systems
A DBMS provides several tools that
allow users and programs to retrieve
and maintain
in the database
Querydata
language
Query by example
Form
Report generator
Page 528
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
22
Database Management
Systems
A query language consists of simple,
English-like statements that allow users
to specify the data to display, print, or
store
Query by example (QBE) provides a
GUI to assist users with retrieving data
Page 528
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
23
Database Management
Systems
Page 529
Figure 10-13
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
24
Database Management
Systems
A form is a window on the screen that
provides areas for entering or modifying
data in a database
Page 530
Figure 10-15
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
25
Database Management
Systems
A report generator allows users to
design a report on the screen, retrieve
data into the report design, and then
display or print the report
Page 531
Figure 10-16
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
26
Database Management
Systems
A DBMS provides means to
ensure that only
authorized users access
data at permitted times
Access privileges
Principle of least privilege
Page 531
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
27
Database Management
Systems
A DMBS provides a variety of techniques
to restore the database to a usable form
in case it is damaged or destroyed
Pages 531 - 532
Backup
Log
Recover
y utility
Continuo
us
backup
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
28
Database Management
Systems
Page 532
Figure 10-17
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
29
Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
A data model consists of rules and
standards that define how the database
organizes data
Page 533
Figure 10-18
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
30
Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
A relational
database stores
data in tables that
consist of rows and
columns
Each row has a
primary key
Each column has a
unique name
A relationship is a
link within the data
Page 533
Figure 10-20
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
31
Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
Structured Query Language (SQL) is
a query language that allows users to
manage, update, and retrieve data
Page 534
Figure 10-21
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
32
Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
An object-oriented database (OODB)
stores data in objects
Examples of applications appropriate for
an object-oriented database include:
Page 534
Multimedia
database
Groupware
database
Computeraided
design
database
Hypertext
database
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
33
Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
Page 535
Figure 10-22
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
34
Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
A multidimensional database can store
data in more than two dimensions of data
Sometimes known as a hypercube
Can consolidate data much faster than a relational
database
A data warehouse is a huge database that
stores and manages the data required to
analyze historical and current transactions
Pages 535 - 536
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
35
Web Databases
Databases on the Web allow you to:
Shop for
products or
services
Buy or sell
stocks
Search for a
job
Make airline
reservations
Register for
college
classes
Check
semester
grades
Page 536
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
36
Web Databases
Page 536
Figure 10-23
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
37
Database Administration
It is important to have a carefully
designed database
Page 537
Figure 10-24
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
38
Database Administration
Database analysts and administrators are
responsible for managing and coordinating
all database activities
Database Analyst (DA)
Decides on proper field
placement, defines data
relationship, and
identifies users access
privileges
Page 538
Database
Administrator (DBA)
Creates and maintains
the data dictionary,
manages security,
monitors performance,
and checks backup and
recovery procedures
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
39
Database Administration
Employees should
learn how to use
the data in the
database
effectively
Interact with
database
Identify new data
for the database
Maintain the
database
Page 538
Figure 10-25
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
40
Summary
How data and
information are
valuable
assets to an
organization
Advantages of
organizing
data in a
database
Page 539
Methods for
maintaining
high-quality
data
Assessing the
quality of
valuable
information
Various types
of databases
Roles of the
database
analysts and
administrators
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10
41
Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Chapter 10 Complete
