3.

Energy or Power signal

A signal is to be energy signal if total normalized Energy is
finite or nonzero .i.e. 0  E  

Mathematically it can be expressed as

T
(For Continuous time

2
E  T   | x(t ) | dt
Lim
signal)
T

N
E  N  
Lim
 | x
n N
( n ) 2
| (For Discrete time
signal)
 A signal is to be power signal if total normalized
Average power is finite or nonzero .i.e. 0  P   .

Mathematically it can be expressed as

T
1 (For Continuous time

2
P T   2T
Lim
| x (t ) | dt
signal)
T

N
1
P  N   2 N  1
Lim
 |
n N
x ( n ) | 2 (For Discrete time
signal)
 2 t
[Link] whether the given signal is Energy or power x (t )  e u (t )
T
Therefore Sub above

2
E  T   | x(t ) | dt
Lim
equation. T
T
e   4t

E  T   
Lim

  4 o
T  e 4 T
e 0

E  T   
Lim
 
E  T    | e u (t ) | dt
Lim  2t 2
 4 4
T
T  e  e 0 
E   
E  T   
 4t
Lim e dt
4 4 
0
We know that
  0 1
  4  4 

e 
 ax E
e
 ax
dx   
0   a 0
 1 Since E is finite the given is Energy signal.
E J
4
T
1
  e 4T e 0 
2t 2 1
P T   2T
Lim | e u (t ) | dt P  T Lim
    
T 2T  4 4
T
1  4t
 

Lim
P T e dt Sub the T value as in the
2T 0
above equation.
We know that
 1  e  e 0 

e   ax P   
2*
e 4 4 
 ax
dx   
0  a 0 1 1
P  0
1 e   4t T
2* 
P  T   
Lim

2T   4  Since P is zero the given is

o
not a power signal.
[Link] whether the given signal is energy or power. Determine
energy and power of the signal. x(n)   0.5 u (n)
n

N
We know that
E  N  
Lim
 | x ( n) | 2

1
n N

n 0
a  1  a  .. 
n 2

1 a
, | a | 1

Therefore sub above equ in E

N

 |  0.5

n 2 1
E    0.25 
E  N  
Lim
u (n) | n
n N
n 0 1  0.25
N
1
  0. 5 
2n
E  N  
Lim
E  1.33 J
n 0
0.75
N Since E is finite the given is
  0.25
n
E  N  
Lim
Energy signal.
n 0
 N
1
P  N   2 N  1
Lim
 | x ( n) |
n N
2

N
1
 |  0.5
n 2
P  N   2 N  1
Lim
u ( n) |
n N

1 N

  0.5
2n
P  N   2 N  1
Lim

n 0
N
1 1  ( 0 .25) N 1

P  N   2 N  1
Lim
  0.25  N  2N  1 
n Lim 1

n 0  1  0.25 
We know that
N 1
P0
N
1  a

n 0
a 
n

1 a
,a 1
[Link] whether the given signal is energy or power. Determine
energy and power of the signal.   
2
1 N j  n 
P  N   2 N  1

  Lim
2 4
x ( n)  e
j  n 
2 4 e
n N
N
E  N   
2
| x
Lim
( n ) | N
n N
2
Lim
1
P  N   2 N  1 1
n N
N   
j  n 
E  N  
Lim

n N
e 2 4 N

1  2 N  1
n N

e j | cos   j sin  | 1 1
P  N  Lim
(2 N  1)  1

2N 1
E 1  
n  
Since P is finite the given is Power
signal.
[Link] or Odd signal

A signal is said to be even or symmetric signal if it satisfies the

condition x(t )  x(t ) (For Continuous time signal)

x ( n)  x (  n) (For Discrete time signal)

A signal is said to be odd if it satisfies the condition

x(t )   x(t ) (For Continuous time signal)
Or
 x (t )  x(t ) (For Continuous time signal)

x(n)   x( n) (For Discrete time signal)

Or
 x(n)  x(n) (For Discrete time signal)
A signal x(t ) can be expressed as

x(t )  xe (t )  x0 (t ) (1)

Replace n as –n in equ (1)

x(t )  xe (t )  x0 (t ) ( 2)

We know that even signal is x(t )  x ( t )

 x(t )  x( t )
andabove
Sub odd signal is in equ (2)
equations

x(t )  xe (t )  x0 (t ) (3)

Add equ(1) and (3)

 x(t )  xe (t )  x0 (t ) (1)

x(t )  xe (t )  x0 (t ) (3)

x(t )  x(t )  2 xe (t )
1
xe (t )   x(t )  x(t )  ( 4)
2
Subtract equ(1) and (3)
x(t )  xe (t )  x0 (t ) (1)

x(t )  xe (t )  x0 (t ) (3)

x(t )  x(t )  2 x0 (t )
1
x0 (t )   x(t )  x(t )  (5)
2
1. For the sequence x(n)  1,2,3,4,1 find even and odd
x(n) x (  n)
component 4
4

