Fundamentals of Computer
Programming - I (CSL106)
Dr. A. Charan Kumari
Department of CSE & IT
The NorthCap University
Gurugram
Contents
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Introduction to C
C Fundamentals
Data types and operators
I/O Operations
Decision Control Structure
Case Control Structure
Loops
Arrays
Functions
1. Introduction to C
C
is
a
general-purpose
structured
programming language
C was originally developed in the 1970s by
Dennis Ritchie at Bell Telephone Laboratories,
Inc.
It is an outgrowth of two earlier languages
BCPL and B
C can be used for systems programming as
well as application programming
2. C Fundamentals
1. The C Character set:
C uses upper case letters A to Z, the lower case letters
a to z, the digits 0 t0 9 and certain special character s
as building blocks to from basic program elements
2. Identifiers:
Identifiers are names that are given to various program
elements, such as variables, functions and arrays
3. Keywords:
Keywords are the reserved words that have standard,
pre-defined meaning and are used for their intended
purpose
A simple C Program
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
printf(welcome to C Programming\n);
}
The first statement uses # as a compiler directive and
instructs the compiler to take necessary actions to
handle input/output operations
Second line uses the keyword main() , which denotes
the starting point for execution of the program
printf is an output statement used to display any
message on the screen
3. Data types and
Operators
Data type
Description
Memory
requirement
int
Integer quantity
2 bytes
char
single character
1 byte
float
floating-point number
4 bytes
double
double-precision
floating-point number
8 bytes
Types of operators
Arithmetic
Unary
Relational
Logical
Assignment
Conditional
Operators
1. Arithmetic operators
Operator
Purpose
addition
subtraction
multiplication
division
remainder after integer
division
Operators contd.
2. Unary operators
Operator
Purpose
unary minus
++
increment
--
decrement
sizeof
returns sizeof its
operand in bytes
Operators contd.
3. Relational operators
Operator
purpose
<
less than
<=
less than or equal to
>
greater than
>=
greater than or equal to
==
equal to
!=
not equal to
Operators contd.
4. Logical operators
Operator
Purpose
&&
and
||
or
not
Operators contd.
5. Assignment operators
Operator
Example
a=b
+=
a += b equivalent to a = a +
b
-=
a -= b equivalent to a = a b
*=
a *= b equivalent to a = a *
b
/=
a /= b equivalent to a = a / b
%=
a %= b equivalent to a = a
%b
Operators contd.
6. Conditional operator
C offers a conditional operator (?:) that
stores a value depending upon a condition.
The operator is ternary operator as it
requires three operands.
Syntax:
Expression1 ? Expression2: Expression3
If expression1 evaluates to true i.e.1, then
the value of whole expression is the value of
expression2, otherwise, the value of the
whole expression is the value o0f the
exspression3.
Operator Precedence
Groups
Operator Category
Operators
Associativity
Unary
-, ++, --, !, sizeof R to L
Arithmetic *, /, %
*, /, %
L to R
Arithmetic +, -
+, -
L to R
Relational
< ,<=, > , >=
L to R
Equality
==, !=
L to R
Logical and
&&
L to R
Logical or
||
L to R
Conditional operator
?:
R to L
Assignment
=, +=, -=, *=, /= R to L
, %=
gets()
puts()
scanf()
printf()
getchar()
putchar()
String
I/O
Formatt
ed I/O
Single
characte
r
4. I/O operations
I/O operations contd.
1. Single Character I/O
1. getchar() is used to input a single character
syntax : ch = getchar();
2. putchar() is used to display a single character
syntax : putchar(ch);
I/O operations contd.
2. Formatted I/O
1. scanf():
syntax : scanf(control string, arg1, arg2,
.argn);
Example : scanf(%d %f %c, &no, &value,
&ch);
2. printf():
syntax : printf(control string, arg1, arg2,
., argn);
Example : printf(%d %f %c, no, value,
I/O operations contd.
3. String I/O
1. gets():
syntax : gets(string_variable);
Example : char str[20];
gets(str);
2. puts():
syntax : puts(string_variable);
Example : char str[20] = Welcome 2 C;
puts(str);
5. Decision Control structure - The if
Statement
Syntax: if (condition) statement;
else statement;
An example of one alternative:
if ( x != 0)
product = product * x;
An example of two alternatives:
if ( x%2 == 0)
printf(x is even);
else
printf(x is odd);
Nested if Statements
Nested if statement is an if statement with another
if statement as its true task or false task.
