Principle of Communication

Engineering
First Semester 2008/2009

Electronic and Comm. Eng. Dept.

 References
1. Communication Systems, Analog and Digital.
SANJAY SHARMA.
2. Modern Electrical Communication, Analog and
Digital and Optical Systems, J. Anderson.
3. Modern Digital and Analog Communication
Systems, B. P. Lathi .
 Signal:
Time domain
Frequency domain

The signal generally given in the time-domain, which

specify the amplitude of the signal at a particular time
instant.

Some mathematical tools are used to analyze and

convert the time-domain signal into frequency-domain
to get the frequency components present in the signal.
These Mathematical Tools are:

Fourier Series
Fourier Transform
1. Define the signal ?
2. What is the size of the signal ?
3. Classify the signal ?

The signal is a function of one or more independent

variables which contains some information

The signal may be:

Voltage
Current
Power
 Signals may be classified as:

1. Continuous and Discrete time signals.

2. Real and Complex signals.
3. Deterministic and Random signals.
4. Periodic and Non-Periodic signals.
5. Even and Odd signals.
6. Energy and Power signals.
7. Analog and Digital signals.
 Signal classification

Signal classification
Continous time Discrete time
Even Odd
Periodic Nonperiodic/aperiodic
Deterministic Random
Energy Power
1. Continuous time and Discrete-time signal:

The signal x (t) is a continuous time signal if the time

(t) is a continuous variable.

A Continuous time signal is defined continuously in

the time-domain.

The signal x (t) is a Discrete time signal if the time (t) is

a discrete variable.

A Discrete time signal is defined at discrete times, and

is denoted by x (n), where n is an integer.
 Draw a graph of Continuous-time and Discrete-time
signal ?
 Continuous-time system

Continuous-time system: the input and output signals

are continuous time
Discrete-time system

Discrete-time system has discrete-time

input and output signals
 Continuous & discrete time signal

x(t) is defined for all time t.

x[n] is defined only at discrete instants of time.
x[n] = x(nTs), n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
Ts: sampling period

(a) Continuous-time signal x(t). (b) Representation of x(t) as a discrete-time

signal x[n].
2. Real and Complex Signals:

The signal x (t) is a Real signal if its value is a real

number.

The signal x (t) is a Complex signal if its value is a

complex number.
3. Deterministic and Random signals:
Deterministic signal:

The signal x (t) is a Deterministic signal if it can be

completely specified with time.

Its pattern is regular and can be characterized

mathematically.

Its amplitude at any time can be predicted.

Examples of Deterministic signal:

1- xt bt

This is a Ramp signal, its amplitude increase linearly

with time, and its slope is b.

2- xt a sin wt
This is a sinusoidal signal its amplitude varies
sinusoidal with time, and its maximum amplitude is A.
Random signal:

Is the signal whose occurrence is always random in

nature.

Its pattern is irregular.

Random signals are also called non-deterministic

signals.

Example of Random signals is Thermal noise.

 Deterministic & random signal
Deterministic signal: there is no
uncertainty with respect to its value at any
time. Specified function.
Random signal: there is uncertainty before
it occurs.
4. Periodic and Aperiodic signals:

The periodic signal has a definite pattern and repeats

over and over with a repetition period of T.

A signal is called Periodic if it exhibits periodicity as:

xt nT xnT t
T is the period of the signal.
 Draw a figure shows a Periodic signal ?
Aperiodic signal:

The signal is said to be Aperiodic signal if it does not

repeat it self.

An example of Aperiodic signal is a decaying

exponential signal: Explain and Draw ?
xt e
at

T a t
xt T o e
a t
e
o

xt T o e e
at at
e 0
xt T o 0

Which is not equal to x (t).

 Examples:

Determine whether the following signals are periodic

or not ? Calculate the period ?

1- xt sin 15t
2- xt sin 2t

xt e
at
3-
1- xt sin 15t is a periodic signal

T 2 / w 2 / 15 2 / 15 0.133sec .

