Shashwat Shriparv

dwivedishashwat@[Link]
InfinitySoft
12/07/2021 1
 Things Included…
Introduction
History
Different standards
Working
Process
How we get?
Applications
Gains And Losses
Achievements and dominance
Future
Conclusion
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 INTRODUCTION
Acronym for Moving Pictures Experts
Group.
It is a committee formed by the ISO to
develop an international standard for the
coded representation of moving pictures and
association audio on digital storage media.
Its official designation is ISO/IEC/
JTC/SC29 WG11.
It was established with the mandate to
develop standards for coded representation
of moving pictures, audio and their
combination.
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 History
Founded in January 1988.
Father of MPEG is Leonardo Chiariglione.
Its first meeting was in May 1988 in
Ottawa, Canada in which 25 experts were
participated.
As of late 2005, 350 experts from some
200 companies & organizations from about
20 countries take part in its meeting.

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 Different Formats
The main formats are:-
…..MPEG-1
…..MPEG-2
…..MPEG-3
…..MPEG-4
…..MPEG-7
…..MPEG-21

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 MPEG-1
Established in 1992.
Its standard is ISO/IEC 11172
Designed to produce reasonable quality images
& sound at low bit rates.
It is intended to fit the bandwidth of CD-
ROM, Video-CD & CD-i.
It usually comes in Standard Interchange
Format (SIF).
It can be encoded at bit rates as high as
4-5Mbits/sec.

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 Parts of MPEG-1
It mainly consists of 5 parts:-
…IS 11172-1:(System)--for synchronization &
multiplexing of audio and video.
…IS 11172-2:(Video)--for compression of non-
interlaced video signals.
…IS 11172-3:(Audio)--for compression of audio signals
using high performance perceptual coding schemes.
contains 3 layers:-
MP1/MPEG-1 Part3 Layer1(MPEG-1 Audio Layer1)
MP2/MPEG-1 Part3 Layer2(MPEG-1 Audio Layer2)
MP3/MPEG-1 Part3 Layer3(MPEG-1 Audio Layer3)
…IS 11172-4:(Conformance)--for testing conformance
…IS 11172-5:(Simulation)--for reference software.

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 Uses of mpeg-1
Used to transmit data over digital
telephone networks such as ADSL, Video on
Demand, Video Kiosks,& corporate
presentations and training networks.
It is also used as an archival medium, or in
an audio-only form to transmit audio over
the internet.
Its strength is its high compression ratio
with relatively high quality.

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 MPEG-2
Established in 1994.
Its standard is ISO/IEC 13818
Is a standard for “generic coding of moving
pictures & associated audio information”
Designed to produce higher quality images
at higher bit rates.
Delivers true broadcast quality video.
Bit rates is between 3-10Mbits/sec.
Users are broadcast & cable companies.

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 Continued…
Is
Is widely
widely used
used as
as the
the format
format of
of digital
digital
TV
TV signals
signals that
that are
are broadcast
broadcast byby
terrestrial,
terrestrial, cable,
cable, && direct
direct broadcast
broadcast
systems.
systems.
It
It specifies
specifies the
the format
format of
of movies
movies and
and
other
other programs
programs on on DVD.
DVD.
With
With some
some enhancements,
enhancements, they
they are
are also
also
used
used in
in HDTV
HDTV transmission
transmission systems.
systems.
They
They are
are fully
fully capable
capable of
of paying
paying back
back
MPEG-1
MPEG-1 video
video streams.
streams.

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 Parts of mpeg-2
Mainly contains 4 parts.
They were developed in a joint collaborative
team with ITU-T.
They are
…. Part1:- System: ISO/IEC 13818-1
Contains 2 formats:
transport steam & program stream

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 Continued…
…..Part2:- Video: ISO/IEC 13818-2
Similar to mpeg-1 std
But provides support for interlaced video
It is not optimized for low bit rates.
…..Part3:- Audio Section: enhances MPEG’s-
1 audio by coding of audio programs by more
than 2 channels.
…..Part 7:- specifies a non-backwards-
compatible audio format.
-referred as MPEG-2 AAC

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 MPEG-3

It was initially intended to cover HDTV,

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 MPEG-4
It is a standard used to compress audio and
visual digital data.
Initiated in 1995 & finalized in the end of
1998.
Standard is ISO/IEC 14496.
Has very low bit rates between 4800 & 64,000
bits/sec.
Now it supports up to 4Mbps.

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 Continued…
It is designed to use in broadcast, interactive
& conversational environments.
It preserves compatibility with major existing
standards:MPEG-1,2 &VRML for 3D
rendering.
It is a still developing standard and is divided
into 6 different parts.

