01

ASSOSA UNIVERSITY
FUNDAMENTAL OF
CEng3094
ARCHITECTURE
Prepared by Abenezer G.
(Arch)
02

FUNDAMENTALS OF
ARCHITECTURE
06 Related Disciplines in the construction industry
Means of Communication
?
• Architect ( Coordinator)
• UP and UE
• Surveyor & Geologist DRAWINGS
• Structural Engineer
• Electrical Engineer
• Mechanical Engineer
• Sanitary Engineer

• Light Engineer
• Acoustics Engineer
• Interior Architect
• Landscape Architect etc.
07 Drawing ?
08

Architectural drawings
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING is a technical
drawing of a building project that falls
within the definition of architecture.

Technical Drawing - is a plan that visually

communicates how something functions or
is to be constructed.
02
Architectural Drawings Are Used
By Architects And Others For A
Number Of Purposes:

• To develop a design idea into a coherent

proposal
• To communicate ideas and concepts
• To convince clients of the merits of a
design
• To enable a building contractor to
construct it
• As a record of the completed work
• To make a record of a building that
already exists
09 Architectural drawings are used by
architects and others for a number
of purposes:

• Architectural drawings are drawn

according to a set of conventions, which
include
• particular views (floor plan,
elevations, section etc.),
• sheet sizes,
• units of measurement and scales,
annotations and cross referencing.

• Convention is a set of agreed, or generally

accepted standards, often taking the form
of a custom.
10

History of Architectural Drawings

• Historically, drawings were made in ink on

paper or a similar material, and any copies
had to be laboriously made by hand.

• The twentieth century saw a shift to

drawing on tracing paper, so that
mechanical copies could be run off
efficiently.
11
Evolution of Architectural
Drawings

• The development of the computer had a

major impact on the methods used to
design and create technical drawings
making manual drafting almost obsolete,
and opening up new possibilities of form
using organic shapes and complex
geometry.

• Today the vast majority of drawings are

created using CAD software
12 Types of drawing in the construction industry

PRESENTATION DAWING

CONSTRUCTION WORKING
DRAWING
 Different Between Presentation Drawing
13 And Construction Working Drawing

PRESENTATION DRAWING:

• Made to show ideas

• Architectural concepts
• Less precise
• More photographic or artistic
• Well rendered
• Incorporates scale giving objects

• Human figure
• Greeneries
• Fixtures
• Backgrounds & foregrounds
14 Different Between Presentation Drawing
And Construction Working Drawing

PRESENTATION DRAWING:

• Helps the participants to visualize the

project
• Little technical information
• There are various ways of rendering
presentation drawings
• Color pencils
• Water colors
• Ink and wash
• Models can be used to convey the concept
and idea of the design.
 Different Between Presentation Drawing
15
And Construction Working Drawing

WORKING DRAWING
Are produced in order to communicate technical
information throughout the construction team by
using universally standardized conventions:

• Architectural
• Structural
• Sanitary
• Electrical

Working drawing are expected to provide

• Use of materials
• Construction details
• Contractual document
• Indication of degree supervision
16 WORKING DRAWING
 Different Between Presentation Drawing
17
And Construction Working Drawing

WORKING DRAWING
 Different Between Presentation Drawing
18
And Construction Working Drawing

Why do we prepare construction working drawings ?

• To communicate requirements in a clear, concise and

unambiguous manner
• To prepare bill of quantities
• To use it as part of contract document

What are the requirements of construction working drawing ?

• Shouldn't be unnecessarily congested or complicated

• Clear to understand
• Descriptions be Brief
• Should be Consistent and complete
• Should be well dimensioned
• Should be drawn to scale
19 Standard size of drawing papers
A4

Generally it is advisable to use international

standard-size papers. A3

A2
Standard sheet size (JIS)
A4 210 x 297
Trimmed paper of A3 297 x 420 A1
a size A0 ~ A4. A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189

(Dimensions in millimeters)
A0
20 How to draw..?
drawings can be prepared:

• By hand assisted by various templates

• Computer software programs ( Ex. AutoCAD)
• Drafting materials and
equipment's

[Link] Paper
2.T-square
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] pencil
6. Drawing pen
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] curve
[Link]
21
Architectural Drawings

Plans
• Site plans
• Roof plans (combined with
site plans)
• Floor plans

• Sections
• Elevations
• Detailed drawings
22 Architectural Drawings

Site plans

• A site plan is a drawing showing

various properties in terms of their
owners, locations, elevations, states
of development and features such
as roads, utility supply lines, etc.
23 Architectural Drawings

Site plans
24 Architectural Drawings

ROOF PLAN

• A roof is defined as the upper most part of

the building, provided as a structural
covering, to protect the building from
weather.
• A roof consists of structural elements,
which support roof coverings.
• The structural elements may be trusses,
beams, slabs, shells or domes.
• The roof coverings may be corrugated
metal sheets, RC slabs, tiles, etc.
25 Architectural Drawings

FLOOR PLAN

• A floor plan is an orthographic

view of a total building or an area
within a building, seen as if a
horizontal cutting plane were
passed through it at a height of
approximately (150 cm)above the
floor.
26 Architectural Drawings

FLOOR PLAN

• Floor plans usually show the layout

of rooms,
• key dimensions and levels, and
• may also use conventions and
symbols to show materials and
locations of fittings and appliances.
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FLOOR PLAN

The functions of floor plans are:

• To guide the construction team to layout and

construct;

• Floors,
• Columns,
• Walls,
• Openings,
• Stair cases,
• Fixtures,
• Partitions etc.

