MODERN
TERMINAL
BUILDINGS
Submitted By:
SAURAV KUMAR SAIKIA-CIB 14008
ANAND KUMAR-CIB 14046
SANJEEV KUMAR-CIB 14050
MD SOHAIL AHMAD-CIB 14048
RANJEET-CIB 14058
ABHISHEK KUMAR YADAV-CIB 14061
OBJECTIVES
Describe major terminal design concepts.
Describe about the passenger movement and baggage
handling.
Explain the public transportation at airport.
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OUTLINE
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11. REFERENCES..……………………………………………………………….………47
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1. INTRODUCTION
The process of planning airport passenger terminal facilities needs to take
into account a multitude of safety, operational, commercial, financial, and
environmental considerations, as well as have regard to local government and
airline industry interests and aspirations (ACRP [1, page 9]).
Figure 1: Airport Terminal Building
(Pinterest [2])
3
Figure 2: Flowchart on how modern airport terminals function
(tonyHwijaya around the world in 100 years [3])
4
2. LANDSIDE
Landside areas include parking facilities, public transportation,
terminal building and all utilities that support the operations of
terminals.
All these facilities associated with the movement of passengers and
their baggage.
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2.1 Landside Facilities
Figure 3: Types of Landside Facilities (Airport Management [4])
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2.1.1 Terminal Building
Terminal building is the main building where passengers
embark and disembark aircrafts.
The terminals are the ‘front door’ to the Airport and serve as
the public interface between the airside and landside elements.
Figure 4: Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi, India)
(alamy stock-photo [5])
The Hong Kong International Airport passenger terminal building is 1.3
km long and covers an area of 135.9 acres and is the world's third largest
single airport building.
It is located on the island of Chep Lap Kok, which largely comprises
land reclaimed for the construction of the airport itself.
It also has 48 aircraft parking stands with boarding gates and air bridges,
the terminal has a capacity of 45 million passengers a year, arriving on
460 flights every day (Shamsudin et al. [6, page 9]).
Figure 5: Hong Kong International Airport (bali_transport_system [7])
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3. TYPES
Figure 6: Types of terminal buildings (Terminal Design [8])
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3.1 Linear/Curvilinear
Simplest & Most straight-forward
Simple organizational principles.
Consists of a single passenger processing area.
Primarily appropriate for low-activity O&P airports.
Centralized passenger processing.
Example-
McNamara Terminal of Detroit Metro Airport
Figure 7: Basic plan of linear/curvilinear Figure 8: Animated view of linear
terminals (Terminal Design [9]) terminal (Terminal Configuration
[10])
10
3.1.1 Advantages
Shortest walking distances
Simple construction
Lower baggage systems costs (conveying/sorting) using decentralized system
3.1.2 Disadvantages
Duplication of terminal facilities/amenities
Longer walking distances for transfer pax
Longer minimum connecting time
11
3.2 Pier/Finger
Figure 9: Basic Plan of Single Finger Figure 10: Basic Plan of Double Finger
Terminal (Terminal Design [11]) Terminal (Terminal Design [12])
Aircraft Carriers are parked on both side of a concourse.
Aircraft Carriers are usually arranged around the axis of the
pier in a perpendicular.
Passengers are usually processed at the simple terminal
location and then routed down a "pier" where aircraft are
parked in the "finger" slots or gates for boarding (Shamsudin et
al. [13, pages 12-13]). 12
This concept fully separates the passenger processing functions from the
concourse activities.
Compare to linear, this concept type increases passenger walking
distances from the processing area.
Compact arrangements of a/c along the pier, allow efficient servicing of
the a/c, thus lowering the operating costs for the airlines.
Example:- Kansai International Airport
Figure 11: Kansai International Airport (Osaka, Japan) (Pinterest KIA
[14])
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3.2.1 Advantages
Economical to build
Efficient use of land
Centralized resources, economies of scale (human facilities, amenities)
3.2.2 Disadvantages
Long walking distances
Limited expansion capability
Reduced aircraft circulation & manoeuvrability
14
3.3 Satellite
Figure 12: Basic Plan of Satellite
Terminal (Terminal Design [15])
It is completely surrounded by aircraft.
Connected to the processing areas of the terminal via underground, at-
grade, or overhead connector.
Parked in a nose-in arrangement around the satellite.
Passenger processing is handled in a separate terminal facility.
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It is work well for heavy-activity airport with O&D and large percentage of
connecting passengers.
Example:- • Orlando International Airport
• Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport
• Denver International Airport
• Chicago O’Hare International Airport
Figure 13:Orlando International Airport (Orlando, USA) (Orlando
Airport Information [16])
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3.3.1 Advantage
Centralized resources (human, facilities and amenities)
Facilitates pax management
3.3.2 Disadvantage
Requires high technology, underground transportation system
High capital, maintenance & operating cost
Increases minimum connecting times
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3.4 Transporter
Figure 14: Basic Plan of Transporter Terminal (Terminal
Design [17])
It provides a complete separation of passenger facilities from those required to
service and maintain the aircraft.
