Wireless Communication

Dr. [Link]
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ECE, NIT, Trichy
Evolution of Mobile Communication
 Transmitting and receiving voice, data using
electromagnetic waves in open space

 Every one wants to communicate instantly any type of

information with anyone, any time from anywhere

 This is only possible by wireless. Wireless is

indispensable in our forthcoming ubiquitous society
Types of wireless communication
 Mobile
Cellular phones(GSM/CDMA 2000)
 Portable
IEEE 802.11b(WiFi)
 IEEE 802.15.3(UWB)
Fixed
IEEE 802.16(Wireless MAN)
Typical frequencies ???
FM radio ∼88MHz
TV Broadcast ∼200MHz
GSM Phones ∼900MHz
GPS ??
 PCS Phones ??
 Bluetooth ??
WiFi ??
Different frequencies get attenuated differently by air
 In 1897, Guglielmo Marconi first demonstrated radio’s
ability to provide continuous contact with ships sailing the
English channel.

Growth in mobile industry is

Digital and RF circuit fabrication improvements
New VLSI technologies
Other miniaturization technologies
Digital switching techniques

The mobile communications industry has grown by orders of

magnitude.

The trends will continue at an even greater pace during the

5
next decade.
 Mobile Radiotelephone in the U.S.

In 1934, AM mobile communication systems for

municipal police radio systems.
vehicle ignition noise was a major problem.
In 1946, FM mobile communications for the first public
mobile telephone service
Each system used a single, high-powered transmitter and
large tower to cover distances of over 50 km.
Used 120 kHz of RF bandwidth in a half-duplex mode.
(push-to-talk release-to-listen systems.)
Large RF bandwidth was largely due to the technology
difficulty (in mass-producing tight RF filter and low-noise,
front-end receiver amplifiers.)
In 1950, the channel bandwidth was cut in half to 60kHZ
7 due to improved technology.
 Cellular radiotelephone

Developed in 1960s by Bell Labs and other

telecommunications companies
The basic idea is to reuse the channel frequency at a sufficient
distance to increase the spectrum efficiency.
But the technology was not available to implement until the
late 1970s.
In 1983, AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System, IS-41)
deployed by Ameritech in Chicago.

40 MHz spectrum in 800 MHz band

666 channels (+ 166 channels)
Each duplex channel occupies > 60 kHz (30+30) FDMA to
maximize capacity.
8
9
 In late 1991, U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC, IS-54) was introduced.

to replace AMPS analog channels

3 times of capacity due to the use of digital modulation (DQPSK), speech
coding, and TDMA technologies. 
4
could further increase up to 6 times of capacity given the advancements of
DSP and speech coding technologies.

In mid 1990s, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA, IS-95) was
introduced by Qualcomm.

based on spread spectrum technology.

supports 6-20 times of users in 1.25 MHz shared by all the channels.
each associated with a unique code sequence.
operate at much smaller SNR.

10
 Major mobile
radio standards in
NA

11
Mobile Radio Systems
in
Europe

Mobile radio systems in

Japan

12
 In FDD(Frequency Division Duplex),

Simultaneous radio transmission channels for both subscriber and base

station, so that both constantly transmit while simultaneously receiving
signals from one another
a device, called a duplexer, is used inside the subscriber unit to enable
the same antenna to be used for simultaneous transmission and reception.

 In TDD (Time Division Duplex)

• Share the radio channel in time
• Provides appearance of full duplex operation to a user, even though
there are not two simultaneous transmissions at any instant
• Possible when the data rate of the channel is greater than the user
transmission rate
• only possible with digital transmission format and digital modulation.
• very sensitive to timing. Consequently, only used for indoor or small
area wireless applications.
13
WIRELESS STANDARDS
Family of 2G wireless cellular standards:

Generation Standard Data rate

2G GSM 10kbps
2G IS-95 10kbps
2.5G GPRS 50kbps
2.5G EDGE 200kbps
Family of 3G wireless cellular standards:

