H2O
Chapter 9
“Chemical Names
and Formulas”
Pre-AP Chemistry
Charles Page High School
Stephen L. Cotton
Section 9.1
Naming Ions
OBJECTIVES:
–Identify the charges on
monatomic ions by using
the periodic table, and
name the ions.
Section 9.1
Naming Ions
OBJECTIVES:
–Define a polyatomic ion
and write the names and
formulas of the most
common polyatomic ions.
Section 9.1
Naming Ions
OBJECTIVES:
–Identify the two common
endings for the names of
most polyatomic ions.
Atoms and Ions
Atoms are electrically neutral.
– Because there is the same number of
protons (+) and electrons (-).
Ionsare atoms, or groups of atoms,
with a charge (positive or negative)
– They have different numbers of protons
and electrons.
Only electrons can move, and ions
are made by gaining or losing
electrons.
An Anion is…
A negative ion.
Has gained electrons.
Nonmetals can gain electrons.
Charge is written as a superscript on
the right.
Has gained one electron (-ide
1-
F is new ending = fluoride)
2- Gained two electrons (oxide)
O
A Cation is…
A positive ion.
Formed by losing electrons.
More protons than electrons.
Metals can lose electrons
Has lost one electron (no
1+
K name change for positive ions)
2+
Ca Has lost two electrons
Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 1A: Lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions
H1+ Li1+ Na1+ K1+ Rb1+
Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 2A: Loses 2 electrons to form 2+ ions
Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+
Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 3A: Loses 3
B3+ Al3+ Ga3+
electrons to form
3+ ions
Predicting Ionic Charges
Neither! Group 4A Group 4A: Do they
elements rarely form lose 4 electrons or
ions (they tend to share) gain 4 electrons?
Predicting Ionic Charges
N3- Nitride Group 5A: Gains 3
P3- Phosphide electrons to form
As3- Arsenide 3- ions
Predicting Ionic Charges
O2- Oxide Group 6A: Gains 2
S2- Sulfide electrons to form
Se2- Selenide 2- ions
Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 7A: Gains
F1- Fluoride Br1- Bromide 1 electron to form
Cl1- Chloride I1- Iodide 1- ions
Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 8A: Stable
noble gases do not
form ions!
Predicting Ionic Charges
Group B elements: Many transition elements
have more than one possible oxidation state.
Note the use of Roman Iron (II) = Fe2+
numerals to show charges Iron (III) = Fe3+
Naming cations
Two methods can clarify when
more than one charge is possible:
1) Stock system – uses roman
numerals in parenthesis to
indicate the numerical value
2) Classical method – uses root
word with suffixes (-ous, -ic)
• Does not give true value
Naming cations
We will use the Stock system.
Cation - if the charge is always the
same (like in the Group A metals) just
write the name of the metal.
Transition metals can have more
than one type of charge.
– Indicate their charge as a roman
numeral in parenthesis after the name
of the metal (Table 9.2, p.255)
Predicting Ionic Charges
Some of the post-transition elements also
have more than one possible oxidation state.
Tin (II) = Sn2+ Lead (II) = Pb2+
Tin (IV) = Sn4+ Lead (IV) = Pb 4+
Predicting Ionic Charges
Group B elements: Some transition elements
have only one possible oxidation state, such
as these three:
Silver = Ag1+ Zinc = Zn2+ Cadmium = Cd2+
Exceptions:
Some of the transition metals
have only one ionic charge:
–Do not need to use roman
numerals for these:
–Silver is always 1+ (Ag1+)
–Cadmium and Zinc are always
2+ (Cd2+ and Zn2+)
Practice by naming these:
Na1+
Ca2+
Al3+
Fe3+
Fe2+
Pb2+
Li1+
Write symbols for these:
Potassium ion
Magnesium ion
Copper (II) ion
Chromium (VI) ion
Barium ion
Mercury (II) ion
Naming Anions
Anions are always the
same charge
Change the monatomic
element ending to – ide
F1- a Fluorine atom will
become a Fluoride ion.
Practice by naming these:
Cl1-
N3-
Br1-
O2-
Ga3+
Write symbols for these:
Sulfide ion
Iodide ion
Phosphide ion
Strontium ion
Polyatomic ions are…
Groups of atoms that stay together and
have an overall charge, and one name.
Usually end in –ate or -ite
Acetate: C2H3O21-
Nitrate: NO31-
Nitrite: NO21-
Permanganate: MnO41-
Hydroxide: OH1- and Cyanide: CN1-?
Know Table 9.3 on page 257
Sulfate: SO 2- Phosphate: PO 3-
4 4
Sulfite: SO 2- Phosphite: PO 3-
3 3
Carbonate: CO32-
Ammonium: NH 1+
Chromate: CrO 2- 4
4
(One of the few positive
Dichromate: Cr O 2- polyatomic ions)
2 7
If the polyatomic ion begins with H, then combine the
word hydrogen with the other polyatomic ion present:
H1+ + CO32- → HCO31-
hydrogen + carbonate → hydrogen carbonate ion
Section 9.2 Naming and
Writing Formulas for Ionic
Compounds
OBJECTIVES:
–Apply the rules for naming
and writing formulas for
binary ionic compounds.
