Data Transmission

Presented by:
Kristina Westin
Andy Noll
Jen Stoe

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 History of Data Transmission
• Morse Code
• Electric Telegraph
• Cables
• Telephone
• Phonograph & Communication
Equipment
• Electrical Numerical Integrator
and Computer
(developed by the US. Army and University of
Pennsylvania late in World War II)
 • Computers (Apple I in 1976)
• Robotics
• Analog Video Disc & Digital CD-Rom Disc

“Presently, the United States is the most technologically

advanced country in the area of telecommunications with about;
126 million phone lines, 7.5 million cellular phone users, 5
thousand AM radio broadcast stations, 5 thousand FM radio
stations, 1 thousand television broadcast stations, 9 thousand
cable television systems, 530 million radios, 193 million
television sets, 24 ocean cables, and scores of satellite
facilities!”
 Types of Data Transmission Technologies
• Broadcast (radio & TV)
• Cable (TV & modems)
• Recording (digital & video)
• Wired telephony
• Mobile communications systems (PCS, cellular, etc.)
• Analog (telephone) networks
• Digital (data) networks (ISDN, Ethernet, etc.)
• Fiber optics
• Satellite
What IS Data Transmission?
…The way data is encoded
in order for a network to
transmit information from
one computer to another.
(computer representation)
 Computer Representation
This varies according to the TYPE of data:
• Audio data
• Text data
• Graphical data
• Video data
2 Categories of Data Representation
• Digital: information is encoded as a set of
binary values
• Analogue: data will be represented by
the variation in a continuous
physical quantity

In order for data transmission to occur,

there must be a transmission line (also
called transmission channel) between
the two machines.
Transmission Channels

• Transmission channels allow data to circulate in

the form of electromagnetic, electrical, light, or
acoustic waves.
• Encoding must be chosen for the transmission
signals (based on the physical medium used to
transfer the data).
• Simple (serial) data transmission is when there
are only two machines communicating, or if only
a single piece of data is sent.
• Multiplexing (parallel) is when it is necessary to
install several transmission lines or to share the
line among several different communications.
 What IS a Transmission Channel?
…a connection between 2 machines
1. transmitter - the machine that sends the
data
2. receiver - the machine that receives the
data
Machines can sometimes be both receivers and
transmitters (for instance, computers connected
to a network).
 Asynchronous and Synchronous Data
Transmission
• Asynchronous transmission uses start
and stop bits to signify the beginning and
end of a transmission.
• Synchronous transmission uses no start
and stop bits. A continual stream of data is
sent between the two nodes.
 Physical Media
Physical transmission media are the elements
that allow information to flow between
transmission devices.

3 Categories of Physical Media

• Wire media allow an electrical quantity to circulate
on a cable that is generally metallic
• Aerial media refers to the air which allow the
circulation of electromagnetic waves and various
types of radio-electric waves
• Optical media allow information to be sent in the
form of light
 More Transmission Terminology
• Guided media - Waves are guided along a physical
path; twisted pair, optical fiber, coaxial cable

• Unguided media - Waves are not guided; air waves, radio

• Direct link- Signal goes from transmitter to receiver with

no intermediate devices

• Point-to-point link - Guided media with direct link between

two devices

• Multipoint guided configuration -More than two devices

sharing the same medium
 Protocols and Handshaking
• Protocol – the agreed-upon format for transmitting data
between two devices
(ex. computer and printer)

• Handshaking- the process by which two devices

initiate communications
- must occur before data transmission
as it allows the protocol to be agreed
 Analog vs. Digital
Analog Transmission Digital Transmission

• Analog uses signals that • The first form of digital

carry sound waves or transmission of information
was the Morse code. Digital
pictures. These forms of transmission of information
information are then utilizes binary code to transmit
carried via either wires or data (1/0)
wireless tools to receiving
units. The signal strength
varies based on
frequency or amplitude.
 Local Area vs. Wide Area
Local Area Transmission Wide Area Transmission
• Describes the computers • Connected computers
within our schools can be several miles
• Works well over short away
distances • The major problem is
• Greater reliability speed of transmission
• Ethernet cables are the which decreases over
main source of distance
connection within school • Fiber optic cable is most
buildings reliable and the preferred
method of data delivery
 LAN Tools of Data Transmission
Computer Switch & Ethernet Cables
 Advantages of Optical Fiber Cable