Aircraft and aircraaft carrier-servicing functions are remotely located from the
terminal (Shamsudin et al. [18, page 15]). Passengers access the a/c via the
mobile lounges that leave from the terminal gates, go directly to the aircraft.
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The use of buses that drop off the passengers adjacent to the a/c on the apron.
Airplane taxiing time to and from the runway is decreased as well as reduce
the amount of aircraft engine noise around the terminal.
Example:- Dulles International Airport
Tampa International Airport
Figure 15: Dulles International Airport Figure 16: Tampa International Airport (Tampa,
(Dulles, USA) (Dulles Airport [19]) USA) (Tampa International Airport [20])
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3.4.1 Advantage
Ease of aircraft manoeuvrability
Ease of expansion capability for aircraft stands
Simple and smaller central terminal
Cost savings
3.4.2 Disadvantage
Higher instances of pax delays
High capital, maintenance & operating costs
Increased minimum connecting times
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3.5 Compact Model Unit Terminal
Figure 17: Simple Plan of a Compact Model Unit Terminal (Airport
Design Passenger Terminal [21])
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It is defined by the IATA [22] as 2 or more separate, self-contained building,
each housing a single airline or group of airlines, each having direct access to
ground transportation.
Example:- Kennedy International Airport, NY London Heathrow
Figure 18: Kennedy International Airport, Figure 19: Heathrow Airport, London
New York (American Airlines at JFK [23]) (Image Gallery london heathrow [24])
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3.5.1 Advantage
Short walking distances
Simple pax & baggage transportation/sorting systems within each
module
3.5.2 Disadvantage
Multi-compact module units require pax and bag transfer systems
between terminals
Duplication of facilities, higher operating costs
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4. FUNCTIONS
Change of Movement Type-From car, train or bus to plane.
Processing (passenger processing space)-Ticket, check-in, security
check.
Provide Passenger Facilities - Shopping, toilets, eating, meeting &
greeting, business & conference.
To provide circulation, processing and holding space.
To operate smoothly.
To ensure the premium level of service.
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5. PARTS OF A TERMINAL BUILDING
A terminal building could be made for passengers, cargo and for any other
specific purposes. It comprises the basic physical parts as (ACRP [25, pages
138-297])
Front side of the Terminal
Visitors Area and Check-in Area
Shop retails
Security Hold Area & Baggage Make Up area
Passengers Meet and Greet area
Airlines offices, counters for Tour and Travel agencies counters for
Taxi services
Lounges of Business class or Executive Class passengers
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6. FACILITIES REQUIRED AT
TERMINAL BUILDING
Access and Landside Interface.
Processing.
Holding Areas.
Airlines and Support Activities.
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6.1 Access and Landside Interface
To ease the transfer of passenger flows.
The facilities include :
Curbside loading and unloading.
Curbside baggage check-in where
this is permitted.
Shuttle services to parking lots and
other terminal. Figure 20: Loading and unloading area
(Nadi Airport Guide [26])
Loading and unloading areas for car,
buses, taxis, limousines and rapid
surface modes.
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6.2 Processing
Areas are designated for the formalities
associated with processing passenger.
The facilities include:
Airline ticket and passenger check-in.
Baggage check-in.
Gate check-in.
Incoming and outgoing customs.
Immigration control.
Figure 21: Security Check area (Gatwick’s Security check areas.
security [27])
Baggage claim.
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6.3 Holding Areas
Figure 22: Passenger Lounge (Long Figure 23: Duty-Free Shops
Beach Airport [28]) (International Duty Free Images [29])
The areas where passengers wait, in some case with airport visitors,
between period occupied by passing through the various process.
The facilities required:
Passenger Lounges - general, departure and gate lounges.
Passenger Services Areas - wash rooms, internet access and public
telephone.
Concessions - restaurant, bar and duty-free shop.
Observation Decks and Visitors’ Lobbies.
6.4 Airlines and Support Activities
The design must also cater to the need of airlines, airport and support
personal working in the terminal area.
The facilities must be provided:
Airlines offices - rest and
refreshment areas for pilot and crew.
Airport management offices -
security, services.
Governmental office - police, health,
immigration.
Figure 24: Airlines offices (malaysia airlines
thailand [30]) Offices and support areas for
maintenance staff.
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7. SERVICES REQUIRED AT
TERMINAL BUILDING
Check-in
Immigration Duties
Security Checks
Passenger Screening
Baggage Screening
Parking Facilities
Public Transportation
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7.1 Check-In
Airport Check-in are service counters found at
commercial airports handling commercial air
travel (Edwards [31, pages 155-157]). The
check-in is normally handled by an airline or a
handling agent working on behalf of an airline.
