Chapter 05
Three-Phase (3-Φ) Synchronous
Motor
Dr. Abdul Ghani Abro
Dr. Abdul Ghani Abro 26-Jan-17 1
Introduction
• There are two major types of ac machines: Few characteristic features of a
1. Synchronous machines synchronous motor.
2. Induction machines.
• Synchronous machines are generally used
as generator whereas induction machines
are generally used as motor.
• An induction motor is one in which AC
source is supplied to the stator directly and
the rotor gets supply by mutual induction
from the stator. Therefore it can be said that
working principle of Induction Motor
depends upon Mutual Induction.
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Dr. Abdul Ghani Abro 26-Jan-17
Construction of
Synchronous Motor
1. Synchronous Motor’s rotor has two types of windings:
i. Damper winding OR Amortisseur Winding : It is similar to
squirrel cage winding of squirrel cage rotor used in Induction
Motor. This winding produces starting torque.
ii. DC Windings: Below damper winding, DC winding is placed
DC. This winding produces running torque. 26-Jan-17 3
Hence, it can be said that Synchronous motor is also a doubly
excited motor.
Continue…
• There are two types of Synchronous Motors according to construction of its rotor.
1. Salient Pole Synchronous Motor
2. Non- Salient Pole Synchronous Motor
• Salient pole rotors have large diameter and shorter axial length. They are generally used in lower speed
electrical machines. The rotor is shown in the figure given below.
• Non-salient pole rotor is also called cylindrical rotor are smaller in diameter but having longer axial length.
These are generally used in high speed electrical machines. Windage loss as well as noise is less as compared to
salient pole rotors. Their construction is robust as compared to salient pole rotors.
26-Jan-17 4
Dr. Abdul Ghani Abro
Rotating Magnetic Field
• Stator of 3-Φ induction motor is connected to 3-Φ supply.
• Magnetic poles of an electromagnet are dependent upon polarity of
supply. Therefore, change in polarity from positive to negative
changes poles from north to south.
• For example at Zero (0) Degrees, Phase A is at maximum positive
do does its connected pole is strong north. Whereas, Phase B and C
are half of negative maximum and so the connected poles are weak 3-Φ Supply
south poles.
• At 60 Degrees, Phase C is at maximum negative do does its
connected pole is strong south. Whereas, Phase B and C are half of
positive maximum and so the connected poles are weak north poles.
• Therefore, from above discussion and from figure it is clear that a
3-Φ supply produces a rotating magnetic field.
• The speed at which this rotating magnetic field rotates is called
Synchronous Speed.
120 f
s
P
where s Synchronous Speed
f Frequency P Number of Poles
Dr. Abdul Ghani Abro
Starting of 3-Φ Synchronous Motor
• A 3-Φ AC supply has been applied to the stator which produces a rotating magnetic field.
• Rotor of synchronous motor carries damper winding. Damper winding cuts rotating magnetic field
produced by stator. Thus emf is induced in damper winding which results in current flow in damper
winding. Then according to Faraday’s Law of Force induction, exerted force on rotor results in rotation.
• When rotor speed reaches near to synchronous speed, its DC winding is given DC supply which
produces strong and constant magnetic poles.
Afterwards, rotor magnetic poles get locked with rotating field poles produced by stator. Now, the rotor
rotates at the speed of rotating magnetic field which is called synchronous speed. As this motor rotates at
synchronous speed that’s why it is called synchronous motor.
Synchronous motor also rotates in the same direction as that of rotating magnetic field similar to Induction
motor.
[Link]
The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Motor
Stator Circuit. It is also called
Rotor Circuit. Rotor is
armature. It is given a three phase
given a DC Supply.
supply. EA is induced emf due to
rotor’s magnetic field.
Armature resistance is very small in
comparison to reactance, therefore it
is generally ignored.
Synchronous Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic Curve
• Synchronous motors runs at constant speed irrespective of loads.
• If load on synchronous motor is increased, the motor’s speed remains constant. Only load angle (δ) is
increased to compensate increase in load.
• Torques developed by synchronous motor is given by the following equation.
3V E A 3V E A
sin OR P sin
m X S XS
where, is Torque, V is applied phase voltage
E A is armature induced emf due to rotor magnetic field
m is rotor mechanical speed
X S is reactance of stator
is a load angle
P is mechanical power
The Effect of Load Changes on a Synchronous Motor
If a load is attached to the shaft of a synchronous motor, the motor will develop enough torque to keep the motor and
its load turning at a synchronous speed.
If the load on the shaft of the motor is increased, the rotor will
initially slow down. As it does, the torque angle δ becomes
larger, and the induced torque increases. The increase in
induced torque eventually speeds the rotor back up, and the
motor again turns at synchronous speed but with a larger torque
anglethe
Examine δ. constraints on the machine during a load change. This figure shows the motor's phasor diagram before
the loads are increased. The internal generated voltage and so depends on only the field current in the machine and
the speed of the machine. The speed is constrained to be constant by the input power supply, and since no one has
touched the field circuit , the field current is constant as well. Therefore, must be constant as the load changes.
The distances proportional to power ( and ) will increase, but the magnitude of must remain constant. As the load
increases, swings down in the circular path as shown figure. As swings down further and further, the quantity has
to increase to reach from the tip to and therefore the armature current also increases. Notice that the power-factor
angle (Ɵ) changes too, becoming less and less leading and then more and more lagging
The Effect of Field Current Changes on a Synchronous
Motor
The phasor diagram of an under-
excited synchronous motor.
The phasor diagram of an
overexcited synchronous motor.
Open-circuit characteristic
curve of the generator
