Environmental planning

Instructor: Haddis R.
Leul W.
ENVIRONMENT
 Environment is meant everything present around us
within the biosphere that influences our life. It is not
limited to what is commonly called our surroundings or
the nature in our direct location.
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT?

Environment can be defined as

 The circumstances and conditions that surround an

organism or a group of organisms
or

 The social and cultural conditions that affect an

individual or a community

 Since humans inhabit the natural world as well as the

"built" or Technological, social, and cultural world, all
constitute important parts of our environment.
HUMANS INHABIT TWO WORLDS
 One is the natural world of plants, animals, soils, air,
and water

 The other is the world of human society, technology,

social institutions and artifacts
IMPORTANT PARTS OF OUR
ENVIRONMENT
 NATURAL WORLD

 THE “ BUILT” OR TECHNOLOGICAL

 SOCIAL

 CULTURAL WORLD
NATURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
 Humans are part of the environment

 Human beings have a capacity and capability to

improve and destroy nature

 Environmental danger could possibly jeopardize the very

existence of human and other spices
ENVIRONMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
HUMAN AND NATURAL SPHERE
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Tool for optimal utilization of the earth's resources for
development activities

Resources are:

 Both renewable and

 Non-renewable,
DRIVING FORCES BEHIND
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
o Human pressure on finite natural resources and dynamic
ecosystems is now causing local, regional and even
global environmental implications
 major driving force behind environmental degradation
are :

 population growth,
 poverty and

 desire for increased wealth

GLOBAL CHANGES (NEED FOR PLANNING
REGULATION)
ETHICS = MORALS AND VALUES
 Morals – the distinction between right and wrong

 Values – the ultimate worth of actions or things

 Environmental ethics – Moral relationships between us

and the world around us
OBJECTIVE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING
 General objective of Environmental planning is to
integrate all professional ,social, cultural, policy and
ecosystem views towards sustainable development.
OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
 Climate Change and green house effect
 Deforestation

 Eutrophication

 Use of non renewable resources

 Use of pesticides

 Air pollution – natural and industrial

POPULATION
 Population refers to “all of the inhabitants of a given
area
SIGNIFICANCE OF POPULATION
 Population is frequently referred to as a main actor of
environmental problems.
 The question arises: What is meant by “population”?

 Does it relate to population growth

 or population density
 or population moves?
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
 The Big Issues:

1. Are there limits to sustainable population growth?

2. Is there room for us all on this planet?
3. How are population and the environment related?
4. How can we act responsibly for future generations?
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH AND
THE SHRINKING EARTH
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
 Every second, on average, four or five children are born,
somewhere on the earth. In that same second, two other
people die. This difference between births and deaths
means a net gain of roughly 2.3 more humans per second
in the world's population.
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
 But is a continuing increase in humans good for the
planet in the long run ?

 Many people worry that overpopulation will cause-or perhaps

already is causing-resource depletion and environmental
degradation that threaten the ecological life-support systems on
which we all depend . These fears often lead to demands for
immediate, worldwide birth-control programs to reduce fertility
rates and to eventually stabilize or even shrink the total number of
humans.
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
 Others believe that human ingenuity, technology, and
enterprise can extend the world' s carrying capacity and
allow us to overcome any problems we encounter.

 From this perspective, more people may be beneficial, rather

than disastrous. A larger population means a larger workforce,
more geniuses, more ideas about what to do. Along with
every new mouth comes a pair of hands. Proponents of this
world view argue that continued economic and technological
growth feed the world's billions and enrich every one enough
to end the population explosion voluntarily.
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
 Yet another perspective on this subject derives from
social justice concerns. According to this worldview,
resources are sufficient for everyone. Current
shortages are only signs of greed, waste, and
oppression. The root cause of environmental
degradation, in this view, is inequitable distribution
of wealth and power rather than merely population
size.
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
 Neo-Malthusians still believe we are rapidly
approaching or have already surpassed the earth’s
capacity

 Neo-Malthusians Solution: make birth control highest

priority

 Advocates of “social justice” approach

 Claims of resource scarcity are an excuse for the inequitable

use of resources between the “haves” and the “have not's”.
More fair distribution could assure enough for everyone
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
“ENOUGH FOR EVERYONE’S NEED, BUT NOT
FOR EVERYONE’S GREED” (GANDHI)
 What do you think of that?

