Addis Ababa University
Department of Computer Science
Advanced Computer
Networking
(CS 723)
Chapter 1: Introduction
(Course Material mainly adapted from:
Kurose, Tannenbaum and/or Forouzan)
Chapter 1: Introduction
Goal: Overview:
get feel and whats the Internet?
terminology whats a protocol?
more depth, detail network edge; hosts, access
later in course net, physical media
approach: network core: packet/circuit
use Internet as
switching, Internet structure
example performance: loss, delay,
throughput
security
protocol layers, service models
history
Introduction 1-2
Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view
PC millions of connected Mobile network
server computing devices: Global ISP
wireless
hosts = end systems
laptop running network
cellular Home network
handheld apps
Regional ISP
communication links
fiber, copper,
access
points
radio, satellite Institutional network
wired
links transmission
rate = bandwidth
routers: forward
router
packets (chunks of
data)
Introduction 1-3
Cool internet appliances
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster
IP picture frame
[Link]
Worlds smallest web server
[Link] Internet phones
Introduction 1-4
Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view
Mobile network
protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs Global ISP
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype,
Ethernet
Home network
Internet: network of
Regional ISP
networks
loosely hierarchical
public Internet versus Institutional network
private intranet
Internet standards
RFC: Request for comments
IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force
Introduction 1-5
Whats the Internet: a service view
communication
infrastructure enables
distributed applications:
Web, VoIP, email, games,
e-commerce, file sharing
communication services
provided to apps:
reliable data delivery
from source to
destination
best effort (unreliable)
data delivery
Introduction 1-6
Whats a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
whats the time? machines rather than
I have a question humans
introductions all communication
activity in Internet
governed by protocols
specific msgs sent
specific actions protocols define format,
taken when msgs order of msgs sent and
received, or other received among network
events entities, and actions
taken on msg
transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-7
Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? Get [Link]
2:00
<file>
time
Q: Other human protocols?
Introduction 1-8
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History
Introduction 1-9
A closer look at network structure:
network edge:
applications and
hosts
access networks,
physical media:
wired, wireless
communication links
network core:
interconnected
routers
network of
networks Introduction 1-10
The network edge:
end systems (hosts):
run application programs
e.g. Web, email
at edge of network peer-peer
client/server model
client host requests, receives
service from always-on server
client/server
e.g. Web browser/server;
email client/server
peer-peer model:
minimal (or no) use of
dedicated servers
e.g. Skype, BitTorrent
Introduction 1-11
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
residential access nets
institutional access
networks (school,
company)
mobile access networks
Keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?
shared or dedicated?
Introduction 1-12
Residential access: point to point access
Dialup via modem
up to 56Kbps direct access to
router (often less)
Cant surf and phone at same
time: cant be always on
DSL: digital subscriber line
deployment: telephone company (typically)
up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps)
up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps)
dedicated physical line to telephone central office
Introduction 1-13
Residential access: cable modems
HFC: hybrid fiber coax
asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2
Mbps upstream
network of cable and fiber attaches homes to
ISP router
homes share access to router
deployment: available via cable TV companies
Introduction 1-14
Residential access: cable modems
Diagram: [Link] Introduction 1-15
Cable Network Architecture: Overview
Typically 500 to 5,000 homes
cable headend
home
cable distribution
network (simplified)
Introduction 1-16
Cable Network Architecture: Overview
server(s)
cable headend
home
cable distribution
network
Introduction 1-17
Cable Network Architecture: Overview
cable headend
home
cable distribution
network (simplified)
Introduction 1-18
Cable Network Architecture: Overview
FDM (more shortly):
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
cable headend
home
cable distribution
network
Introduction 1-19
Company access: local area networks
company/univ local area
network (LAN) connects
end system to edge router
Ethernet:
10 Mbs, 100Mbps,
1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet
modern configuration:
end systems connect
into Ethernet switch
LANs: chapter 5
Introduction 1-20
Wireless access networks
shared wireless access
network connects end system
to router router
via base station aka access
point
base
wireless LANs: station
802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps
wider-area wireless access
provided by telco operator
~1Mbps over cellular system
mobile
(EVDO, HSDPA)
next up (?): WiMAX (10s Mbps)
hosts
over wide area
Introduction 1-21
Home networks
Typical home network components:
DSL or cable modem
router/firewall/NAT
Ethernet
wireless access
point
wireless
to/from laptops
cable router/
cable
modem firewall
headend
wireless
access
Ethernet point
Introduction 1-22
Physical Media
Twisted Pair (TP)
Bit: propagates between two insulated copper
transmitter/rcvr pairs wires
physical link: what lies Category 3: traditional
between transmitter & phone wires, 10 Mbps
receiver Ethernet
guided media:
Category 5:
100Mbps Ethernet
signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
unguided media:
signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Introduction 1-23
Physical Media: coax, fiber
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
glass fiber carrying light
two concentric copper
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
bidirectional high-speed operation:
baseband: high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 10s-
single channel on cable
100s Gps)
legacy Ethernet
low error rate: repeaters
broadband:
multiple channels on spaced far apart ; immune
cable to electromagnetic noise
HFC
Introduction 1-24
Physical media: radio
signal carried in Radio link types:
electromagnetic terrestrial microwave
spectrum e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
no physical wire LAN (e.g., Wifi)
bidirectional 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
propagation wide-area (e.g., cellular)
environment effects: 3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps
reflection satellite
obstruction by objects Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
interference multiple smaller channels)
270 msec end-end delay
geosynchronous versus low
altitude
Introduction 1-25
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History
Introduction 1-26
The Network Core
mesh of interconnected
routers
the fundamental
question: how is data
transferred through net?
circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per
call: telephone net
packet-switching: data
sent thru net in
discrete chunks
Introduction 1-27
Network Core: Circuit Switching
End-end resources
reserved for call
link bandwidth, switch
capacity
dedicated resources:
no sharing
circuit-like
(guaranteed)
performance
call setup required
Introduction 1-28
Network Core: Circuit Switching
network resources dividing link bandwidth
(e.g., bandwidth) into pieces
divided into pieces frequency division
pieces allocated to calls time division
resource pieceidle if
not used by owning call
(no sharing)
Introduction 1-29
Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Introduction 1-30
Numerical example
How long does it take to send a file of
640,000 bits from host A to host B over a
circuit-switched network?
All links are 1.536 Mbps
Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec
500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit
Lets work it out!
Introduction 1-31
Network Core: Packet Switching
each end-end data stream resource contention:
divided into packets aggregate resource
user A, B packets share demand can exceed
network resources amount available
each packet uses full link congestion: packets
bandwidth queue, wait for link use
resources used as needed store and forward:
packets move one hop
at a time
Bandwidth division into pieces Node receives complete
Dedicated allocation packet before forwarding
Resource reservation
Introduction 1-32
Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
100 Mb/s
A Ethernet statistical multiplexing C
1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets
waiting for output
link
D E
Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern,
bandwidth shared on demand statistical multiplexing.
TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
Introduction 1-33
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L
R R R
takes L/R seconds to Example:
transmit (push out) L = 7.5 Mbits
packet of L bits on to R = 1.5 Mbps
link at R bps
transmission delay = 15
store and forward:
sec
entire packet must
arrive at router before
it can be transmitted
on next link
delay = 3L/R (assuming more on delay shortly
zero propagation delay)
Introduction 1-34
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Packet switching allows more users to use network!
1 Mb/s link
each user:
100 kb/s when active
active 10% of time
N users
circuit-switching: 1 Mbps link
10 users
packet switching:
with 35 users, Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
probability > 10 active
at same time is less
than .0004
Introduction 1-35
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Is packet switching a slam dunk winner?
great for bursty data
resource sharing
simpler, no call setup
excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
protocols needed for reliable data transfer,
congestion control
Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)
Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit
switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet-switching)? Introduction 1-36
Internet structure: network of networks
roughly hierarchical
at center: tier-1 ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T,
Cable and Wireless), national/international coverage
treat each other as equals
Tier-1
providers
Tier 1 ISP
interconnect
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP
Introduction 1-37
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone
peering
.
to/from customers
Introduction 1-38
Internet structure: network of networks
Tier-2 ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs
Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISP pays Tier-2 ISP also peer
Tier-2 ISP privately with
tier-1 ISP for
connectivity to Tier 1 ISP each other.
rest of Internet
tier-2 ISP is
customer of
tier-1 provider Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Introduction 1-39
Internet structure: network of networks
Tier-3 ISPs and local ISPs
last hop (access) network (closest to end systems)
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Local and tier- Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
3 ISPs are
customers of Tier 1 ISP
higher tier
ISPs
connecting
them to rest
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
of Internet
local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP Introduction 1-40
Internet structure: network of networks
a packet passes through many networks!
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP Introduction 1-41
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History
Introduction 1-42
How do loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link
capacity
packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)
B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-43
Four sources of packet delay
1. nodal processing: 2. queueing
check bit errors time waiting at output
determine output link link for transmission
depends on congestion
level of router
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
Introduction 1-44
Delay in packet-switched networks
3. Transmission delay: 4. Propagation delay:
R=link bandwidth (bps) d = length of physical link
L=packet length (bits) s = propagation speed in
time to send bits into medium (in the range of
link = L/R 2x108 m/sec to 3x108)
propagation delay = d/s
Note: s and R are very
different quantities!
