Network
• Connectivity and Communication
• Intranet
• Extranet
• Internet
Use internet to refer to the worldwide collection of networks that use open protocols such as TCP/IP to
communicate with one another.
Use intranet to refer to a communications network based on web technology but that's available only
to certain people, such as the employees of a company.
Use extranet to refer to an extension of an intranet that uses internet protocols to give authorized
outside users limited access to the intranet.
OSI Reference Model
• Provides interoperability between the devices of different
Vendors.
• Application Layer
• Presentation Layer
• Session Layer
• Transport Layer
• Network layer
• Data Link Layer
• Physical Layer
IP Addressing
IP Addresses
• Structure of an IP address
• Subnetting
• CIDR
• IP Version 6 addresses
IP Addresses
32 bits
version header Type of Service/TOS Total Length (in bytes)
(4 bits) length (8 bits) (16 bits)
flags
Identification (16 bits) Fragment Offset (13 bits)
(3 bits)
TTL Time-to-Live Protocol
Header Checksum (16 bits)
(8 bits) (8 bits)
Source IP address (32 bits)
Destination IP address (32 bits)
What is an IP Address?
• An IP address is a unique global address for a network
interface
• An IP address:
- is a 32 bit long identifier
- encodes a network number (network prefix)
and a host number
Dotted Decimal Notation
• IP addresses are written in a so-called dotted decimal
notation
• Each byte is identified by a decimal number in the range
[0..255]:
• Example:
10000000 10001111 10001001 10010000
1st Byte 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte
= 128 = 143 = 137 = 144
[Link]
Network prefix and Host number
• The network prefix identifies a network and the host number
identifies a specific host (actually, interface on the network).
network prefix host number
• How do we know how long the network prefix is?
– The network prefix used to be implicitly defined (class-
based addressing, A,B,C,D…)
– The network prefix now is flexible and is indicated by a
prefix/netmask (classless).
Example
Example: [Link]
•IP address is [Link]
– Is that enough info to route datagram??? -> No, need netmask or
prefix at every IP device (host and router)
•Using Prefix notation IP address is: [Link]/16
– Network prefix is 16 bits long
•Network mask is: [Link] or hex format: ffff0000
-----> Network id (IP address AND Netmask) is: [Link]
-----> Host number (IP address AND inverse of Netmask) is: 137.144
128.143 137.144
Subnetting
• Problem: Organizations
have multiple networks
University Network
which are independently
managed Engineering Medical
– Solution 1: Allocate an School School
address for each network
• Difficult to manage
• From the outside of the Library
organization, each
network must be
addressable ie have an
identifiable address.
– Solution 2: Add another
level of hierarchy to the
IP addressing structure Subnetting
Basic Idea of Subnetting
• Split the host number portion of an IP address into a
subnet number and a (smaller) host number.
• Result is a 3-layer hierarchy
network prefix host number
network prefix subnet number host number
extended network prefix
• Then:
• Subnets can be freely assigned within the organization
• Internally, subnets are treated as separate networks
• Subnet structure is not visible outside the organization
Example of a Subnetting Plan
Subnet [Link]/24
Internet
Subnet 1
34=00100010
Subnet [Link]/25
Subnet 3
Router
R
Subnet [Link]/25
Subnet 4 132=10100100
Subnetwork: [Link]/24
Subnet 2
Subnet [Link]/24
2 bytes available for subnetting
IP Network: [Link]/16
Advantages of Subnetting
• With subnetting, IP addresses use a 3-layer hierarchy:
» Network
» Subnet
» Host
• Improves efficiency of IP addresses by not consuming an
entire address space for each physical network.
• Reduces router complexity. Since external routers do not
know about subnetting, the complexity of routing tables at
external routers is reduced.
• Note: Length of the subnet mask need not be identical at all
subnetworks.
Subnetting Example:
Network without subnets
[Link]/16
Same Network with Subnets
Same network with different subnetmasks
[Link]
Subnet
Subnetting Example
• An organization with 4 departements has the following IP
address space: [Link]/23. As the systems manager, you
are required to create subnets to accommodate the IT needs
of 4 departments. The subnets have to support to 200, 61, 55,
and 41 hosts respectively. What are the 4 subnet network
numbers?
• Solution:
– [Link]/24 (256 addresses > 200)
– [Link]/26 (64 addresses >61)
– [Link]/26 (64 addresses > 55)
– [Link]/26 (64 addresses > 41)