 Solution for those who advocate a “social justice”

approach:

While there are undoubtedly limits to earth’s resources, a

combination of education, careful stewardship, reduction of birth
rates, and more equitable distribution of resources can assure a
decent life for all
LINKS BETWEEN WATER USE AND
POPULATION DYNAMICS………
OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION.......
 Population Growth
 Natural Disaster

 Land and Water pollution

 Over exploitation of natural resources

 Hazardous

 Loss of Bio-diversity

 other problems...
MAJOR HUMAN ACTIVITIES
AFFECTING ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY
 House hold wastes
 Fresh water

 Land use and agricultural development

 Industrialisation

 Energy
SCALES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
 Local
 Regional

 Fluvial

 Continental

 Global
LOCAL SCALE
 Urban environment
 In house

 Office

 Noise

 Odour

 Air pollution
REGIONAL SCALE
Areas influenced by:
 groundwater flows

 seepage from dump sites

 air movement

 over fertilization
FLUVIAL SCALE
 Pollution through rivers: nutrients, toxic compounds etc.
 over fertilization
CONTINENTAL SCALE
 Influenced by air circulation at 0-3 km altitude: radio
nuclides, acid rain
 acidification

 ozone life

 nuclear accidents
GLOBAL SCALE
 Compounds which stay year or longer in the atmosphere:
greenhouse gases, ozone layer destroying compounds
 http://www.rprogress.org/resources/nip/ef/deficittable1_
nations.html
 World ecological footprint

 Ecological footprint

 Footprint
 Measuring sustainable development
URBANIZATION BY REGIONS, 2005-2030
 In 2005, Africa and Asia were the least urbanized
continents.

 By 2030, more than 50 per cent of the population of all

continents will live in urban areas (UN, 2006)
UNDERLING CAUSES OF
URBANIZATION
The growing number of the urban population is due to:

 natural increase of the population of cities,

 net-immigration from rural areas

 and a change in the administrative status of villages

(annexation of villages by cities)
QUESTION?

 What could be the effect of increased rate of

urbanization on the urban environment?
LINK BETWEEN URBANITES AND
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
 Expanding cities need additional land for:

 housing

 food

 water supply and fuel

 and other facilities such as sewerage and landfill

ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
(HUMAN - ENVIRONMENT
INTERACTION)
Man- Environment system
Types of Resources
 Human Resources
 Land resources
 Flora and fauna
 Soils
 Air
 Mineral resources
 Water resources
 Surface Water Resources
 Ground Water Resources
 Energy resources
 Finance
 Reusable and Recyclable materials
(HUMAN - ENVIRONMENT
INTERACTION)
MAN- ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM
Environmental Processes
 Manufacturing
 Transportation
 Construction
 Migration
 Population Growth
ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (HUMAN
- ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION)
MAN- ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM

Environmental Effects (negative/ positive)

Negative Effects -
 Pollution - air, water, noise
 Waste Generation – solid waste, sewage
 Congestion, overcrowding

Positive Effects
 Products,
 Value-addition
ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
(HUMAN - ENVIRONMENT
INTERACTION)
MAN- ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM

 Everything else is intelligently self-regulating and acting

coherently and wisely.. except human kind.

 We have degraded the self - regulating and self

-sustaining capacity of the natural environment into a
Man- Environment system that is in crisis.
ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
(HUMAN - ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION)

 Environmental scarcity can foster cooperation, but also contribute to

tensions or conflicts
CONCLUSION:………………………
• Human Environment interaction could cause pollution
thus there is need for Environmental planning
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS?
1. What is your foot print? (what is the implication)

2. What is meant by ecological footprint?

3. What is meant by ecological architecture?

4. What is meant by sustainable city?

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
CHALLENGES

 Water Quality (water pollution) and Quantity

 Ground water pollution
 Air Pollution (Industrial/ exhaust gases and indoor air
pollution)
 Waste Generation (Solid/liquid)
 Toxic and nuclear waste disposal
 Lack of proper sanitation
 Deforestation/Desertification
 Biodiversity loss (Loss of aquatic and terrestrial
biodiversity)
 Land pollution
 Pollution by pesticide
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
CHALLENGES

 Soil erosion
 Floods
 Droughts and Aridity
 Cyclones
 Lack of Environmental awareness
 Pollution by mercury
1. Battery factory
2. Fishing area
 Carbon monoxide pollution
Carbon monoxide causes smoke from forest fire, public
transportation and industrialization.
 Inequitable distribution of resources
 Impact of Global Warming………etc
Some of the Environmental Challenges
The surrounding the riverlandscape
The existing bridge

