SAMPLE AND POPULATION
HENI PURNAMA, MNS
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Important Components of Empirical Research
• Problem statement, research questions, purposes,
benefits
• Theory, assumptions, background literature
• Variables and hypotheses
• Operational definitions and measurement
• Research design and methodology
• Instrumentation, sampling
• Data analysis
• Conclusions, interpretations, recommendations
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Terms/Definitions
• Population refers to an entire group or
elements with common characteristics
• Sampling is the process whereby a small
proportion or subgroup of a population is
selected for analysis
• Sample refers to the small subgroup which is
thought to be representative of the larger
population
SAMPLING…….
STUDY POPULATION
SAMPLE
TARGET POPULATION
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Steps in the sampling process
• 1) Identify the target population
• 2) Identify the accessible population
• 3) Determine the size of the sample needed
• 4) Select the sampling technique
• 5) Implement the plan
Types of Samples Tehnique
1. Probability (Random) Samples
• Simple random sample
• Systematic random sample
• Stratified random sample
• Multistage sample
• Multiphase sample
• Cluster sample
2. Non-Probability Samples
• Convenience sample
• Purposive sample
• Quota
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• A probability sampling scheme is one in which
every unit in the population has a chance
(greater than zero) of being selected in the
sample, and this probability can be accurately
determined.
• Most unbiased method
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SAMPLING FRAME
• The sampling frame is the list from which
the potential respondents are drawn
• To identify every single element and
include any in our sample .
• The sampling frame must be
representative of the population
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• Applicable when population is small,
homogeneous & readily available
• All subsets of the frame are given an equal
probability. Each element of the frame thus
has an equal probability of selection..
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SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING……..
Can use:
• Fishbowl technique (with or without replacement)
no element can be selected more than once in the
same sample) or with replacement ('WR' - an
element may appear multiple times in the one
sample).
• Random number table
• Computer programs 10
Simple random sampling
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
• Systematic sampling relies on arranging
the target population according to some
ordering scheme and then selecting
elements at regular intervals through that
ordered list.
• Systematic sampling involves a random
start and then proceeds with the selection
of every kth element from then onwards.
In this case, k=(population size/sample
size).
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SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING……
• It is important that the starting point is not
automatically the first in the list, but is
instead randomly chosen from within the first
to the kth element in the list.
• A simple example would be to select every 3rd
name from the telephone directory (an 'every
3rd ' sample, also referred to as 'sampling with
a skip of 3').
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Systematic sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
• Population is divided into various subgroups based
on characteristics and then randomized
• Every unit in a stratum has same chance of
being selected.
• Using same sampling fraction for all strata
ensures proportionate representation in the
sample.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING…….
Draw a sample from each stratum
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Cluster sampling
Cluster: a group of sampling units close to each
other i.e. crowding together in the same area or
neighborhood
Cluster sampling
Section 1 Section 2
Section 3
Section 5
Section 4
MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
• First stage, random number of districts chosen
in all states.
• Followed by random number of villages.
• Then third stage units will be houses.
• All ultimate units (houses, for instance)
selected at last step are surveyed.
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MULTI PHASE SAMPLING
• Part of the information collected from whole
sample & part from subsample.
• In Tb survey MT in all cases – Phase I
• X –Ray chest in MT +ve cases – Phase II
• Sputum examination in X – Ray +ve cases - Phase
III
• Survey by such procedure is less costly, less
laborious & more purposeful
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NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Nonprobability Sampling includes: Accidental
Sampling, Quota Sampling and Purposive
Sampling.
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QUOTA SAMPLING
• The population is first segmented into mutually exclusive
sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling.
• Then judgment used to select subjects or units from
each segment based on a specified proportion.
• For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200
females and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60.
• It is this second step which makes the technique one of
non-probability sampling.
• In quota sampling the selection of the sample is non-
random.
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• For example interviewers might be tempted
to interview those who look most helpful.
The problem is that these samples may be
biased because not everyone gets a chance
of selection. This random element is its
greatest weakness and quota versus
probability has been a matter of controversy
for many years
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CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
• Sometimes known as grab or opportunity
sampling or accidental or haphazard sampling.
• The researcher using such a sample cannot
scientifically make generalizations about the
total population from this sample because it
would not be representative enough.
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• For example, if the interviewer was to conduct a
survey at a shopping center early in the morning on a
given day, the people that he/she could interview
would be limited to those given there at that given
time, which would not represent the views of other
members of society in such an area, if the survey
was to be conducted at different times of day and
several times per week.
• This type of sampling is most useful for pilot
testing.
• In social science research, snowball sampling is a
similar technique, where existing study subjects are
used to recruit more subjects into the sample.
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Purposive Sampling
• The researcher chooses the sample
based on who they think would be
appropriate for the study. This is used
primarily when there is a limited number
of people that have expertise in the
area being researched
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Determine a few things about
the target population and the
sample you need:
1. Population Size
2. Margin of Error (Confidence Interval)
3. Confidence Level
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•Population Size
How many total people fit your demographic?
For instance, if you want to know about
mothers living in the US, your population size
would be the total number of mothers living in
the US.
Don’t worry if you are unsure about this exact
number. It is common for the population to be
unknown or approximated
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•Margin of Error (Confidence Interval)
No sample will be perfect, so you must decide
how much error to allow.
If you’ve ever seen a political poll on the news,
you’ve seen a confidence interval. For example,
it will look something like this: “68% of voters
said yes to Proposition Z, with a margin of error
of +/- 5%.”
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•Confidence Level — How confident do you
want to be that the actual mean falls within
your confidence interval?
•The most common confidence intervals are
90% confident, 95% confident, and 99%
confident.
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This is a constant value needed for this
equation. Here are the z-scores for the most
common confidence levels:
•90% – Z Score = 1.645
•95% – Z Score = 1.96
•99% – Z Score = 2.576
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Questions???
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