• To helps the design team to develop other

working drawings such as;

• Sections,
• Elevations,
• Site plan,
28 Architectural Drawings
FLOOR PLAN

The functions of floor plans are:

• To show the dimensions of exterior features

and interior contents

• room sizes,
• exterior wall,
• columns,
• partition walls material and thickness,
• rooms name & size.

• To indicate the location and the materials of a

building component, and its contents.
29 Architectural Drawings
FLOOR PLAN

The functions of floor plans are:

• A construction working drawing of a floor plan

conveys a significant amount of information to the
builder,

such as:

• Dimensions,
• Door/window locations,
• Cabinetry,
• Section line
• Leveling
• Furnishings and
• Some other symbols
30 Architectural Drawings
31 Architectural Drawings
FLOOR PLAN

How to draw floor plan

The major steps in floor plan drawings

preparation are:

• Laying center line of walls,

• Locating of Columns at the intersection of
center line
• Marking wall thickness,
• Marking window and door openings,
• Locating furniture positions,
• Indicating material type,
• Adding measurements and other details.
32 Architectural Drawings

SECTIONS

A section drawing takes an imaginary vertical

slice through a structure, showing its
materials and components.

A section is a view of a building or object

obtained by making an imaginary cut through
it.
33 Architectural Drawings

SECTIONS
34 Architectural Drawings

SECTIONS
35 Architectural Drawings

SECTIONS

A vertical section through a building will show

details of the construction of the foundations,
walls, floors, roof and other parts.

The number of sections required of a building

will depend
on its size and complexity.

Generally there will be at least two sections

across section, across the width of the building.

a longitudinal section, along the length of the
building.
36 Architectural Drawings
SECTIONS

Architectural section drawings are prepared

For the entire structure (full sections) or
For a specific part(s) of a building (detail sections)

The cutting plane is an imaginary plane, which

passes through the building and divides it into
sections.

Longitudinal section
Transverse section
Offset section
37 Architectural Drawings
SECTIONS

It is recommended for the location of Cutting Plane to pass

through:

- Stairs: to show vertical circulation.

- Openings: to show details in windows and doors.
- important interior spaces: to show interior rooms content
Info.

To prepare a section the following information are needed ;

the building vertical dimensions and heights, site levels, the

building structural systems, wall and roof systems, some
mechanical information, windows and doors types, major
building finishes.
38 Architectural Drawings
ELEVATION

An elevation is a scaled drawing that shows a vertical

surface or plane seen from a point of view
perpendicular to the viewers picture plane.

An elevation should give an impression of

how one face of the building will look from
the outside.

Exterior elevations illustrate the finished appearance of

an exterior wall of a building. They convey the;

Types of materials proposed,

Types of doors and windows,
The finished grade,
Roof slope . etc.
39 Architectural Drawings

ELEVATION

Generally, exterior elevations are

titled according to the compass
direction they are facing, as;

North Elevation,
East Elevation,
South Elevation, or
West Elevation.
40 Architectural Drawings
ELEVATION

How To Draw Elevation ?

Elevation drawings are projected from the floor plan of an architectural drawing.
When drawing an elevation you need to take the horizontal dimensions from the plans and the
vertical dimensions from the sections.

The major steps in projecting elevations are:

• Projecting horizontal lines
• Projecting vertical lines
• Locating roof lines
• Adding elevation symbols
• Providing elevation dimensions
• Description of material used and finishing type
41 Architectural Drawings
DETAILED DRAWINGS

They usually show specific details, such as in

stair cases, gutter to down pipe connections,
wall to foundation connection, metal and
wood joineries, etc.

They are prepared to the extent necessary

and depending on the complexity of the
building.
The recommended is scale of 1:1, 1:5, 1:10,
or 1:20.
42 Architectural Drawings
DETAILED DRAWINGS

Stair detail
43 Architectural Drawings
DETAILED
DRAWINGS

Stair case
44 Architectural Drawings
DETAILED DRAWINGS

Wall to foundation
connection detail
45 Architectural Drawings

SCALED DRAWINGS

Architectural drawings are drawn to scale, so that relative

sizes are correctly represented.

The scale is chosen both to ensure the whole building will

fit on the chosen sheet size, and to show the required
amount of detail.

For example a drawing could be done in ¼ inch scale.

This means that if you measured ¼ inch on the drawing, it
would represent 1 ft in real life.
46 Architectural Drawings
ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS

All drawings use a common set of

symbols,
46 Architectural Drawings

HATCHINGS SYMBOLS

The main objective is to differentiate

between the materials being used thus
enabling rapid recognition and location.
They must be used consistently throughout
the whole set of drawings.
In large areas it is not always necessary to
hatch the whole area.
46 Architectural Drawings

ANNOTATIONS

Working drawings include dimensions.

They specify:
room size
wall lengths
door and window locations
46

THANK
YOU!!!
46 ASSIGNMENT

Requirements
CRATE A MODEL FOR EACH
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ELEMENTS
AND PRINCIPLES ?
• The base for the model should be
25*50 cm
• Use only three types of colors inclusive
of the base
What is expected
• Good imagination and creativity
• Precision
• Abstraction