Passengers usually hand over any baggage they
do not wish or are not allowed to carry-on to the
Figure 25: Check-In area (Surabaya
aircraft's cabin and receive a boarding pass
Airport [32])
before they can proceed to board their aircraft.
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7.2 Immigration Duties
Immigration responsible for:
Monitor persons who leave or enter the country, Checking
for appropriate documentation,
Arresting people wanted by international arrest warrants.
Block the entry of dangerous people to the country.
Figure 26: Customs and Immigration
area (Student Hub [33])
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7.3 Security Checks
Passenger Screening:
Confirming the identity of
travelers, Checking a photo ID
& transports. Body Screening
using Metal Detector Gate
Baggage Screening using X-ray
machine
Figure 27: Security Check area (Aviation
Security [34])
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7.3.1 Passenger Screening
Purpose: to ensure that certain prohibited items don’t board commercial airliners.
Every passenger thus is screened by airport security staff using the latest screening
techniques to prevent any terrorist or criminal activity.
Every piece of luggage is screened for explosives using the latest technology and
equipment before being placed on a plane
Figure 28: Passenger screening area (Passengers Stock Vector
Images [35])
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7.3.2 Baggage Screening
The X-ray machine:-
Place all carry-on baggage and any items you are carrying with you on the
belt of the X-ray machine.
Laptop computers and video cameras with cassettes must be removed
from their carrying cases and placed in one of the bins provided.
You will also need to remove your coat, jacket, suit jacket or blazer and
place it in one of the bins.
These items go through the X-ray machine.
Figure 29: Baggage screening area (5 Airport Travels Tips and
Tricks [36]) 36
7.4 Parking Facilities
Public Parking Facility- for airline passengers
Near terminal building.
Off-Airport Parking- for airline passengers
Far away from terminal building, with lower charges.
Separate Parking-for airport employee
Far away from terminal area, airport workers using bus go to the terminal.
Car Rental Parking-for taxi or airport limousine
Close to the terminal building. Pick-up / Drop-off
Figure 30: Public Parking Facility (Airport Suppliers [37])
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7.5 Public Transportation
Figure 31: Taxi (Melbourne Airport Taxi Figure 32: Bus (Airport Bus
[38]) Service [39])
Figure 33: Local Train (Cheap Figure 34: Aero Train (GOOD DAY [41])
Transportation to Cologne [40])
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8. FUTURE OF TERMINAL
BUILDINGS
Some of the characteristics of future terminal
buildings will be:
Round Terminal Building (Edwards [42, pages 260-
271]): In order to account for huge processing of
passengers and goods
Less Space, More Efficiency: as the amount of free
land will decrease in the future terminal buildings will
be designed for taking a huge intake of people at a
Figure 35: Terminal Buildings of the
very concise space
Reconcile technology with ecology: It will try to future (Is this the Airport of the
keep a balance between the technological innovations Future? [43])
along with maintaining the ecology of nature
Light weight, Thin Structure, High Strength
materials to be used to reduce the weight
The designs will be an expression of the prevailing
culture and society
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9. FEW FAMOUS AIRPORT
TERMINALS
Some famous terminals of the world are: (Francisco [44])
Figure 36: JKF International Airport Terminal 4 (New York City, United
States) (JFK T4A-X-Gary A. Li [45]) 40
Figure 37: Queen Alia International Airport Terminal D (Amman, Jordan)
(Come Fly Away [46])
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Figure 38: Lion-Saint Exupery Airport Terminal 3 (Lyon, France) (saint
exupery [47])
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Figure 39: Long Beach Airport Passenger Concourse (Long Beach, United States) (Dr.
J W Kim’s Blog [48])
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Figure 40: Christchurch Airport Domestic Terminal (Christchurch, New
Zealand) (Christchurch Airport Images [49])
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Figure 41: Changi International Airport Terminal, Singapore (Changi’s Jewel [50])
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10. CONCLUSION
So, Terminal Buildings have today become an integral part of the air transport
system. Its size and capacity determines the flow, movement and efficiency in the
working of an airport. This presentation enabled us to critically analyze the various
aspects concerning the working and development of Modern Terminal Buildings.
Throughout the course of study, we found that there is an urgent need of expansion of
these buildings in order to cater to the needs of the booming population of the future. As
life standards of urban middle class has increased, more and more people are switching
to planes in order to travel. Most of the buildings are already working at full capacity
and some of them are so overpopulated leading to delay and cancellation of flights. This
also has adversely impacted the economy of the nation.
Many have suggested the concept of elevated circular runways having a big
landside area connected to the city underground as a suitable alternative. Also, the
concept of green and energy efficient buildings having a five star energy rating have
been encouraged by many leading aviation experts and organizations in order to
encourage environment friendly buildings and optimum use of energy and power
resources. Investing judiciously is actually the need of the hour. This measures will
ensure a safe, optimized, organized, wise, ethical, sustainable and longer run of airports
in the future.
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54
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LIST OF FIGURES
