Presented by:
Farooq Ali
INTRODUCTION
CROPS SHOWING ALLELOPATHIC PROPERTIES
FACTORS AFFECTING ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT
TYPES OF ALLELOPATHY
FORMS OF ALLELOPATHIC INTERACTION
SOURCES OF ALLELOCHEMICALS
CHEMICAL NATURE OF ALLELOCHEMICALS
LIBERATION OF ALLELOCHEMICALS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
INDUCTION OF ALLELOCHEMICALS
RESEARCHES
CONCLUSION
Allelopathyrefers to all biochemical
interactions, stimulatory or inhibitory,
among plants including
m.org(Molisch,1937)
Detrimental
effect of chem. or exudates
produced by one living plant sp. on germn,
growth & dev. of other plant or m.org
sharing same habitat. (Evenari,1949)
Allelopathyrefers to any direct or indirect
inhibitory effect by the production of
chemicals by a plant which can influence
the growth and development of another
plant.(Rice,1974)
Allelopathy,from the Latin words allelon ‘of
each other’ and pathos ‘to suffer’, refers to the
chemical inhibition of one species by another.
The source of allelochemicals in agricultural
fields may be the weeds, crops or
microorganisms.
Davis (1928) discovered the first
allelopathic substance, Juglone in
Juglons nigra
Molisch (1937)-coined allelopathy.
Many crops have been reported as showing allelopathic
properties at one time or another …
some crops such as oats seem to clean fields of weeds
better than others. The list also includes:
Lucerne Rice Sorghum Buckwheat Red clover sweet Wheat • Trifoli
Barley
clover
Varieties Specificity Autotoxicity Environment
There are two types:
1) True type - the release into the environment of
compounds that are toxic in the form in which they
are produced.
2) Functional type - the release into the environment of
a substance that is toxic as the result of
transformation by micro-organisms
• Wheat, • Maize – on
• alfalfa, chenopodium
album,
• cowpea • Sorghum on
abutylon
Auto Allo • theophrasti
allelopathy allelopathy
Concurrent
Residual /direct
allelopathy
• Lentil • Instantane
residues ous direct
effect
on wheat
• sorghum
Forms of allelopathic
interactions
Weed Crop Crop Weed
against against against against
weed crop weed crop
Parthenium hysterophorus
Effect of several waste land weeds on parthenium suppression
Sl.no Species Extent of suppresssion (%)
1 Cassia auriculata Moderate(26-50 )
2 Sida spinosa Moderate(26-50 )
3 Cassia occidentalis High(51-754)
4 Amaranthus spiinosus High(51-754)
5 Mirabilis jalappa Very high(76-100)
6 Ipomea carnea Very high(76-100)
(Mahadevappa,1997)
Crop Weed sp Source of inhibitors
Maize Chenopodium album, Roots
Amaranthus retroflexus
Sorghum Abutylontheophrasti, Shoots and foliages
Amaranthus hybridus
Rye Digitaria sanguinalis, Shoots and foliages
Ambrosia artimisifolia
Stem
Roots & Leaves &
Rhizome Sources Flowers
Fruits&
seeds
Usually secondary plant
products/metabolites(whittakker and
peeny,1971)
Phenyl propones Terpinoides Acetogenins Akaloids Steroides
Accordingto Rice(1984),allelochemicals
grouped into:
Tannins Terpinoides Organic acids
Cinnamic acid
Complex quinones Coumarins
deriv.
Flavinoides Sulphides Lactones
Purines Polypeptides Glycosides
• Volatilization
• Leaching
• Exudation
• Weathering & Decomposition
I Celldivision and elongation
N Gibberllin or IAA(growth hormones)
H Mineral uptake
Nitrification (nitrosomonas- furilic acid)
I Respiration
B Stomatal opening
Protein synthesis and org. acid metabolism
I Specific enzymatic activities.
T Retardation of photosynthesis
Research is ongoing to identify allelopathic
effects and to identify genes responsible for
allelopathy.
This should lead, in time, to
recommendations for using allelopathy in
weed management and to breeding of new
varieties.
Asoutlined in the previous discussions there
are many potential problems with
attempting to use allelopathy as a practical
tool still if we overcome them to some
extend allalopathy is the best “Natural
herbicide”
