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Concepts and Schemata in Cognition

Cognition involves understanding, processing, and communicating information. Thinking pays attention to information, represents it mentally, reasons about it, and makes decisions. Cognitive psychology examines how people think. Cognition starts with sensory input and past experiences forming thoughts organized in the brain based on concepts and schemas. Problem solving methods include understanding the problem, algorithms, heuristics like means-ends analysis, analogies, and insight. Factors like mental sets, incubation, and functional fixedness affect problem solving. Judgement and decision making involves heuristics like representativeness, availability, anchoring and adjustment, and is influenced by framing effects.

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39 views10 pages

Concepts and Schemata in Cognition

Cognition involves understanding, processing, and communicating information. Thinking pays attention to information, represents it mentally, reasons about it, and makes decisions. Cognitive psychology examines how people think. Cognition starts with sensory input and past experiences forming thoughts organized in the brain based on concepts and schemas. Problem solving methods include understanding the problem, algorithms, heuristics like means-ends analysis, analogies, and insight. Factors like mental sets, incubation, and functional fixedness affect problem solving. Judgement and decision making involves heuristics like representativeness, availability, anchoring and adjustment, and is influenced by framing effects.

Uploaded by

alaejah1anog
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

THINKING

GROUP 5
COGNITION AND THINKING
• Cognition is a mental activity involved I understanding,
processing, and communicating information.
• Thinking is paying attention to information, mentally
representing it, reasoning about it, and making decisions
around it.

COGNITIVE • This is the field of


psychology dedicated to
PSYCHOLOGY examining how people think.
COGNITION PROCESS
Cognition starts with
information sent by the
senses to the brain and
information from past
experiences. These form
thoughts which are then  The purpose of thinking is
organized in the brain based to survive by the means of
on classifications. solving problems.
CONCEPTS
Type of Concepts
• are categories or
groupings of linguistic 1. Natural Concepts- are created
information, images, “naturally” through experiences and
ideas, or memories, such can be developed from either direct
as experience. or indirect experiences.
• Concepts can be abstract 2. Artificial Concepts- are concepts that
and complex, or concrete. are defined by a set of characteristics.

PROTOTY A prototype is the best example or


representation of a concept.
PE
SCHEMATA
• A schema is a mental Types of Schemata
construct consisting of a
cluster or collection of
related concepts. • A role schema makes assumptions
about how individuals in certain roles
• Schemata are patterns of will behave.
thought or methods of
• An event schema, also known as a
organizing information
cognitive script, is a set of behaviors
that allows the brain to that can feel like a routine.
work more efficiently.
METHODS OF PROBLEM-SOLVING
 Understanding the  Heuristics
Problem ~rule of thumb that help us
~Relation, Correspondence, simplify and solve problems.
Background knowledge ~Means-End Analysis is a
 Algorithms heuristic device in which we
~An algorithm is a specific try to solve a problem by
procedure for solving a type evaluating the difference
of problem. It invariably between the current situation
leads to a solution-if used and the goal
properly.  Analogies
~An analogy is a partial
similarity among things that
FACTORS AFFECTING PROBLEM-
SOLVING
These factors affect makes EXPERTI
problem-solving easier to solve SE
or harder.
Usage of a method called
MENTAL parallel processing, which is
dealing with two or more
SETS elements of the problem
The tendency to respond to new simultaneously
problem with an approach that
was successfully used with
similar problems.
In Gestalt Psychology, insight is a sudden
perception of relationships among elements
INSIGHT of the mentally represented elements of a
problem permits its solution.
It is a process that may sometimes occur
INCUBATIO when we stand back from a frustrating
N problem for a while and the solution
“suddenly ” appears.

FUNCTION It is the tendency to view an object in terms


of its name or familiar usage. This makes it
AL difficult to make use of familiar objects to
FIXEDNESS solve problems in novel ways.
JUDGEMENT AND DECISION
MAKING
REPRESENTATIVE A decision-making heuristic in which
NESS people make judgements about samples
according to the populations they appear to represent.
A decision-making heuristic in which our
estimates of frequency or probability of events AVAILABILI
are based on how easy it is to find examples. TY
ANCHORING A decision-making heuristic in which a
AND presumption serves as a cognitive anchor; as we
ADJUSTMENT receive additional information, we make
adjustments but tend to remain in the proximity of the anchor.
The influence of wording, or the context
FRAMING in which information is presented,
EFFECT on decision-making
OVERCONFIDE
NCE HINDSIGHT
REASONS
BIAS
• Unaware of how flimsy the Belief that the event just
assumption may be experienced was predictable.
• Tendency to forget information the
counters the judgement
CONFIRMATION
• Working to bring about the event BIAS
believed in, so it sometimes become
The tendency to focus on
a self-fulfilling prophecies. information that confirms
your existing beliefs

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