Example :
if (experience >= 20)
if (salary > 1000000)
increment = 0.08 * salary;
else
increment = 0.06 * salary;
else
salary = 0.05 * salary;
6. Case control structure - The
switch Statement
The switch statement is used to select one of several
alternatives when the selection is based on the value of a
single variable or an expression.
Syntax :
switch (controlling expression) {
case label1:
statement1;
break;
case label2:
statement2;
break;
case labeln:
statementn;
break;
default:
statementd;
}
Example
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int day;
scanf(%d, &day);
switch(day)
{
case 1: printf(Monday\n);
break;
case 2: printf(Tuesday\n);
break;
default : printf(Invalid input\n);
}
}
7. Loops
Repetitive execution of a set of statements in
a program is known as a Loop
Types of loop constructs
for
while
do while
for loop
Initialize the
control variable
Syntax :
check
Fals
the
e
for (initialization; test condition; step value)conditio
n
{
True
// body of the loop
Execute the
}
body of the
loop
Example: (to find 10!)
Increment/Decr
int factorial = 1;
ement the
for (i = 1; i < =10; i++)
control variable
factorial = factorial * i;
while loop
Syntax :
while (test condition)
{
// body of the loop
}
Example: (to find 10!)
int factorial = 1, i = 1;
while (i <= 10)
{
factorial = factorial * i;
i++;
}
check
Fals
the
e
conditio
n
True
Execute the
body of the
loop
do while loop
Syntax :
do
{
// body of the loop
}
while (test condition);
Example: (to find 10!)
int factorial = 1, i = 1;
do
{
factorial = factorial * i;
i++;
}
while (i <= 10);
Execute the
body of the
loop
check
Fals
the
e
conditio
n
True
8. Arrays
Array
c[0]
Group of consecutive memory locations
c[1]
Same name and type
c[2]
To refer to an element specify
Array name
Position number
Format:
arrayname[ position number ]
c[3]
c[4]
c[5]
c[6]
c[7]
c[8]
c[9]
c[10]
c[11]
First element at position 0
Last element position n-1 (with size n)
27
3
6
0
72
21
-89
0
62
-3
1
90
78
One dimensional arrays
Syntax:
datatype arrayname [size]
Example : (to find average of n numbers)
int a[20], i, sum = 0, n;
float avg;
scanf(%d, &n);
for(i = 0; i < n ; i++)
{
scanf(%d, &a[i]);
sum += a[i];
}
avg = sum/n;
Two dimensional arrays
Syntax:
datatype arrayname [rowsize][columnsize]
Example : (to find sum of even numbers in an m x n matrix)
int a[20][20], i, j, sum = 0, n;
scanf(%d, &n);
for(i = 0; i < m ; i++)
for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
{
scanf(%d, &a[i][j]);
if (a[i][j] % 2 == 0)
sum += a[i];
}
Character array - String
A string can be represented as a one-
dimensional character-type array.
The last character in a string is always \0, a
null character
Syntax :
char variablename[size];
Example :
char str[] = PROGRAMMING;
P
\0
10 11
9. Functions
A function is a sub-unit of a program
which performs a specific task.
Functions take arguments (variables)
and may return an argument.
An example
#include <stdio.h>
int maximum (int, int);
main()
{
int i= 4;
int j= 5;
int k;
k= maximum (i,j); /* Call maximum function */
printf ("%d is the largest between %d and %d\n",k,i,j);
}
int maximum (int a, int b)
/* Return the largest integer */
{
if (a > b)
return a;
return b;
Functions can access other
functions
Once you have written a function, it can be accessed
from other functions. We can therefore build more
complex functions from simpler functions
int max_of_three (int, int, int);
/* Main and rest of code is in here */
int max_of_three(int i1, int i2, int i3)
/* returns the maximum of three integers */
{
return(maximum (maximum(i1, i2), i3));
}
void functions
A function doesn't have to take or return
arguments. We prototype such a function
using void.
void print_hello (void);
void print_hello (void)
/* this function prints hello */
{
printf ("Hello\n");
}
Thank you
