CHAPTER - 5
STATISTICAL
QUALITY CONTROL
SQC Meaning!
• Manufacturer uses Statistical techniques in
controlling the quality of goods.
• It is the means of establishing & achieving
quality specifications, which requires use of
tools & techniques of statistics.
SQC Meaning!
• Manufacturer uses Statistical techniques in
controlling the quality of goods.
• It is the means of establishing & achieving
quality specifications, which requires use of
tools & techniques of statistics.
Characteristics of S.Q.C
• Designed to control quality of goods
produced for marketing.
• Exercise by the producers during the
production to assess the quality of goods.
• Carried out with the help of certain
statistical tools for collecting and analyzing
data.
• Designed to determine the variations in
quality of the goods & limits of tolerance.
Methods of S.Q.C
• Process Control:- Under this the quality is
controlled while the products are in the
process of production.
• The process control is secured with the
technique of Control Charts. Control charts
are also used in the field of advertising,
packing etc. The ensure whether the
products conform to the specified quality
standards or not.
• (Upper & Lower control limits)
Acceptance Sampling
• It is concerned with the inspection of
manufactured products. The items are
inspected to know whether to accept a lot of
items conforming to standards of quality or
reject a lot as non- conforming.
• However this process may create a risk for
either the consumer or the producer.
• Single and Double or Multiple sampling Plan.
Single Sampling Plan
Under single sampling plan, a sample of
‘n’ items is first chosen at random from
a lot of N items. If the sample contains,
say, ‘c’ or few defectives, the lot is
accepted, while if it contains more than
‘c’ defectives, the lot is rejected (‘c’ is
known as ‘acceptance number’).
Single Sampling Plan
Under single sampling plan, a sample of
‘n’ items is first chosen at random from
a lot of N items. If the sample contains,
say, ‘c’ or few defectives, the lot is
accepted, while if it contains more than
‘c’ defectives, the lot is rejected (‘c’ is
known as ‘acceptance number’).
Single Sampling Plan
Count the no. of
defectives,
‘d’ in the sample of size
‘n’
Is ‘d’ ≤ ‘c’
If yes, than accept the
If no, then reject the lot
lot
Double Sampling Plan
• Under this sampling plan, a sample of ‘n 1’ items is first
chosen at random from the lot of size ‘N’. If the sample
contains, say, ‘c1’ or few defectives, the lot is accepted; if it
contains more than ‘c2’ defectives, the lot is rejected. If
however, the number of defectives in the sample exceeds ‘c 1’,
but is not more than ‘c2’, a second sample of ‘n2’ items is take
from the same lot. If now, the total no. of defectives in the
two samples together does not exceed ‘c 2’, the lot is accepted;
otherwise it is rejected. (‘c1’ is known as acceptance no. for
the first sample & ‘c2’ is the acceptance no. of both the
samples taken together)
Double Sampling Plan
Count the no. of
defectives, d1in the
first sample of size n1
Is d1 ≤ c1 ?
If yes, accept the lot
If No, then check
If c1 ≤ d1 ≥ c2 ?
Draw another sample
of size n2
Count the no. of
defectives d2 in this
sample
Is d1 + d2 ≤ c2
If yes, then accept the
If No, reject the lot
lot.
Advantages of S.Q.C
• Helpful in controlling the quality of a
product.
• Eliminate assignable causes of variation
• Better quality at lower inspection cost
• Useful to both producers and consumers.
• It makes the workers Quality conscious.
• Help in earning goodwill/ repute.
Limitations of S.Q.C
• Does not serve as a solution for all quality
evils.
• It cannot be used to all production process.
• It involves mathematical & Statistical
problems in the process of analysis &
interpretation of variations in quality.
• Provides only an information services.
Quality Tools
• TQM stresses that employees must be able to identify
and correct quality problems and that the must be
trained for assessing quality b using different quality
tools.
• There are variety of Quality Control Tools like:
1. Cause and effect diagram
( also known as Fish Bone Diagram)
2. Flow chart
3. Check list / Check sheet
4. Pareto chart
5. Histogram etc;
Cause- and- effect Diagram
Check Sheet
Histogram
Flow Chart
Pareto Chart