Section 9.2 Naming and
Writing Formulas for Ionic
Compounds
OBJECTIVES:
–Apply the rules for naming
and writing formulas for
compounds containing
polyatomic ions.
Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Barium nitrate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including
CHARGES!
Ba2+ ( NO3- ) 2
2. Check to see if charges are Now balanced.
balanced. Not balanced!
= Ba(NO3)2
3. Balance charges , if necessary,
using subscripts. Use parentheses if
you need more than one of a
polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross
method to balance subscripts.
Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Ammonium sulfate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including ( NH4+) SO42-
CHARGES! 2
2. Check to see if charges Now balanced.
are balanced. Not balanced!
= (NH4)2SO4
3. Balance charges , if necessary,
using subscripts. Use parentheses if
you need more than one of a
polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross
method to balance the subscripts.
Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Iron (III) chloride (note the 2 word name)
Fe Cl
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including
3+ -
CHARGES! 3
2. Check to see if charges Now balanced.
Not balanced!
are balanced. = FeCl3
3. Balance charges , if necessary,
using subscripts. Use parentheses if
you need more than one of a
polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross
method to balance the subscripts.
Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Aluminum sulfide (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including
CHARGES!
Al3+2 S2-3
2. Check to see if charges Now balanced.
are balanced. Not balanced!
= Al2S3
3. Balance charges , if necessary,
using subscripts. Use parentheses if
you need more than one of a
polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross
method to balance the subscripts.
Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Magnesium carbonate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including Mg 2+
CO 3
2-
CHARGES!
2. Check to see if charges They are balanced!
are balanced.
= MgCO3
Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Zinc hydroxide (note the 2 word name)
Zn2+ ( OH- )2
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including
CHARGES!
2. Check to see if charges are Now balanced.
balanced. Not balanced!
= Zn(OH)2
3. Balance charges , if necessary,
using subscripts. Use parentheses if
you need more than one of a
polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross
method to balance the subscripts.
Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Aluminum phosphate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the
cation and anion, including
CHARGES!
Al3+ PO43-
2. Check to see if charges are
balanced. They ARE balanced!
= AlPO4
Naming Ionic Compounds
1. Name the cation first, then anion
2.Monatomic cation = name of the
element
Ca2+ = calcium ion
3. Monatomic anion = root + -ide
Cl = chloride
CaCl2 = calcium chloride
Naming Ionic Compounds
(Metals with multiple oxidation states)
some metals can form more than one
charge (usually the transition metals)
use a Roman numeral in their name:
PbCl2 – use the anion to find the charge
on the cation (chloride is always 1-)
Pb2+ is the lead (II) cation
PbCl2 = lead (II) chloride
Things to look for:
1) If cations have ( ), the number
in parenthesis is their charge.
2) If anions end in -ide they are
probably off the periodic table
(Monoatomic)
3) If anion ends in -ate or –ite,
then it is polyatomic
Practice by writing the formula
or name as required…
Iron(II) Phosphate
Stannous Fluoride
Potassium Sulfide
Ammonium Chromate
MgSO4
FeCl3
Section 9.3
Naming and Writing Formulas
for Molecular Compounds
OBJECTIVES:
–Interpret the prefixes in the
names of molecular
compounds in terms of
their chemical formulas.
Section 9.3
Naming and Writing Formulas
for Molecular Compounds
OBJECTIVES:
–Apply the rules for naming
and writing formulas for
binary molecular
compounds.
Molecular compounds are…
made of just nonmetals
smallest piece is a molecule
can’t be held together by
opposite charge attraction
can’t use charges to figure out
how many of each atom (there
are no charges present)
Molecular compounds are easier!
Ioniccompounds use charges to
determine how many of each.
– You have to figure out charges.
– May need to criss-cross numbers.
Molecularcompounds: the name
tells you the number of atoms.
– Uses prefixes to tell you the exact
number of each element present!
Prefixes (Table 9.4, p.269)
1 = mono-
2 = di-
3 = tri-
4 = tetra-
5 = penta-
6 = hexa-
7 = hepta-
8 = octa-
Prefixes
9 = nona-
10 = deca-
To write the name, write two words:
Prefix & name Prefix & name -ide
Prefixes
9 = nona-
10 = deca-
To write the name, write two words:
Prefix name Prefix name -ide
One exception is we don’t write
mono if there is only one of the first
element.
Prefixes
9 = nona-
10 = deca-
To write the name, write two words:
Prefix name Prefix name -ide
One exception is we don’t write mono if
there is only one of the first element.
Normally, we do not have double
vowels when writing names (oa oo)
Practice by naming these:
N2O = dinitrogen monoxide
(also called nitrous oxide or laughing gas)
NO2 = nitrogen dioxide
Cl2O7 = dichlorine heptoxide
CBr4 = carbon tetrabromide
CO2 = carbon dioxide
BaCl2 (This one will not use prefixes, since it is
an ionic compound!)
