Artificial
Intelligence
(AI)
Chapter 3
Introduction
• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial
and Intelligence
• Artificial means "man-made," and
• Intelligence defines "thinking power", or “the ability to learn and
solve problems”
• Hence Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking
power."
• It is the imitation of human thinking to solve problems that
humans cannot.
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Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial intelligence comprises integration of several technologies
such as machine learning, natural language processing, reasoning,
and perception
• AI deals with the area of developing computing systems that are
capable of performing tasks that humans are very good at.
• Example recognizing objects, recognizing and making sense of speech, and
decision making in a constrained environment.
• Generally , AI is the field of CS that is associated with the concept
of machines “thinking like human” to perform tasks such as learning
, problem soling , planning, reason and identifying patterns.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL)
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Need for Artificial Intelligence
• To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior
• capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users.
• To find solutions to complex problems
• To automate the routine work
• To automates repetitive learning and discovery through data.
• To adapts through progressive learning algorithms
• To achieves incredible accuracy through deep neural
networks
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Goals of Artificial Intelligence
• The main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
• Replicate human intelligence
• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
• Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as:
• Proving a theorem, Playing chess, Plan some surgical operation, Driving a
car in traffic, etc
• Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn
new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its
user
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What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence ?
• Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of
Reasoning, learning, problem-solving, perception, language
understanding, etc.
• To achieve the above, AI requires the following disciplines:
• Mathematics
• Biology
• Psychology
• Sociology
• Computer Science
• Neurons Study
• Statistics
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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• Following are some main advantages of Artificial
Intelligence
• High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are
prone to fewer errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per
pre-experience or information.
• High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-
decision making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess
champion in the Chess game.
• High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform
the same action multiple times with high accuracy.
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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as
defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be
risky.
• Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to users
such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to
show the products as per customer requirements.
• Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a
self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purposes, Natural language processing (for search
engines, for spelling checker, for assistant like Siri, for translation like google
translate), etc.
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Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
• Create a superintelligence that can threaten human existence.
• High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of
maintenance to meet current world requirements.
• Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot
work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or
programmed.
• No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not
have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with humans, and may
sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
• Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting more
dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
• No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still AI
machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
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History of AI
• Myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths
• A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
• The year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
• The year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
• The year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and
pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing
Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the
machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence,
called a Turing test.
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History of AI
• B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
• The year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the
"first artificial intelligence program" Which was named "Logic
Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems,
and find new and more elegant proofs for some theorems.
• The year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by
American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth
Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an academic field. At that
time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or
COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at
that time.
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History of AI
• C. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)
• The year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms that can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966,
which was named as ELIZA.
• The year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was
named WABOT-1.
• D. The first AI winter (1974-1980)
• The duration between the years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI
winter refers to the time period where computer scientists dealt with a severe
shortage of funding from the government for AI researches.
• During AI winters, an interest in publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.
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History of AI
• E. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
• The year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System".
Expert systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a
human expert.
• In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of
Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
• F. The second AI winter (1987-1993)
• The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
• Again, Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research due to high
cost but not efficient results. The expert system such as XCON was very cost-
effective.
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History of AI
• G. The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)
• The year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world
chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to
beat a world chess champion
• The year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form
of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
• The year 2006: AI came into the Business world until the year
2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started
using AI.
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History of AI
• H. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)
• The year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it
had to solve complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could
understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
• The year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which
was able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
• The year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in
the infamous "Turing test."
• The year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with
two master debaters and also performed extremely well.
• Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and
which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and the lady on the other side
didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.
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Levels of AI
• Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems : A rule-based system (e.g., production system, expert
system) uses rules as the knowledge representation. These rules are coded into the
system in the form of if-then-else statements. The main idea of a rule-based system is
to capture the knowledge of a human expert in a specialized domain and embody it
within a computer system. That’s it. No more, no less. Hence, knowledge is encoded
as rules.
• Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention : Algorithms that develop information
about the specific domain they are being applied in. e.g. chatbots and “roboadvisors”.
• Context awareness is the ability of a system or system component to gather
information about its environment at any given time and adapt behaviors accordingly.
Contextual or context-aware computing uses software and hardware to automatically
collect and analyze data to guide responses.
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Levels of AI
• Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise : Expertise and Domain Specific
Knowledge. An expert is a person with extensive knowledge about a
particular subject matter or area of expertise. Much problem solving
involves domain-specific knowledge.