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
Introduction 1-45
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
cars propagate at Time to push entire
100 km/hr caravan through toll booth
toll booth takes 12 sec to onto highway = 12*10 = 120
service car (transmission sec
time) Time for last car to
car~bit; caravan ~ packet propagate from 1st to 2nd
Q: How long until caravan is toll booth: 100km/
lined up before 2nd toll (100km/hr)= 1 hr
booth? A: 62 minutes
Introduction 1-46
Caravan analogy (more)
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
Yes! After 7 min, 1st car at
Cars now propagate at 2nd booth and 3 cars still
1000 km/hr at 1st booth.
Toll booth now takes 1 1st bit of packet can arrive
min to service a car at 2nd router before
Q: Will cars arrive to packet is fully transmitted
2nd booth before all at 1st router!
cars serviced at 1st See Ethernet applet at AWL
booth? Web site
Introduction 1-47
Nodal delay
d nodal d proc d queue d trans d prop
dproc = processing delay
typically a few microsecs or less
dqueue = queuing delay
depends on congestion
dtrans = transmission delay
= L/R, significant for low-speed links
dprop = propagation delay
a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs
Introduction 1-48
Queueing delay (revisited)
R=link bandwidth (bps)
L=packet length (bits)
a=average packet
arrival rate
traffic intensity = La/R
La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small
La/R -> 1: delays become large
La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be
serviced, average delay infinite!
Introduction 1-49
Real Internet delays and routes
What do real Internet delay & loss look like?
Traceroute program: provides delay
measurement from source to router along end-end
Internet path towards destination. For all i:
sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
router i will return packets to sender
sender times interval between transmission and reply.
3 probes 3 probes
3 probes
Introduction 1-50
Real Internet delays and routes
traceroute: [Link] to [Link]
Three delay measurements from
[Link] to [Link]
1 cs-gw ([Link]) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 [Link] ([Link]) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 [Link] ([Link]) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 [Link] ([Link]) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 [Link] ([Link]) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 [Link] ([Link]) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 [Link] ([Link]) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 [Link] ([Link]) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 [Link] ([Link]) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 [Link] ([Link]) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 [Link] ([Link]) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 [Link] ([Link]) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 [Link] ([Link]) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 [Link] ([Link]) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 [Link] ([Link]) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 [Link] ([Link]) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 [Link] ([Link]) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
Introduction 1-51
Packet loss
queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has
finite capacity
packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
lost packet may be retransmitted by previous
node, by source end system, or not at all
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
Introduction 1-52
Throughput
throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which
bits transferred between sender/receiver
instantaneous: rate at given point in time
average: rate over longer period of time
server,
server sendswith link
bits pipe capacity
that can carry link that
pipe capacity
can carry
file of
(fluid) F bits
into pipe fluid at rate
Rs bits/sec Rfluid at rate
c bits/sec
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
Introduction 1-53
Throughput (more)
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-54
Throughput: Internet scenario
Rs
per-connection
Rs Rs
end-end
throughput:
R
min(Rc,Rs,R/10)
in practice: Rc or Rs Rc Rc
is often bottleneck Rc
10 connections (fairly) share
backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
Introduction 1-55
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History
Introduction 1-56
Protocol Layers
Networks are complex!
many pieces:
hosts Question:
routers Is there any hope of
links of various organizing structure of
network?
media
applications
Or at least our discussion of
protocols networks?
hardware,
software
Introduction 1-57
Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)
baggage (check) baggage (claim)
gates (load) gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway landing
airplane routing airplane routing
airplane routing
a series of steps
Introduction 1-58
Layering of airline functionality
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket
baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage
gates (load) gates (unload) gate
runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing
airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
departure intermediate air-traffic arrival
airport control centers airport
Layers: each layer implements a service
via its own internal-layer actions
relying on services provided by layer below
Introduction 1-59
Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems:
explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex systems pieces
layered reference model for discussion
modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
change of implementation of layers service
transparent to rest of system
e.g., change in gate procedure doesnt affect
rest of system
Introduction 1-60
Internet protocol stack
application: supporting network
applications
FTP, SMTP, HTTP
application
transport: process-process data
transfer transport
TCP, UDP
network: routing of datagrams from network
source to destination
IP, routing protocols link
link: data transfer between neighboring
network elements physical
PPP, Ethernet
physical: bits on the wire
Introduction 1-61
ISO/OSI reference model
presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g., application
encryption, compression, machine-
specific conventions presentation
session: synchronization, session
checkpointing, recovery of data transport
exchange
Internet stack missing these network
layers! link
these services, if needed, must physical
be implemented in application
Introduction 1-62
message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
Message
Segment link
Datagram physical
Frame
switch
destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
Introduction 1-63
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History
Introduction 1-64
Network Security
The field of network security is about:
how bad guys can attack computer networks
how we can defend networks against attacks
how to design architectures that are immune to
attacks
Internet not originally designed with
(much) security in mind
original vision: a group of mutually trusting
users attached to a transparent network
Security considerations in all layers!