Generation Standard Data rate

3G WCDMA/UMTS 384kbps
3G CDMA 2000 384kbps
3.5G HSDPA/HSUPA 5-30Mbps
3.5G 1xEVDO-Rev. A, B 5-30Mbps
Family of 4G wireless cellular standards:

Generation Standard Data rate

4G LTE 100-200Mbps
4G WiMAX 100Mbps
4G LTE Advanced >1Gbps
Wireless communication systems-Examples
 Paging Systems

19
Paging system
 • Communication systems that send brief messages to a subscriber

• Can be numeric/ alphanumeric/voice message depending upon the

service

• Modern paging system includes news headlines, stock quotations and

faxes

• Paging receivers are simple and inexpensive, but the transmission system

required is quite sophisticated. (simulcasting)

• Designed to provide ultra-reliable coverage, even inside buildings

• Buildings can attenuate radio signals by 20 or 30 dB, making the choice

of base station locations difficult for the paging companies.

•Small RF bandwidths are used to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio at

21
each paging receiver, so low data rates (6400 bps or less) are used.
 Cordless Telephone Systems

22
 Full duplex communication that use radio to connect a portable
handset to a dedicated BS
 Limited range of mobility

Difference from cell phone:

 Cordless phone is associated with, and can communicate with,
only a single BS
 There is no MSC.
 BS is directly connected to PSTN
 Hence no Handover

Similarities to Cellular Phone:

 Allows mobility within cell area
 Information flow is bi-directional
 Calls can originate from either the PSTN or mobile user
Terminologies
Terminologies
 Cellular Telephone Systems

27
 How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made

28
29
 1.5 Trends in Cellular Radio+Personal Comm.

 Personal Communication Services (PCS) or PCN.

 voice+data (PDA)
 wireless internet services
 Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication

 Indoor Wireless Networking

 WLAN
 HyperLAN
 Bluetooth(PAN)
 BRAN

 Future Public Land Mobile Telephone System (FPLMTS)---A worldwide

Standard
 3G, 4G
 Software-defined Radio

 Fixed Wireless Access

 WLL
 LMDS

30
 PSTN

MSC/MTSO

Multiple Access

Downlink
Handoff
Uplink

Mobile Station Base Station

Distributed transceivers Fixed transceiver
Cells Different
Frequencies or
Codes
Fig. Cellular System
1G (AMPS, NMT) Advanced mobile Phone Service
1981
 Analog cellular systems

 2G (GSM, cdmaOne) 1991

 “from voice to any type of information”
 Digital cellular
 Digital voice, low-speed circuit data (9.6 Kbps), SMS

2.5G (GPRS, cdmaOne) 1999 – 00

 Introduction of packet data
 Improved voice, medium speed CS and PS data (~100 Kbps), enhanced
SMS

 3G (WCDMA, cdma2000 , EDGE, …) 2002 – 03

 “wideband data”
 Meet IMT-2000 requirements
 Improved voice quality, high speed PS data (384Kbps - 2 Mbps)
 Improved spectral efficiency and capacity
 Multimedia applications
Cellular Systems Evolution
1G 2G 3G 4G
Wireless Analog Digital Digital Up to 1 Giga bit/s
Access FDMA TDMA, DS- DS-CDMA OFDM, CDMA
CDMA based access
Major Voice Voice Voice Broadband rich
Services Internet Internet Internet
(text only) (text, images)
Core- Circuit- Circuit-and Circuit-and Broadband IP-
network switched packet packet -switched based
switched
Circuit switching
Packet
switching
In 2G,
Introduced BSC( Base Station Controller) for reducing
the computational burden on MSC
Dedicated control channels(CCS-common channel
signaling)
HO is mobile controlled(MAHO-Mobile assisted HO)
Mobile units perform received power reporting,
adjacent base station scanning, encryption etc.
Services: facsimile, high rate network access.
GSM
 GSM is a circuit switched network as opposed to packet

switched networks based e.g. on IP

 for all services an end-to-end Connection is established

 all services are reserved the identical bandwidth

wasteful particularly on radio interface
 GSM system architecture
BT
S
BTS BSC HL VLR AU
R C PSTN
MS BTS