2- xt sin 2t is a periodic signal

T 2 / w 2 / 2 2 / 2 1.41sec .
 xt e
at
3- is Aperiodic signal
 Periodic & nonperiodic signals
Periodic signal
x(t) = x(t+T), for all t
T = fundatamental period
Fundamental frequency, f = 1/T unit Hz
Angular frequency, = 2f unit rad/s
Nonperiodic signal
No value of T satisties the condition above
 (a) Periodic signal
(b) Nonperiodic signal
 (Example)
What is the fundamental frequency of triangular wave
below? Express the fundamental frequency in units of Hz
and rad/s.

Answer: 5 Hz or 10 rad/s
Periodic & nonperiodic signal for
discrete time signal
Periodic discrete time signal
x[n] = x[n + N], for integer n

Periodic signal
Nonperiodic signal
 Example
For each of the following signals,
determine whether it is periodic, and if it is,
find the fundamental period.
x(t) = cos2(2t)
x(t) = sin3(2t)
x[n] = (-1)n
x[n] = cos (2n)
x[n] = cos (2n)

T = 0.5 s, T = s, T = 2 sample, nonperiodic, T = 1

sample
 5. Even and Odd signal:

An Even signal is that type of signal which exhibits

symmetry in time-domain.

It is identical about the origin.

An Even signal satisfy the condition that:

xt x t
 Shows an Even signal with figure ?
 Odd signal:

An Odd signal is that type of signal which exhibits anti-

symmetry.

It is not identical about the origin.

Actually, it is identical to its negative

Odd signal must satisfy the following condition:

xt x t
 Shows an Odd signal with figure ?
 Even & odd signal
Even signal (symmetric about vertical axis)
x(-t) = x(t) for all t.
Odd signal (asymmetric about vertical axis)
x(-t) = -x(t) for all t.
 Even & odd signal (example)
Consider the signal
t
x(t ) sin( ),T t T
T
0, otherwise
Is the signal x(t) an even or an odd function of time t?
Clue: replace t with t
Answer: odd signal because x(-t) = -x(t)
6. Analog and Digital signal:
7. Energy and Power signal:

Signals may be energy or power signals.

Some signals neither energy nor power signals.

Energy signal is one which has finite energy and zero

average power.
For an arbitrary continuous-time signal x(t), the normalized
energy content E of x(t) is defined as

The normalized average power P of x(t) is defined as

Based on equations of E and P
The following classes of signals are defined:

1. x(t) is said to be an energy signal

if and only if 0 < E < ( P = 0)

2. x(t) is said to be a power signal

if and only if 0 < P < (E = )

3. Signals that satisfy neither property are referred to as neither

energy signals nor power signals
Example
Determine whether the following signals are energy signals, power
signals, or neither.
Solution

a-

Thus, x(t) is an energy signal.

b-

The sinusoidal signal x(t) is periodic with To = 2/0. Then by the result, the
average power of x(t) is

Thus, x(t) is a power signal.

Note that: periodic signals are, in general, power signals.
c-

Thus, x(t) is neither an energy signal nor a power signal.

 Energy & power signals
Energy signal; 0 < E <
Power signal; 0 < P <

E (t )dt
2
x
Continuous time signals
T /2
1
P
2
x (t )dt
T T / 2

E [ n]
x 2

n
Discrete time signals 1 N 1
P
N
[ n]
x 2

n 0
 Useful signal models
Sinusoidal
Exponential
Unit step function
Unit impulse function
 Sinusoidal Signals:

Where
A is the amplitude (real)
0 is the radian frequency in radians per second
is the phase angle in radians.
 Sinusoidal
(a) Sinusoidal signal A cos(t + ).
(b) Sinusoidal signal A sin (t + ).
Unit step function

1, t 0
u (t )
0, t 0
 Unit impulse function
1
Pulse signal = , 0t
p (t )
0, otherwise

Unit impulse
(Dirac delta) = (t ) lim p (t ) (t ) 0, t 0
0 (t ) dt 1

 Time and frequency domains
Most analysis were done in frequency
domain.
Much more information can be extracted
from a signal in frequency domain.
To represent a signal in frequency domain,
some method were introduced, the first
one is
FOURIER SERIES