Course Objectives

 Understand, Practice and Assimilate fundamentals of data

structures and their applications essential for programming /
problem solving
 Describe, Analyze, Design and Evaluate the Linear Data
Structures: Stack, Queues, Lists
 Describe, Analyze, Design and Evaluate the Non-Linear Data
Structures: Trees, Graphs
 Describe, Analyze, Design and Evaluate the sorting & searching
algorithms
 Assess appropriate data structure during program development
/Problem Solving
Introduction to data structures

MODULE 1
Outline
 Introduction to Data Structures
 Classification of Data Structures
 Data structure Operations
 Review of Arrays, Structures, Self Referential Structures and
Unions
 Pointers and Dynamic Memory Management Functions
 Arrays
 Strings
 Programming Examples
 What is data type?
 A data type is a collection of objects (data) and set of
operations that act on those objects
 For example : if data is integer the operations may be add,
subtract, multiply, divide and any other operations
appropriate for the data
 What is data structures?
 Data structure is a method for storing and organizing data in
the computer
Classification of data structures
DATA STRUCTURES

PRIMITIVE NON PRIMITIVE

LINEAR NON LINEAR

Primitive and non primitive DS
 Primitive data structures are the basic data types
 Examples: int, float, char, double viod
 Non primitive data structures are the data structures created
using primitive DS
 Examples: arrays, structures, union, stacks, list, queue etc
Linear and non linear DS
 Non primitive data structure can be classified into linear and
non linear based on how the elements are stored
 If the values or elements are stored in sequential order, then
they are called LINEAR DS
 Examples: arrays, lists, stack, queue
 If the values or elements are stored in non sequential order
then it is called NON LINEAR DS
 Examples: trees, graphs
Data structure operations
 Create: declaration and initialization of the data structure
 Insert: adding new records to the structure
 Delete: removing a record from the structure
 Search: finding the location of a particular record or all the
records
 Sort: arranging the records in some logical order
 Merge: combining the records from two structures into a
single structure
 Traversal: accessing each record exactly once
Structures
 Arrays are collections of data of the same type
 Structure (record) is a collection of data items, where each
item can be of same or different data type
struct structure_name{
data-type member_1;
data-type member_2;
.
.
data-type member_n;
};
struct {
char name[10];
int age;
float salary;
} person;

strcpy([Link], “james”);
[Link]=10;
[Link]=35000;
Create structure data type
typedef struct human_being {
char name[10];
int age;
float salary;
};

or

typedef struct {
char name[10];
int age;
float salary
} human_being;

human_being person1, person2;

Structure within structure
typedef struct {
int month;
int day;
int year;
} date;

typedef struct {
char name[10];
int age;
float salary;
date dob;
} human_being;

[Link]=2;
[Link]=11;
[Link]=1944;
Pointers
 Pointer is a variable that holds the address of another variable
 That is, the actual value of a pointer type is an address of
memory
 Two important operators
 & the address operator
 * the dereferencing (indirection) operator
 Declaration:
data_type *pointer_variable_name;
 Example :
int *p;
 Here p is a pointer variable that can hold the address of
(only) an integer variable
 int i , *p;
p = &i;
 Here &i returns the address of i and assigns it as the value of
p
 To assign the value to i we can write,
i = 10;
Or
*p = 10;
Self Referential Structures
One or more of its components is a pointer to itself.

typedef struct list {

char data; Construct a list with three nodes
list *link; [Link]=&item2;
} [Link]=&item3;
malloc: obtain a node
list item1, item2, item3;
[Link]=‘a’;
a b c
[Link]=‘b’;
[Link]=‘c’;
[Link]=[Link]=[Link]=NULL;
Arrays
 Arrays : collection of homogeneous elements in the form of
index and value
 For each index, there is a value associated with that index
 Stored in continuous memory locations ( may not be also)
 Array is a collection of variables of the same data types that
share a common name
 General form : data_type array_name[size];
int list[5], *plist[5];

list[5]: five integers

list[0], list[1], list[2], list[3], list[4]
*plist[5]: five pointers to integers
plist[0], plist[1], plist[2], plist[3], plist[4]

implementation of 1-D array

list[0] base address = 
list[1]  + sizeof(int)
list[2]  + 2*sizeof(int)
list[3]  + 3*sizeof(int)
list[4]  + 4*size(int)
Compare int *list1 and int list2[5] in C.

Same: list1 and list2 are pointers.

Difference: list2 reserves five locations.

Notations:
list2 - a pointer to list2[0]
(list2 + i) - a pointer to list2[i] (&list2[i])
*(list2 + i) - list2[i]
Example: 1-dimension array addressing

int one[ ] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};

Goal: print out address and value

void print1(int *ptr, int rows)

{
/* print out a one-dimensional array using a pointer */
int i;
printf(“Address Contents\n”);
for (i=0; i < rows; i++)
printf(“%8u%5d\n”, ptr+i, *(ptr+i));
printf(“\n”);
}
call print1(&one[0], 5)

Address Contents
1228 0
1230 1
1232 2
1234 3
1236 4
Operations
 Following are the basic operations supported by an array.
 Insertion − add an element at given index.
 Deletion − delete an element at given index.
 Traverse − print all the array elements one by one.
 Search − search an element using given index or by value.
 Update − update an element at given index.
 Merge – combining the elements from two arrays into a
single structure
 Sort – arranging the records in some logical order
Insertion
 Insert operation is to insert one or more data elements into
an array.
 New element can be added –
 At the beginning
 At the end or
 At any given index of array.
Insertion at the beginning
199

10 20 30 40 50
What need
0 1 2 3 4 5 to be done
…..?????
Algorithm
1. Start
2. Set J = N
3. Set N = N+1
4. Repeat steps 5 and 6 until J >=0
5. Set LA[ J ]=LA[ J-1 ]
6. Set J = J-1
7. Set LA[ 0 ] = ITEM
8. Stop
Insertion at the end

1. Start
2. Set J = N
3. Set N = N+1
4. Set LA [ J ] = ITEM
5. Stop
Insertion at a given index
199

10 20 30 40 50

0 1 2 3 4 5
What need
to be done
…..?????
 Algorithm

1. Start
2. Set J = N N –no of elements in
the array
3. Set N = N+1 K –index at which new
4. Repeat steps 5 and 6 until J >= K ITEM will be inserted

5. Set LA[ J ]=LA[ J-1 ]

6. Set J = J-1
7. Set LA[ K ] = ITEM
8. Stop
Deletion
 Element can be deleted –
 From the beginning
 At the end or
 At any given index of array.
Deletion : front of the array

10 20 30 40 50

0 1 2 3 4 5

What need to be
done …..?????
Deletion : at the end
Deletion : at given index

10 20 30 40 50

0 1 2 3 4 5

What need to be
done …..?????
Search
KEY to be searched is 30

30

10 20 30 40 50

0 1 2 3 4 5

How to
search…..?????
Merge
10 30 20 40
Sort
20 > 10 40 30