MSC ISDN

Data
BTS networks

BTS BSC OMC

MS
BTS

Base Station Network Switching Public

Subsystem Subsystem networks
MS Mobile Station
SIM - Subscriber Identity Module Mobile station

Base station Subsystem

BTS - Base Transceiver Station Radio access network
BSC - Base Station Controller

 Network node
MSC - Mobile Switching Center Core network

Registers
HLR - Home Location Register
VLR - Visitor Location Register
AUC - Authentication Center
EIR - Equipment Identity Register
GSM radio sub system
 Reverse link( subscriber to base station)--- 890-915 MHz
 Forward link ( base to subscriber)---935-960 MHz
 GSM uses FDD and a combination of TDMA and FHMA
schemes
 Available forward and reverse frequency bands are divided
into 200KHz wide channels ARFCNs(Absolute Radio
Frequency channel numbers)
Each channel is time shared between as many as eight
subscribers using TDMA
GPRS(2.5 Generation system
 GSM is a circuit switched network

 since an overall increase of data traffic is expected, GSM was

evolved to become more flexible
-> GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

 GPRS adds technology for supporting data traffic:

• a packet switched domain to the core network
• a shared channel on the radio link
• several users share the same radio channel as opposed to
dedicated channel as in GSM
 higher transmission rates (max 171.2 kb/s)
GSM originally has up to 14.4 kb/s
In 3G,
 3G systems use B-ISDN to provide access to information
networks
 Supports voice, data and video serving both stationary and
vehicular users at high speeds
 Generally referred as,
3G PCS Personal communication System
3G PCN Personal Communication Network
IMT -2000
UMTS( Universal Mobile telecommunication System)
UMTS
• UMTS was developed by IMT 2000 body and was known as
UTRA(UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access)
• several wideband CDMA proposals agreed to merge into a
single W-CDMA
standard known as UMTS
• W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)
W-CDMA has 5 MHz wide radio channels
• Offered data rate targets are:
144 kbits/s satellite and rural outdoor
384 kbits/s urban outdoor
2048 kbits/s indoor and low range outdoor
• Frequency bands
• 1885-2025 MHz (uplink), 2110-2200 MHz (downlink)
UMTS architecture:
 UMTS network structure consists of three network
components,
1. Access Network ,
2. CN, also called Fixed network
(responsible for handling internal connections)
3. Intelligent network
(in charge of billing, subscriber location
registration, roaming etc.)
UMTS ARCHITECTURE CONTD..

 Cell: defines the basic coverage area

 NodeB: equivalent to BTS or Base station
 RNC: equipment to control the NodeBs and interface
them to Core network. This is equivalent to BSC
 UE: Subscriber equipment equivalent to mobile
station in GSM
UTRAN – radio interface

Radio Interface technology used in UMTS is UTRA

UTRA supports two operating modes
UTRA FDD
UTRA TDD
UMTS UTRA FDD
Data transmission rate
up to 384 kbps
Suitable for broadcast
of speech and video in
both symmetrical (upto
384 kbps) and
asymmetrical upto
(2mbps) ways
250 channels created
for user data
transmission in total
Places WCDMA along
with DSSS
UMTS UTRA TDD
Makes use of wideband
TDMA/CDMA along
with DSSS
Signals can be sent and
received on the same
carrier due to TDD to
separate uplink and
downlink
120 channels created in
total which can go upto
2Mbps
IMT 2000 vision includes LAN, WAN and
Satellite services!
The path toward 4G
Offer greatly improved data rates over previous generations of wireless
technology.
Applications include,
streamed audio and video,
Video telephony
mobile TV, Gaming
As a step toward 4G mobile broadband wireless, 3GPP body began its
investigation of LTE standard(Long Term Evolution) as a viable technology
Features of LTE,
High spectral efficiency
Low latency
Support of variable BW
Simple architecture
Compatibility
FDD and TDD being supported
LTE
LTE is one of the newest releases of the 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)specifications.
It is also referred to as 3.9G or Release 8.
The 3GPP started working on LTE in November 2004
with the Radio Access Network (RAN) Evolution
workshop in Toronto - Canada.
 The main task was to standardize a system with
new design goals that can exceed older mobile
standards (like UMTS and HSPA), as well as being
able to stay competitive at least for the next 10 years.
LTE Release 8 major parameters

