FIRST AID

A lecture is basics of first aid and the medical

treatment for minor injuries
Diana Tahir , Mpharm
FIRST AID; AN INTRODUCTION

Is immediate care or procedure

wich is given to injuried or
suddenly ill person.
 THE FIRST AID BOX
What are the essential found in a First Aid box?
PURPOSE OF FIRST AID
To:
 Preserve life

 Prevent illness or further harm

 Prevent the state from worsenning

 Promote recovery
 Stages of first aid

This topic helps us that during any first aid

process or during any emergency procedure ,
wich medical action or process must be do first
?OR wich process must be do first?

The system was:

DRABCDE
D:Danger
R:Response
A:Airway
B:Breathing
C:Circulation
D:Disability
E:Exposure
FIRST AID KIT MAY CONTAIN;
 plasters in a variety of different sizes and shapes
 Eye pad
 small, medium and large sterile gauze dress
 Bandage → for tying
 Safety pines
 Triangular bandage
 safety pins
 disposable sterile gloves
 scissors →For cutting
 Splint →for fixation of fracture
 Airway → during closing airway
 sticky tape
 thermometer (preferably digital)
 stethoscope
 antiseptic cream
 painkillers such as paracetamol (or infant paracetamol for children), aspirin (not to
be given to children under 16), or ibuprofen
 cough medicine
 antihistamine tablets
 distilled water for cleaning wounds
 eye wash and eye bath
 REFLECTIVE QUESTION

What can cause bleeding(haemorrhage)?

(Cut and Wound)
Bleeding ( Haemorrhage )
Bleeding is a loss of blood from the blood vessel .
Severe or continued bleeding may lead collapse
and death . Thus, the first aider must aim to
control sever bleeding.

Wound and Cuts

When your skin is cut or scraped , you begin to
bleed . This is because the blood vessel in the area
are damaged . Bleeding serves a useful purpose
because it helps to clean out a wound . But too
much bleeding can cause your body to go into
shock
FOR SEVER BLEEDING,TAKE THESE
ACTION IMMEDIATELY:

1- Help the person to remain calm . If the cut is large or bleeding

heavily , have them lie down . If the wound is on arm or leg ,
raise the limb above the heart to slow bleeding .

2- Remove obvious debris from the wound , such as stick or

grass. If the object is embedded in the body , don’t remove it

3- If the cut is small, wash it out with soap and water , Do not
clean a large wound .

4- After putting a clear latex gloves , apply firm pressure to the

wound with a folded cloth or bandage for about 10 min
Look at the wound during this time , as it may begin bleeding
again .

5- When bleeding has stopped , tape a clean bandage over the

cut .

Note :●Tourniquets ; A tourniquet is effective in controlling life

–threatening bleeding from a limb. Apply a tourniquet if you are
trained in how to do so . When emergency help arrives , explain
how long the tourniquet has been in place.
 REFLECTIVE QUESTION
What causes nosebleed and how best to treat it?
CAUSE OF NOSEBLEED

●nasal dryness
●Scratching or picking
●Taking certain medicines eg.
antihistamines and decogestant for
allergies
●Colds or sinus problems ,because dry
out the nasal membranes
●frequent nose blowing
●Certain disease
NOSEBLEED; STEPWISE
APPROACH

●Sit up straight and tip your head slightly

forward.
●Use your thumb and forefinger to firmly pinch
the soft part of your nose shut.
●apply an ice pack to your nose and cheeks.
●Keep pinching for a full 10 min.
●Check to see if your nose is steel bleeding after
10 minutes.
●Seek medical advice if the bleeding continues for
more than half an hour.
NOSEBLEED ;PREVENTATIVE MEASURES
 Use saltwater [saline]nose drops or a spray.
 Avoid forceful nose-blowing

 Do not pick your nose or put your finger in your

nose to remove crusts
 Coat inside or nostril with vaseline

 Employ a cool mist to humidify the room while

you sleep
 Avoid lifting or straining after a nosebleed

 Elevate your head on one or two pillows while

sleeping
 REFLECTIVE QUESTION
What is choking and how to recognise if someone is
choking?
CHOKING