• These systems build up expertise in a specific context taking in massive
volumes of information which they can use for decision making. E.g.
AlphaGo.
• Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines : Machine reasoning (MR) systems
generate conclusions from available knowledge by using logical
techniques like deduction and induction. They have a sense of beliefs,
intentions, knowledge, and how their own logic works.
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Levels of AI
• Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
• These systems have human-like intelligence. AGI is the intelligence of a machine that has
the capacity to understand or learn any intellectual task that a human being can.
• Stage 6 – Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) : AI algorithms can outsmart even
the most intelligent humans in every domain. Experts claim it can be realized by
2029.
• Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence : is a hypothetical future point in
time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible,
resulting in unforeseeable changes to human civilization. Some proponents of
singularity such as Ray Kurzweil, Google’s Director of Engineering, suggest we
could see it happen by 2045 as a result of exponential rates of progress across a
range of science and technology disciplines.
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Types of AI
• Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types,
there are mainly
• Based on Capabilities
• Based on the functionality
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Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI: Narrow artificial intelligence is a
specific type of AI that is used to perform a narrow task.
• They are also called as Weak AI. Programmed to perform a single
task, they lack the self-awareness, consciousness to perform
Intelligent tasks.
• The most common and currently available
• Can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
• E.g. Apple Siri , IBM's Watson supercomputer ,Google translate,
playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce sites, self-
driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
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Based on Capabilities
• 2. Strong AI: These are the types that can impersonate human
intelligence. They can think and perform tasks on their own just like a
human being. Strong AI is also called as Artificial General intelligence.
• They are self-aware and conscious to take decisions.
• General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual
task with efficiency like a human
• Currently, there is no such system exists which could come under
general AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human.
• As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots
of effort and time to develop such systems.
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Based on Capabilities
• 3. Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could
surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than a human
with cognitive properties.
• This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem solving and creativity.
• It is an outcome of general AI.
• Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability
to think, to reason solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate on its own.
• Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. The
development of such systems in real is still a world-changing task.
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Super AI
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Based on the functionality
• Based on functionalities there are 4 types:
1. Reactive Machines : Reactive Artificial Intelligence is one of the
basic forms of AI. They don’t have past memory or historic data
to use and to make current decisions. Such machines work on the
present, to perform a task that is right in front of them. Example:
IBM chess program that beat Garry Kasparov
2. Limited Memory : These AI systems can use past experiences to
take future decisions. As the name suggests they have limited
memory or short-lived memory. Example: self-driving cars
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Based on the functionality
• 3. Theory of Mind AI: Simply thinking like a human.
This type of AI understands human emotions, thoughts and
is able to interact socially.
• 4. Self-Aware AI: In this type of artificial intelligence the
machines are self-conscious, and self-aware like humans.
This can be a future of robots, though how pleasant will it
be for humans will be an interesting thing to find out.
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How humans think
• Achieving this goal might require many more years.
• Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of
three main stages:
• Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
• Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the
surrounding environment.
• Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as
input and interpreted and evaluated.
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Mapping human thinking to AI components
• Because AI is the science of simulating human thinking, it is
possible to map the human thinking stages to the layers or
components of AI systems.
• In the first stage, humans acquire information from their
surrounding environments through human senses, such as
sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, through human organs,
such as eyes, ears, and other sensing organs, for example, the
hands.
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Influencers of artificial intelligence
• The following influencers of AI are described in this
section:
• Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data
• Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip
architectures
• Cloud computing and APIs
• The emergence of data science
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Big Data
• Big data refers to huge amounts of data.
• Big data requires innovative forms of information
processing to draw insights, automate processes, and
help decision making.
• Big data can be structured data that corresponds to a
formal pattern, such as traditional data sets and
databases
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Applications of AI
• AI in agriculture • AI in Social Media
• AI in Healthcare • AI in Data Security
• AI in education • AI in Travel &Transport
• AI in Robotics
• AI in Finance and E-
commerce • AI in Entertainment
• AI in Gaming • AI in the Automotive
Industry
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AI tools and platforms
• AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most
difficult problems in computer science, like:
• Search and optimization
• Logic
• Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
• Classifiers and statistical learning methods
• Neural networks
• Control theory
• Languages
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Semple AI application
• Commuting
• Email
• Social Networking
• Online Shopping
• Mobile Use
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THANKS
End of chapter 3
Does anyone have any questions?
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