Buhe river with high waste water

The surrounding
which is found next
to the river

t
 Saris River
SOUND POLLUTION IN ETHIOPIA
IN PARTICULAR, IN ADDIS ABEBA
Noises
found in
and
around
modern
cities.
THE MORAL ASPECT
The fact that there aren’t
proper traffic rules and
people don’t feel morally
obligated to refrain from
disturbing their
surrounding…
People honk, shout, put
on loud music…
Because the competition
between Churches and
Mosques is also so
widespread, the
loudspeakers come in
handy to win the battle.
In big cities, especially in
Addis, the condition is
worse. Having a house
next to a church or a
mosque is a nightmare.
SOLUTIONS TO OUR SOUND POLLUTION
PROBLEMS IN ETHIOPIA
 The enacting of new sound control laws.
 Segregation of residential areas from the main traffic routes
and entertainment centers.
 The controlling of religious sounds, internalizing sounds.

 Enhancing visual promotion.

CONSTRUCTION
WORKER ON THE
STREET WITH A
DRILL.
SMOKE FROM FACTORIES
 VEHICLES:- since the way to Kality is main road to other
cities and there is high flow of cars and traffic jam, smoke
from the vehicles pollute the air.

• INDUSTRIAL WASTE:- can be the

cause of air pollution through driving
force like temperature and pressure.
 INDOOR POLLUTION:- caused by burning of fuels ,dirties
that are either fluid or solid wastes and toilets that are not
sucked at the right time.

 BAD ODOURS :-that are bad smells from polluted rivers

and, solid and liquid wastes.
 SEWAGE
Through the sewage wastage enter into the
river.
HUMAN WASTAGE OR DRY AND LIQUIED
WASTAGE.
The second big problem of pollution is human wastage.
The toilet , liquid wastage and other solid wastage release into the river.
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING CHALLENGES
• Floods • Erosion

•1955
•1974
•1988
•1993
•1998
•2000

• Cyclones

 Droughts and
Aridity
WASTE GENERATION (SOLID)
WASTE GENERATION (SOLID)
WASTE GENERATION (LIQUID)
Industrial waste Solid waste Sewage and waste
water water

Causes

Surface water and ground

water pollution
Results

Gastro-intestinal diseases
Soil pollution and water
pollution
DEFORESTATION
Fuel wood Overgrazing Timber for construction

Causes

Deforestation
Results

Soil erosion
Loss of diversity
Land degradation
Reduction of fertility
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
 Poorly vented kitchen

Causes

Indoor air pollution

Results

Chronic respiratory diseases

Sick building syndromes
 POLLUTION BY MERCURY
1. Battery factory
2. Fishing area

 CARBON-MONOXIDE POLLUTION
Carbon monoxide causes smoke from forest fire, public transportation and
industrialization.
 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
CHALLENGES

 POLLUTION BY PESTICIDE
over used pesticide in agriculture sectors and effect of DDT from
mosquito poison.
 SOME OF THE CASES OF
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
 POLLUTION BY PESTICIDE
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
CHALLENGES
(INEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES.)
WASTE GENERATION (CLOSING THE
LOOP)

 Estimations: 60 – 65% of MSW is organic waste

81
AA-LANDFILL OR DUMP?

15.09.08
CLOSING THE LOOP

(Peri-)urban agriculture

83
July 15, 2020 84
July 15, 2020 86
87
Los Angeles River transformed into
a green spine in the heart of the city
with restored reparian habitats,
improved water quality
and new recreational uses
POLLUTION
 industrial
 domestic
GLOBAL WARMING
DROUGHT CONDITIONS

polar ice
RECOMMENDATIONS TO SOLVE
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING CHALLENGES

 Poverty eradication
 Equitable distribution of resources

 Enhancement rural areas

 Increasing public awareness

 Recycling waste

 Forestation

 Biodiversity

 Issuing Environmental Legislations

 Stiff penalties incase of effluent pollution from

industries.
 Strict legislation to protect water resources.
QUESTIONS

 What are some of the present day Environmental

problems?
 Is their a scope for environmental planning in
construction?

 Road projects
 Housing projects
 Land fill development
 River bank development……….

 What is meant by sustainable building?