• Light-weight
• Immune to noise
• Low attenuation
• Tolerates data rates on the order of 100 Mbps
• Bandwidth from tens of megahertz to several gigahertz

• Fiber optic cabling is particularly suited to links between distributors

(central link between several buildings, known as backbone) as it allows
connections over long distances.
• Furthermore, this type of cable is very secure as it is extremely difficult to
tap in to such a cable.

• However, this cable type is not suitable for local network

connections. For this reason, twisted pair or coaxial cable are
preferred for shorter links.
 Wide Area Tools of Data Transmission
Types of cable used for transmission of data
• Coaxial cable

• Fiber Optic Cable

 Popular Choices
Of
Data Transmission

Fire Wire Hi-Speed USB 2.0

Uses a "Peer-to-Peer" Uses a "Master-Slave"
architecture in which the architecture in which the
peripherals determine the computer itself
most effective device for determines the best
the transfer of means of data
information. This will transmission. The CPU
enable a smooth and selects from the
efficient dissemination of peripherals that are
information. attached to the machine.
This tends to slow the
transmission of data and
further impacts the CPU
Fire Wire
 Universal Serial Bus
(USB)
This style of connection has been the industry
standard for 13 years and serves as one of the
most vital data transmission devices. USB offers
internal power options which allow devices to utilize
the power of the CPU to run the device. USB 2.0
transmits data at 480 Mbps. USB connections now
face stiff competition from wireless connections, but
as things stand, its effects are still being felt through
out the world.
USB Connections
 Uploads and Downloads

Download refers to data transfer from the server to

your computer and upload refers to data transfer
from your computer to the server. It is of interest to
know that upload and download occur on separate
transmission channels (whether this be on a modem
or on a special-purpose line). So, when you are
sending (uploading) a document you are not losing
any download bandwidth!
Data Transmission Speeds
Wireless Data Transmission
 For wireless data transmission to
occur you need three things
• A transmitter

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• A receiver
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• A wireless channel
– The higher the frequency of the channel the
more information it can transfer.
Short Range Data Transmissions

Bluetooth Wifi

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 Bluetooth
• Range is up to 10 feet and in some cases reach up to
100 meters
• Small Bluetooth chip inserted into the device along with
software to run it.
• Invented in 1994 by engineers at Ericsson
• In 1998 a group of companies joined forces to add it into
their technology so no company ‘owns’ the rights to it.
The group is called SIG (special interest group)
• Meant to be a collaborative tool between various types of
technology.
 Wi-Fi
• Wireless fidelity
• Small Hotspots
– Accessible with a router.
• Transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5
GHz
• WiFi radios can transmit on any of three
frequency bands
– They can also hop between the frequencies
so that more devices can be in the network.
 Types of Wifi Networks
Open Open for anyone to use. Anyone
can connect.

WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy Can be accessed with a password

64 Bit

WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access Uses TKIP, Provides more security

WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 Uses a pre-shared key. Most

2 secure
Long Range Data
Transmissions
 WiMAX
• Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access
• Range - 30-mile (50-km) radius from base
station
• Speed - 70 megabits per second
• Line-of-sight not needed between user
and base station
• Frequency bands - 2 to 11 GHz and 10 to
66 GHz (licensed and unlicensed bands)
 Satelitte
• Satellite
– receive (download) at a speed of about 1
Mbps
– send (upload) at a speed of about 200 kbps.
• Cell Phone 3G and 4G Services
– Slower than Broadband but accessible
anywhere there is cell phone service.
 Network Standards
IEEE wireless
802.11a networking standard 54Mbps 5 GHz

IEEE wireless
802.11b networking standard 11Mbps 2.4 GHz

IEEE wireless
802.11g networking standard 54Mbps 2.4 GHz
g+ up to
125Mbps
MIMO (multiple-input
802.11n multiple-output) 540Mbps 2.4 GHz
technology

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