Write formulas for these:
diphosphorus pentoxide
tetraiodine nonoxide
sulfur hexafluoride
nitrogen trioxide
carbon tetrahydride
phosphorus trifluoride
aluminum chloride (Ionic compound)
Section 9.4
Naming and Writing Formulas
for Acids and Bases
OBJECTIVES:
–Apply three rules for
naming acids.
Section 9.4
Naming and Writing Formulas
for Acids and Bases
OBJECTIVES:
–Apply the rules in reverse
to write formulas of acids.
Section 9.4
Naming and Writing Formulas
for Acids and Bases
OBJECTIVES:
–Apply the rules for naming
bases.
Acids are…
Compounds that give off
hydrogen ions (H1+) when
dissolved in water (the Arrhenius definition)
Will start the formula with H.
There will always be some
Hydrogen next to an anion.
The anion determines the
name.
Rules for Naming acids: Name
it as a normal compound first
1) If the anion attached to
hydrogen ends in -ide, put the
prefix hydro- and change -ide to
-ic acid
• HCl - hydrogen ion and chloride
ion = hydrochloric acid
• H2S hydrogen ion and sulfide ion
= hydrosulfuric acid
Naming Acids
• If the anion has oxygen in it, then it ends in
-ate or -ite
2) change the suffix -ate to -ic acid (use no
prefix)
• Example: HNO3 Hydrogen and nitrate
ions = Nitric acid
3) change the suffix -ite to -ous acid (use no
prefix)
• Example: HNO2 Hydrogen and nitrite ions
= Nitrous acid
Naming Acids
Normal ending Acid name is…
____-ide hydro-___-ic acid
____-ate _____-ic acid
____-ite _____-ous acid
2 additional rules (not mentioned in the book)
4) If the acid has 1 more oxygen than
the –ic acid, add the prefix per-
a. HClO3 (Hydrogen Chlorate) is chloric acid
b. HClO4 would be perchloric acid
5) If there is 1 less oxygen than the
-ous acid, add the prefix hypo-
• HClO2 (Hydrogen Chlorite) is chlorous acid,
then HClO would be hypochlorous
acid
Practice by naming these:
HF
H3 P
H2SO4
H2SO3
HCN
H2CrO4
Writing Acid Formulas – in reverse!
• Hydrogen will be listed first
• The name will tell you the anion
• Be sure the charges cancel out.
• Starts with prefix hydro?- there is
no oxygen, -ide ending for anion
• no prefix hydro?
1) -ate anion comes from –ic ending
2) -ite anion comes from –ous ending
Write formulas for these:
hydroiodic acid
acetic acid
carbonic acid
phosphorous acid
hydrobromic acid
Names and Formulas for Bases
A base is an ionic compound that
produces hydroxide ions (OH1-)
when dissolved in water (the Arrhenius definition)
Bases are named the same way
as other ionic compounds:
– The name of the cation (which is a
metal) is followed by the name of
the anion (which will be hydroxide).
Names and Formulas for Bases
NaOH is sodium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 is calcium hydroxide
To write the formula:
1) Write the symbol for the metal cation
2) followed by the formula for the
hydroxide ion (OH1-)
3) then use the criss-cross method to
balance the charges.
Practice by writing the formula
for the following:
Magnesium hydroxide
Iron (III) hydroxide
Zinc hydroxide
Section 9.5
The Laws Governing
Formulas and Names
OBJECTIVES:
–Define the laws of definite
proportions and multiple
proportions.
Section 9.5
The Laws Governing
Formulas and Names
OBJECTIVES:
–Apply the rules for naming
chemical compounds by
using a flowchart.
Section 9.5
The Laws Governing
Formulas and Names
OBJECTIVES:
–Apply the rules for writing
the formulas of chemial
compounds by using a
flowchart.
Some Laws:
1. Law of Definite Proportions-
in a sample of a chemical
compound, the masses of the
elements are always in the
same proportions.
H2O (water) and H2O2
(hydrogen peroxide)
Some Laws:
2.Law of Multiple Proportions-
Dalton stated that whenever two
elements form more than one
compound, the different masses of
one element that combine with the
same mass of the other element
are in the ratio of small whole
numbers.
- Page 275
Same mass
of oxygen
Summary of Naming and
Formula Writing
For naming, follow the
flowchart- Figure 9.20, page
277
For writing formulas, follow the
flowchart from Figure 9.22,
page 278
Helpful to remember...
1. In an ionic compound, the net ionic
charge is zero (criss-cross method)
2. An -ide ending generally indicates a
binary compound
3. An -ite or -ate ending means there is
a polyatomic ion that has oxygen
4. Prefixes generally mean molecular;
they show the number of each atom
Helpful to remember...
5. A Roman numeral after the
name of a cation is the ionic
charge of the cation
Use the handout sheets
provided by your teacher!