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 Parts of MPEG-4
Part1:: ISO/IEC 14496-1: Systems
Part2:: ISO/IEC 14496-2: Visual
Part3:: ISO/IEC 14496-3: Audio
Part4:: Conformance testing
Part5:: Software
Part10:: Delivery Multimedia Integration

Framework

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 Advantages of MPEG-
Over MPEG-1&2
4
.…Integration of synthetic and natural content.
.…Support for 2D and 3D content.
.…Support for several types of interactivity.
.…Coding at very low rates
.…Support for management and protection of
intellectual property.
Over VRML
.…Native support for natural content and real-
time streamed content using URLs
.…Efficient representation of the scene
description

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 MPEG-7
Formalized into a standard in September
2000
Formally called Multimedia Content
Description Interface
Designed to standardize:
….a set of description schemes &
descriptors
….a scheme for coding the description
….a language to specify the DDL

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 Continued…
Combination of MPEG-4&7 is called MPEG-47 &
described by mpeg as Tools for Killer Applications.
It is intended to be the ideal solution for efficient
streaming of content, content manipulation& indexing
of this content
The applications that benefits from MPEG-7 are::
…Digital Libraries (image catalogue, musical
dictionary)
…Multimedia directory services (yellow
pages)
…Broadcast media selection (radio & TV
channel)
…Multimedia editing (personalized electronic
news service, media authoring)
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 MPEG-21
It aims at defining an open framework for
multimedia applications.
Standard is ISO 21000
It is an XML standard, designed to
communicate machine-readable information &
do so in a “ubiquitous, unambiguous and
secure” manner.

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 Working of
MPEG
It reduces colors or shades using compression
techniques.
If the eye won’t see a part, don’t encode it.
Thus reduces redundant information.
If the background doesn’t change, don’t encode
it.
Approximately 75% of compression comes from
reducing redundant data describing motion.
MPEG uses a compression algorithms.

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Compression techniques
Video compression
states that ::- “Divide the picture
into 8*8 blocks, determine relevant picture
information, discard redundant or insignificant
information & encode relevant picture
information with the least no: of bits”.
Main functions in this are:
DCT, Zig-Zag Scanning,
Quantization, Entropy Encoding, Motion
Estimation.

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 Entropy encoding
For encoding the most frequently occuring
patterns with least no: of bits.
Has 2 process
….Zero Run Length Coding (RLC)
….Huffman Coding

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 Compression
Algorithm
Basic algorithm is:
....Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT)
-- for the removal of spatial
redundancy.

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Discrete Cosine Transform
The 8x8 block values are coded by means of
the discrete cosine transform.
We can define all the 64 values by only 5
integers if you apply the following formula

Where f(x,y) is the brightness of the pixel at position [x,y].

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 Continued…

After performing this we get an 8*8

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 Working model

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 Process
It exists to produce standards.
Published standards are the last stage of a
long process.
It starts with proposal of new work in a
committee.
These New Proposals (NP) are approved by
the SubCommittee(SC29) & at the JTC1.

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 Continued…
For audio and video coding standards the first
document produced is the Verification Model
(VM).
After reaching a sufficient confidence, a
Working Draft (WD) is produced.
At the planned time, WD has become
sufficiently solid and becomes Committee
Draft (CD).
It is then sent to National Bodies (NB) for
ballot.
If no: of +ve votes is above quorum, it
becomes Final Committee Draft (FCD).

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 Continued…
Again after a second ballot, if the no: of +ve
votes is above quorum, it becomes Final Draft
International Standard (FDIS).
ISO will then hold a yes/no ballot with NBs
where no technical changes are allowed.
Finally that document will become an
International Standard (IS).
Output documents are stored in the MPEG ftp
site

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 How we get?
MPEG standards can be directly purchased
from ISO, from their website at
[Link] or from National Body.
Some of the standards are publicly
available (including reference software).

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 Applications
MPEG-1
Video Kiosk
Video On Demand (VOD)
Video Dial Tone
Training
Video Library
MPEG-2
CATV (CAble TeleVision)
DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite)
Other applications
Digital Video Tape
High Density CD
Video Conferencing
Digital Camcorders

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 Gains
Produces high quality pictures.
Different formats are used in:
DVDs
Digital TV
SDTV (Standard Definition TV)
HDTV (High Definition TV)
Has also taken projects for the standard bodies:
…AES—Audio Engineering Society.
…ATSC—Advanced Television Systems Committee.
…DAVIC—Digital Audio Video Integration Consortium.
…ITU-R,T—International Telecommunications Union

(Radio,Telecom sector).
…JPEG—Joint Pictures Experts Group.
…W3C—World Wide Web Consortium.
……………….

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 Losses
Mpeg audio are not widely accepted as its
video cousins are.
The video quality of MPEG-2 are superior to
MPEG-1,but MPEG-1 remains useful and still
being used.
Tight competition between Dolby digital and
MPEG. Dolby has 5.1 channel audio, but MPEG
had only a stereo solution.

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 Achievements &
Dominance
MPEG has been adopted by leading multimedia
technology firms like Philips, Samsung, Intel &
Sony for their products.
For DVDs, multichannel audio MPEG-2 is used
Used by ISDN to provide very high quality
audio & video.

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 Future …
IBM Corp.’s Internet Advanced Technology
Group are going to market a secure system for
downloading digital music files over the Internet
MP3 has moved onto make mainstream music
radar, car players & hybrid stereo components.
MPEG-4 are making provisions for integrating
various forms of 2D,3D,natural & synthesized
contents and support for interactivity and scene
description.

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 Conclusion
MPEG is currently powerful as a standards
body.
This is because of the technical superiority of
its standards &the broad applicability of the
standards.
They must also watch out for market prices
for hardware for new technologies.
Their concerns must be acknowledged in
upcoming standards whether justifiable or not.

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