2
1 2
1
n
 2 1 0 1 2 n
 2 1 0 1 2
1
3 1
3
1
[ x(n)  x( n)]
x ( n)  x (  n) 2
6 6 3 3

n n
 2 1 0 1 2  2 1 0 1 2
3
6
 x(n) x (  n)
4
4

2
1 2
1
n
 2 1 0 1 2 n
 2 1 0 1 2
1
3 1
3

 x (  n) 1
[ x (n)  x( n)]
2
3
1
1
2
n
 2 1 0 1
 2 1 0
n
1
1 2
2
1
4
System
A system is physical device which performs some function
over the input signal and produces another signal as output.

x(t) y(t)

(For Continuous time signal)

(For Discrete time signal)
System can be classified into
1. Static or Dynamic system.
2. Causal or non-causal system.
3. Linear or Non-linear system.
4. Time variant or Invariant system.
5. Stable or unstable system.
1. Static system.

A system is said to static or memoryless if its output

depends only on the present input.
1. Dynamic system.

A system is said to Dynamic or memory if its output depends

on the present, past or future inputs.
2. Causal system.
A system is said to be causal if its output depends on present
and past inputs but not future inputs.

A system is said to be non causal if its output depends on the

present, past and future inputs.
3. Linear or Non-linear system.
A system is said to be linear if its satisfies superposition
principle.
Superposition principle.
Superposition principle states that response of weighted sum
outputs is equal to weighted sum of outputs corresponding to
each individual inputs.
 We no that for a linear system

Similarly
 LHS=

LHS ≠ RHS

Therefore the system is Non-linear system.

[Link] the output y (n)  x(n)  nx(n  1) .Determine whether the

given signal is linear or non-linear system.
We no that for a linear system

T [a1 x1 (n)  a2 x2 (n)]  a1 y1 (n)  a2 y2 (n)

If the input is x1 (n) then y1 (n)  x1 (n)  nx1 (n)

If the input is x2 (n) then y2 (n)  x2 (n)  nx2 (n)

Therefore RHS becomes

a1 y1 (n)  a2 y2 (n)  a1 *[ x1 (n)  nx1 (n)]  a2 *[ x2 (n)  nx2 (n)]

 a1 x1 (n)  a1nx1 (n)]  a2 x2 (n)  a2 nx2 (n)

LHS becomes

T [a1 x1 (n)  a2 x2 (n)]  a1[ x1 (n)  nx1 (n)]  a2 [ x2 (n)  nx2 (n)]

a1 x1 (n)  na1 x1 (n)  a2 x2 (n)  na2 x2 (n)

LHS =RHS

Therefore the given system is linear system.

[Link] variant or Invariant system

A system is said to be time invariant if the characteristics of the

system do not change with respect to time.

x(n) Time invariant y (n)

x(n) 4 y (n) 4

2 2
1 1
n n
 2 1 0 1 2  2 1 0 1 2
1 1
3 3
If input is delayed by k samples then output will also be delayed by
k samples y (n  k ) 4
x(n  k ) 4

2
2 1
1
n
n 0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
1
1
3
3
[Link] delay input by T or K samples and find response of the
system. The response of the system is represented as
y (t , T )  T [ x(t  T )] (For Continuous time signal)

y (n, K )  T [ x(n  K )] (For Discrete time signal)

[Link] delay the output by T or K samples and find response of

the system. The response of the system is represented as
y (t  T ) (For Continuous time signal)

y (n  K ) (For Discrete time signal)

[Link] y (t , T )  y (t  T ) or y (n, K )  y (n  K ) then the system

is said to be time invariant system.
[Link] the signal y (t )  x 2
(t ) find whether the given signal is
variant or invariant system.

First delay input by T seconds and response of the system is

represented as
y (t , T )  T [ x(t  T )]  x 2 (t  T )

Then delay the output by T seconds and response of the

system is represented as
y (t  T )  x 2 (t  T )
y (t , T )  y (t  T )

The system is said to be time invariant system.

[Link] the output y (n)  x(n)  nx(n  1) .Determine whether the
given signal is linear or non-linear system.

First delay input by K samples and response of the system is

represented as
y (n, K )  T [ x(n  K )]  x(n  K )  nx(n  K  1)

Then delay the output by K samples and response of the system

is represented as
y (n  K )  x(n  K )  (n  K ) x(n  k  1)
y ( n, K )  y ( n  K )
The system is said to be time variant system.
[Link] or unstable system.

A system is said to be stable if bounded input produce bounded

output.

A system is said to be unstable if bounded input produce

unbounded output.