PRESENTATION ON
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
Presented By
Subrat 166
Vaibhav 176
Shivesh 162
Avisekh 131
Rohit 153
Dipanjan 134
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
THEORY OF EGO STATES
JOHARI WINDOW
STROKES
PSYCHOLOGICAL GAMES
INTRODUCTION
In an age when Emotional Quotient (EQ) has taken over
Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Transactional Analysis is a tool to
understand ourselves better and enrich our personality, to meet
the demands that this
ever-changing world presents.
Transactional Analysis (TA) is a theory of behaviour. This theory
was formulated by Dr Eric Berne in 1958 based on his own clinical
experience.
A transaction is an exchange of communication (verbal or non-
verbal) between two people or within oneself.
An analysis of these transactions, gives us clues to our personality,
and helps us change ourselves.
HISTORY
When people interact in assertive or non-assertive ways there is
a social transaction in which one person responds to another. The
study of these social transactions between people is called
transactional analysis .
Transactional analysis was developed by Eric Berne for
psychotherapy in the 1950’s .Its application to ordinary
interactions soon was apparent and was popularized by Berne’s
Book Games People Play (1964) and by Harris, Jongeward, and
others .
The objective of transactional analysis is to provide better
understanding of how people relate to one another, so that they
may develop improved communication and human relationships.
THEORY OF EGO-STATES
According to Berne, the personality can be
explained in terms of three ego states. This model
is roughly based on the Freudian Ego. An ego state
can be explained in terms of the individual's state
of mind at any given point of time. It reflects one’s
way of thinking feeling and behaving at any given
time.
The three ego states are:
3EGO STATES INSIDE AN PERSON
Child Ego State :
All feelings, behaviours, attitudes related to
childhood - the basic sad, mad, bad, glad
feelings are attributed to the child ego state.
When a person is feeling extremely elated, he
is in his child ego state. Also, when he is
sulking, angry or cowering with fear he is in
the child ego state. In such a state, thinking
becomes muddled and our decision-making
ability sinks to a very low level.
Adult Ego State :
All feelings, behaviors, attitudes related to the
here and now - data processing, organizing
information and non-judgemental feedback are
attributed to the adult ego state. This is learnt
behavior, that is behavior which we learn as we
grow up. Even for something as simple as
crossing a road, we need to be in our adult ego
state. We need all our data processing skills to
carry out this simple activity. It all happens so fast
that the mind is not even aware, that it is taking
an adult decision.
Parent Ego State :
Feelings, attitudes, values, prejudices and
behaviors imbibed from significant parental
figures are attributed to the Parent Ego state.
This is copied behavior; copied from our
parents in early childhood. A person reacting
from this ego state will either be too
judgmental, critical or nurturing and
patronizing in most situations. In such a state,
thinking is always colored. We tend to be biased
and prejudiced in our decisions.
Transactional Analysis Teaches the individual
to live in the here and now. It is not okay to stay
on any one ego state all the time. Our personality
has to be a blend of all the three ego states.
A person who is always in the adult ego state, will
not be able to relate emotionally to others, as he
is unable to express his feelings.
A person in the child ego state or in the
parent ego state feels uncomfortable in
situations which demand adult functions like
data processing or decision making.
Thus communication is impaired and
interpersonal relationships are affected.
The idea is to display the right emotion
according to the situation, and to live in the
here and now.
STROKES
Strokes are the recognition, attention or
responsiveness that one person gives another.
Strokes can be positive (nicknamed "warm
fuzzies") or negative ("cold pricklies"). A key
idea is that people hunger for recognition, and
that lacking positive strokes, will seek whatever
kind they can, even if it is recognition of a
negative kind. We test out as children what
strategies and behaviours seem to get us
strokes, of whatever kind we can get.
People often create pressure in (or experience
pressure from) others to communicate in a way
that matches their style, so that a boss who talks
to his staff as a controlling parent will often
engender self-abasement or other childlike
responses. Those employees who resist may get
removed or labeled as "trouble".
Transactions can be experienced as positive or
negative depending on the nature of the strokes
within them. However, a negative transaction is
preferred to no transaction at all, because of a
fundamental hunger for strokes.
POSITIVE STROKES :
A stroke that makes one feel OK and creates
pleasant feelings , is a positive one.
Words of praise and appreciation , affection ,
a pat on the back are some examples of
positive strokes.
An individual requires positive strokes or in
other words he wants direct , appropriate and
complimentary transactions which reassures
him about his personal worth.
NEGATIVE STROKES
The stroke that makes one feel as NOT OK and
creates unpleasant feelings , is a negative one .
Criticism , hating and scolding are examples of
negative strokes.
Some individual obtain negative stokes while
engaging in maladaptive behavior.
Eg.In an organisation a manager says “Get lost! Don’t
show me your face again!”
JOHARI WINDOW
The Johari Window is a communication model
that can be used to improve understanding
between individuals.
Individuals can build trust between themselves
by disclosing information about themselves.
They can learn about themselves and come to
terms with personal issues with the help of
feedback from others.
FOUR QUADRANTS OF J WINDOW:
KEY POINTS :
In most cases, the aim in groups should be to
develop the Open Area for every person.
Working in this area with others usually
allows for enhanced individual and team
effectiveness and productivity. The Open Area
is the ‘space’ where good communications
and cooperation occur, free from confusion,
conflict and misunderstanding.
Self-disclosure is the process by which people
expand the Open Area vertically. Feedback is
the process by which people expand this area
horizontally.
By encouraging healthy self-disclosure and
sensitive feedback, you can build a stronger
and more effective team.
PSYCHOLOGICAL GAMES
A game is a series of transactions that is
complementary (reciprocal), ulterior, and
proceeds towards a predictable outcome.
Games are often characterized by a switch in
roles of players towards the end.
Games are usually played by Parent, Adult
and Child ego states, and games usually have
a fixed number of players; however, an
individual's role can shift, and people can play
multiple roles.
One important aspect of a game is its number
of players. Games may be two handed (that
is, played by two players), three handed (that
is, played by three players), or many handed.
Three other quantitative variables are often
useful to consider for games:
Tenacity: The persistence with which people
play and stick to their games and their
resistance to breaking it.
Flexibility: The ability of the players to change
the currency of the game (that is, the tools
they use to play it). In a flexible game, players
may shift from words, to money, to parts of
the body.
Intensity: Easy games are games played in a
relaxed way. Hard games are games played in
a tense and aggressive way.
Karpman’s Drama Triangle
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
TA can give employees fresh insights into their own
personalities.
It improves the interpersonal communication.
TA is useful in sales and other areas where success
depends on customer relations.
TA helps in developing social control.
TA has its basic objective to help individuals to understand
the Moods & Modes of behavior of self as well as those of
others in a better fashion.
THANK
YOU........