Introduction 1-65
Bad guys can put malware into
hosts via Internet
Malware can get in host from a virus, worm, or
trojan horse.
Spyware malware can record keystrokes, web
sites visited, upload info to collection site.
Infected host can be enrolled in a botnet, used
for spam and DDoS attacks.
Malware is often self-replicating: from an
infected host, seeks entry into other hosts
Introduction 1-66
Bad guys can put malware into
hosts via Internet
Trojan horse Worm:
Hidden part of some infection by passively
otherwise useful receiving object that gets
software itself executed
Today often on a Web self- replicating: propagates
page (Active-X, plugin) to other hosts, users
Virus
infection by receiving
object (e.g., e-mail
attachment), actively
executing
self-replicating:
propagate itself to other
hosts, users
Introduction 1-67
Bad guys can attack servers and
network infrastructure
Denial of service (DoS): attackers make resources
(server, bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic
by overwhelming resource with bogus traffic
1. select target
2. break into hosts
around the network
(see botnet)
3. send packets toward
target from target
compromised hosts
Introduction 1-68
The bad guys can sniff packets
Packet sniffing:
broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless)
promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets
(e.g., including passwords!) passing by
A C
src:B dest:A payload
B
Wireshark software is a (free) packet-sniffer
(try to see how it works)
Introduction 1-69
The bad guys can use false source
addresses
IP spoofing: send packet with false source address
A C
src:B dest:A payload
Introduction 1-70
The bad guys can record and
playback
record-and-playback: sniff sensitive info (e.g.,
password), and use later
password holder is that user from system point of view
C
A
src:B dest:A user: B; password: foo
Introduction 1-71
Network Security
More in next course
chapter 8: focus on security related issues
cryptographic techniques: obvious uses and
not so obvious uses
Introduction 1-72
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History
Introduction 1-73
Internet History
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock - queueing 1972:
theory shows ARPAnet public demonstration
effectiveness of packet- NCP (Network Control Protocol)
switching
first host-host protocol
1964: Baran - packet-
first e-mail program
switching in military nets
ARPAnet has 15 nodes
1967: ARPAnet conceived
by Advanced Research
Projects Agency
1969: first ARPAnet node
operational
Introduction 1-74
Internet History
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
1970: ALOHAnet satellite
Cerf and Kahns internetworking
network in Hawaii principles:
1974: Cerf and Kahn - minimalism, autonomy - no
architecture for internal changes required
interconnecting networks to interconnect networks
best effort service model
1976: Ethernet at Xerox
stateless routers
PARC
decentralized control
ate70s: proprietary
architectures: DECnet, SNA, define todays Internet
XNA architecture
late 70s: switching fixed
length packets (ATM
precursor)
1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Introduction 1-75
Internet History
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
1983: deployment of new national networks:
TCP/IP Csnet, BITnet,
1982: smtp e-mail NSFnet, Minitel
protocol defined 100,000 hosts
1983: DNS defined connected to
for name-to-IP- confederation of
address translation networks
1985: ftp protocol
defined
1988: TCP congestion
control
Introduction 1-76
Internet History
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
Early 1990s: ARPAnet Late 1990s 2000s:
decommissioned more killer apps: instant
1991: NSF lifts restrictions on messaging, P2P file sharing
commercial use of NSFnet network security to
(decommissioned, 1995)
forefront
early 1990s: Web
est. 50 million host, 100
hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson
million+ users
1960s] backbone links running at
HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee
Gbps
1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
late 1990s:
commercialization of the Web
Introduction 1-77
Internet History
2007:
~500 million hosts
Voice, Video over IP
P2P applications: BitTorrent
(file sharing) Skype (VoIP),
PPLive (video)
more applications: YouTube,
gaming
wireless, mobility
Introduction 1-78
Introduction: Summary
Covered a ton of material!
You now have:
Internet overview
context, overview,
whats a protocol?
feel of networking
network edge, core, access more depth, detail to
network follow!
packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
Internet structure
performance: loss, delay,
throughput
layering, service models
security
history
Introduction 1-79