Choking is a life threatening stiuation and happens

when the casualties airway suddenly gets blocked so
cannot breath normally.
Or , Choking occurs when a foreign object becomes
lodged in the throat or windpipe, blocking the flow of
air. in adults, a piece of food often is the culprit.
Young children often swallow small objects . because
choking cuts off oxygen to the brain, administer first
aid as quickly as possible.
UNIVERSAL SIGNS OF CHOCKING
The universal sign for chocking is hands clutched to
the throat . if the person doesn’t give signal, look for
these indications:
●inability to talk
●difficulty breathing or noisy breathing
●inability to cough forcefully
●skin , lips and nails turning blue or dusky
●loss of consciousness
 HOW TO HELP
If choking is occurring , the red cross recommends a
“five-and-five” approach to delivering first aid:
●give 5 back blows . first , deliver five back blows
between the person’s shoulder blades with the hell of
your hand
●give 5 abdominal thrusts . Perform five abdominal
thrusts (also known as the Heim lich maneuver) .
●alternate between 5 blow and 5 thrusts until the
blockage is dislodged.
TO PERFORM ABDOMINAL THRUSTS (HEIM
LICH MANEUVER) ON SOMEONE ELSE

 Stand behind the person . Wrap your arms

around the waist . Tip the person forwards
slightly
 Make a first with one hand . Press hard into
the abdomen with a quick , upward thrust ▬ as if
trying to lift the person up.
 Grasp the fist with the other hand . Press
hard into the abdomen with a quick , upward
thrust ▬ as if trying to lift the person up.
 Perform a total of 5 abdominal thrusts , if
needed . If the blockage still isn’t dislodge ,
repeat the five – and – five cycle.
 If you’re the only rescuer , perform back blows
and abdominal thrusts before calling 122 for
help. If another person is available , have that
person call for help while you perform first aid .

 If the person becomes unconscious , perform

standard CPR with chest compressions and
rescue breaths.
PERFORMING ABDOMINAL THRUSTS
(HEIMLICH MANEUVER) ON YOURSELF:
 First , if you’re alone and choking , call 122
immediately . Then , although you’ll be unable to
effectively deliver back blows to yourself , you can still
perform abdominal thrusts to dislodge the item .
 place a first slightly above your navel .
 Grasp your fist with the other hand and bend over a
hard surface ▬ a countertop or chair will do.
 Shove your fist inward and upward.
 Back blows  Abdominal thrust
T0 CLEAR THE AIRWAY OF AN UNCONSCIOUS
PERSON:

 Lower the person on his or her back onto the

floor.
 Clear the airway . if a blockage is visible at the
back of the throat or high in the throat , reach a
finger into the mouth and sweep out the cause of
the blockage . Be careful not to push the food or
object deeper into the airway ,wich can happen
easily in young children.
 Begin CPR if the object remains lodged and the
person doesn’t respond after you take the above
measures .The chest compressions used in CPR
may dislodge the object . Remember to recheck
the mouth periodiclly.
 FEVER IN CHILDREN
Causes of fever include:
•Bacterial infection
•Viral infection
•Medication

•Illness related to heat exposure

•Allergy

•Rarely inflammatory track

•Sign &symptoms :
•Feel warm or hot
•Redness

•Not feed normaly

•Cry
SEIZURES (EPILEPSY)
Seizures (convulsion)
Is a medical condition , where body muscle
contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly ,
resulting in uncontrolled shaked of the body.
Signs and Symptoms
•Eye movment
•Sudden falls
•Drooling and secrition in the mouth
•uncontrollable muscle spasms
•loss of consciousness (passes out)
•Grunting and snorting
•Vertigo

•Teeth cleanching
WHAT TO DO IF YOUR CHILD HAS A
SEIZURE:

 If someone is nearby, ask them to call your child's doctor. If no one is with
you, follow the steps below and then call the doctor:
 Gently place your child on the floor or ground, and remove any nearby
objects.
 Lay your child on his or her side to prevent choking on saliva (spit).
 If your child vomits, clear out the mouth gently with your finger.
 Loosen any clothing around the head or neck.
 Make sure your child is breathing OK.
 Don't try to prevent your child from shaking — this will not stop the
seizure and may make your child more uncomfortable.
 Don't put anything in your child's mouth. Your child will not swallow his
or her tongue, and forcing teeth apart could cause injuries or block the
airway.
 Don't give your child anything to eat or drink, and don't give any medicine
pills or liquid by mouth until your child is completely awake and alert.
 Try to keep track of how long the seizure lasts.
 Your child may be sleepy or may take a while to get back to normal after
the seizure. Stay with your child until he or she is awake and aware, and
allow your child to rest after the seizure.
 BURN
 From kids washing up under a too-hot faucet to an
accidental tipping of a coffee cup, burns are a potential
hazard in every home. In fact, burns, especially scalds from
hot water and liquids, are some of the most common
childhood
 Common Causes
 The first step in helping to prevent kids from being
burned is to understand these common causes of
burns:
 scalds, the No. 1 culprit (from steam, hot bath water,
tipped-over coffee cups, hot foods, cooking fluids, etc.)
 contact with flames or hot objects (from the stove,
fireplace, curling iron, etc.)
 chemical burns (from swallowing things, like drain
cleaner or watch batteries, or spilling chemicals, such
as bleach, onto the skin)
 electrical burns (from biting on electrical cords or
sticking fingers or objects in electrical outlets, etc.)
 Over exposure to the sun
 Types of Burns
Burns are often categorized as first-, second-, or
third-degree, depending on how badly the skin is
damaged. Each of the injuries above can cause
any of these three types of burns. The type of
burn and its cause will determine how the burn is
treated.
All burns should be treated quickly to reduce the
temperature of the burned area and reduce
damage to the skin and underlying tissue (if the
burn is First-Degree Burns
 First-Degree Burns
 First-degree burns, the mildest of the three, are limited
to the top layer of skin:
 Signs and symptoms: These burns produce redness,
pain, and minor swelling. The skin is dry without
blisters.
 Healing time: Healing time is about 3 to 6 days; the
superficial skin layer over the burn may peel off in 1 or
2 days.
 Second-Degree Burns
 Second-degree burns are more serious and involve the
skin layers beneath the top layer:
 Signs and symptoms: These burns produce blisters,
severe pain, and redness. The blisters sometimes break
open and the area is wet looking with a bright pink to
cherry red color.
 Healing time: Healing time varies depending on the
severity of the burn. It can take up to 3 weeks or more.
 Third-Degree Burns
 Third-degree burns are the most serious type of burn and
involve all the layers of the skin and underlying tissue:
 Signs and symptoms: The surface appears dry and can look
waxy white, leathery, brown, or charred. There may be
little or no pain or the area may feel numb at first because
of nerve damage.
 Healing time: Healing time depends on the severity of the
burn. Third-degree burns (called full-thickness burns) will
likely need to be treated with skin grafts, in which healthy
skin is taken from another part of the body and surgically
placed over the burn wound to help the area heal.
 For First-Degree Burns:
 Remove the child from the heat source.
 Remove clothing from the burned area immediately.
 Run cool (not cold) water over the burned area (if water isn't
available, any cold, drinkable fluid can be used) or hold a clean,
cold compress on the burn for approximately 3-5 minutes (do not
use ice, as it may cause more destruction to the injured
skin).
 Do not apply butter, grease, powder, or any other remedies to the
burn, as these can make the burn deeper and increase the risk of
infection.
 For Second- and Third-Degree Burns:
 Call for emergency medical care, then follow
these steps until medical personnel arrive:
 Keep your child lying down with the burned area
elevated.
 Follow the instructions for first-degree burns.
 Remove all jewelry and clothing from around the
burn (in case there's any swelling after the injury),
except for clothing that's stuck to the skin. If you're
having difficulty removing clothing, you may need to
cut it off or wait until medical assistance arrives.
 Do not break any blisters.
 Apply cool water over the area for at least 3-5
minutes, then cover the area with a clean dry cloth or
sheet until help arrives.
Sign and symptom of fracture
1. Painful
2. Redness of the area
3. Swelling
4. Deformity
5. Loss of movement or function
6. Loss of pulsation under broken area
7. Depressed bone like skull fracture
8. Abnormal vital sign may be : - (hypothermia –
tachycardia – hypotension)
9. Unconciousness
10. In open fracture the bon protruding from the
skin.
What to do for fracture?
1. Start with ABC

2. Stop bleeding if present.

3. Stabilize the area by a (splint), but the splint

must be take a joint over the area and a joint
below the area
4. If splint not available, you can make by your
own for example by apiece of wood or anything
present .
5. You can tie two legs together during leg
fracture for fixation.
6. Try to clam and comfort the victim and tell him
or her not to move , because movement causes
worsening the state .
7. Check vital sign and put cannula then give
fluid if need
8. Use analgesic like ( voltaren or tramal or
morphine)
9. Call ambulance.

10. triangular bandage for hanging

Many important notes must be care during first
aid or fructure:
1. Never do massage for affected area
2. Never try to straight the broken limbs just
stabilize it
3. Never move the patient without support
4. Never move the joint above and below the
fructure
5. Never ask the victim to move by or his own.