Lesson 5:

The Settings,
Processes, Methods,
and Tools in
Counseling
Manalo, Ron Daryl I.
Oyson, Pamela Giezelle T.
Varela, Lielane R.
 3 School of Thoughts in
Psychology (1950's)
1. Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)

- a method of explaining and treating

mental and emotional problems by having the

client talk about dreams, fantasies, memories,

etc.
2. Behaviorism (B.F. Skinner)
- objective evidence of behaviour. Focuses
on the effects of "reinforcement" on
observable behaviour.

• Operant conditioning - learning by

reinforcement and punishment.

• Classical conditioning - learning by

association.
3. Humanistic Perspective (Carl Rogers,
Abraham Maslow, George Kelly)
- attempted to understand the conscious
mind, free will, human dignity and the
capacity for self-reflection and growth.
- choice, creativity, strengths, and drives
for self-actualization.
 Basic Counseling
Approaches
• Psychoanalytic Therapy
"Human beings are basically determined by
psychic energy and early experiences.“

• Alderian Therapy (Alfred Alder)

"The first six years of life influence an
individual."
- growth and development of children
• Existensial Therapy

- Human capacity to define and shape his/her

own life, give meaning to personal cirumstances,

decision-making and self-awareness.

• Person-centered Therapy (Carl Rogers)

- Self-discovery and reflection of feelings.

• Gestalt Therapy (Frederick S. Perls)
- people must find their own way in life and
accept personal responsibility for maturity.
- awareness to unfinished decisions from
the past, traumatic experiences and changes
in life.

• Transactional Analysis (Eric Berne)

- emphasis on decisions and contracts that
must be made by the client.
• Behavior Therapy (Behavior Modification)
- action-oriented methods that help people take
steps to change what they are doing and thinking.

• Rational-Emotive Therapt (Albert Ellis)

"Human beings are born with a potential for
both rational or straight thinking, and irrational or
crooked thinking."
"Through thinking, judging, deciding, and doing,
people can change their cognitive, emotive, and
behavioral processes and react differently from their
usual patterns."
• Reality Therapy (William Glasser)
- A short-term approach that
focuses on the present and highlights
a client's strengths.
- Clients needs encouragements.
"People choose their behaviour."
 5.1. Government Setting
• Counseling professionals in government
setting work with the various government
agencies that have counseling services such
as social welfare, correctional department,
the court system, child and women affairs
services, schools, military, police, hospitals,
mental and foster homes, and
rehabilitation centers.
• Sometimes, other specialized
departments also have unites of
counselors such as intelligence-
gathering, departments, military
and police departments,
presidential guards, and special
advisories.
 5.2 Private Sectors Setting
• In the private sector, counselors range from
independent providers of services or work
for NGOs, or specialized for profit centers
and organizations that render a variety of
counseling services. The processes, methods,
and tools used by counselors in the private
sectors setting remain very much the same
as the government setting.
 5.3 Civil Society Setting
• The context of civil society is generally
charities or non-profit and issue-based
centers or organizations such as for
abused women, abandoned children
and elderly, veterans, teachers,
professionals, or religious groups. The
processes, methods, and tools used
resemble each other.
 5.4 School Setting
• In the school setting, the role of school
counselor is more complex since the needs
of students can vary widely. This gives rise
to the more dynamic and complex role of
school counselors. As such, school
counselors assume many different
responsibilities and tasks based on the
particular needs of students and school
context.
 Changes in the School
Counselor Training
• Today, the training of school counselors has
changed. The role of the school counselor
has progressed from providing guidance
and career information to addressing the
developmental needs of students. They can
help students to learn effectively by
addressing the diverse areas and the
challenges that may interfere with their
learning.
 Common Concerns that May
Interfere with Student
Learning
• Some common concerns that can interfere
with the learning process includes suicide.
Violence, divorce, child abuse, unwanted
pregnancy, drug addiction, decreasing
economic resources, peer pressure, poverty,
and decision-making skills.
 Multiple Roles of School
Counselors
• Apart from their counseling roles, school
counselors are also assigned non-counseling
roles. Non-counseling tasks can range from
part-time teaching, secretarial
responsibilities, substituting for teachers
when they are not available, lunch duty, and
other responsibilities assigned by
administrators and staff looking for extra
assistance.
 Strengthening School
Counseling
• Acting proactively implies that school
counselors supported by
administrators, “use data gathered on
student performance to develop their
school counseling programs and to help
teachers customize educational
practices to meet students’ individual
needs” (Sclafani 2005).
• The can also collect data on the
effectiveness of their overall
program, rather than documenting
random lessons and number of
children they see” (Vail 2005).
The Role of the Elementary
School Counselor (K-6)
• Ward and Worsham (1998) see the
primary role of the K-6 or
elementary school counselors to
include development and
implementation or facilitation of
classroom guidance activities.
• The goal is to address and remediate
the students’ problems early enough to
increase the chance of helping them
successfully cope with unique demands
that confront adolescents when they
reach middle school and high school.
 The Role of Junior High School
Counselor (Grades 7-10)
• At this development stage of life as young
adolescents, grade 7 through 10, the
primary role of the junior high school
counselor is to provide guidance and
counseling in dealing with peer
relationships and social interactions such,
includes work with students, teachers, and
parents in an attempt to understand the
other.
 The Role of the Senior High
School Counselor (Grades 11-12)
• For Ward and Worsham (1998), the primary
role of senior high school counselors is to
provide guidance and counseling pertaining to
educational and career decisions as well as
college placement counseling. Other common
services are also made available to meet the
needs of individuals of groups, and provide
orientation activities for transferees or new
students to the school.
 The Role of the College Level
Counselor (College to Post-graduate
Level)
• The roles of school counselors
include counseling, appraisal and
assessment, information,
placement, research and
evaluation, follow-up and student
activities.
 5.5 Community Setting
• The community has the greatest and widest
application of counseling services
considering the diversity of people who
constitute the community. There are people
who are in conflict with the law, socially
marginalized, people who suffer loss of all
kinds, those living in institutional homes,
and those experiencing different types
life transitions that need counseling
support and services. The community
setting creates a crossroad for individual
context and group context. Therefore,
the needs recognized and addressed on
other levels are equally present in the
community setting.