Parameter Values
Access Scheme UL  SC-FDMA
Access Scheme DL  OFDMA
Bandwidth  1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz
Minimum TTI  1ms

Subcarrier spacing  15 kHz

 4.7 μs
Cyclic prefix short
 16.7 μs
Cyclic prefix long
 QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM
Modulation
 supported for UL and DL
MU-MIMO
Service architecture Evolution in LTE network:

To other IP networks

UE

E-UTRAN
eNB
UE
SGW
PGW

E-UTRAN
eNB
UE

Evolved Packet Core MME Radio Access Network

PGW Packet Gateway

MME Mobility Management Entity
SGW Service Gateway
E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Time-Frequency Radio Resources Grid:

• Radio resources are allocated in time/frequency

• Time is split into frames each with 10 TTIs where each TTI
lasts for 1ms

• In frequency domain, total BW is divided into sub-channels

of 180 KHz, each with 12 consecutive and equally spaced
OFDM sub-carriers
 The Physical resources in LTE
Channel

12
subcarriers
RE( Resource Element )

RB( Resource Block)

Time slot=0.5ms

time
LTE MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES

• In LTE the multiple access transmission scheme is based on the Frequency

Domain Multiplexing (FDM).
•Two different versions are used:
Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiple Access (OFDMA) for the downlink,
Single Carrier Frequency Domain Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for the
uplink.

OFDMA
OFDMA is a very efficient transmission scheme which is widely employed in
many digital communication systems, e.g., Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB),
WiMax, Wireless Local Area
Network (WLAN).
The reason behind the popularity of OFDMA comes from the fact that it has very
robust characteristics against frequency selective channels.
SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA is the transmission scheme in the LTE uplink.
It provides a low peak to-average ratio between the transmitted signal
It is a very desirable characteristic for the uplink to have an efficient usage of the
power amplifier.
This provides a high battery life time for mobile devices.
 OFDM
The basic principle of multi-carrier systems
is the splitting of the total bandwidth into a
large number of smaller and narrower
bandwidth units, which are known as sub-
channels.
 Due to the narrow bandwidth sub-channels
frequency selectivity does not exist.
In OFDM the sub-channels are orthogonal to
each other. This nice property does not
require the addition of guard intervals
between the sub-channels and hence it
increases the system spectral efficiency.
Fig.: OFDM signal in the frequency representation of one OFDM
frequency and time sub-channel is a Sinc function, where if the
domain sampling is done at the exact spacing the
result will only be at the sub-carrier of that
sub-channel and zeros at every other sub-
carrier frequency. This means that the sub-
channels are orthogonal to each other.
OFDMA

• OFDMA is an access scheme that uses

the
principle to orchestrate the distribution
of the
scarce radio resources among several
users
enabling multi user communications.
• This is done by using TDMA, where
users
dynamically get some resources at the
different time instances of the
scheduling.
• The LTE MAC Scheduler makes use of
the
different user channel conditions to
distribute
the frequency resources (sub-carriers) to
where it best fits.
SC-FDMA
• SC-FDMA is a special type of OFDM that combines the low peak to average
power ratio with multi path resistance and flexible and efficient frequency
allocation.

• It still uses orthogonal sub-carriers similar to OFDMA, but with one difference,
that is the sub-carriers used for transmission are chosen to be sequential and
not in parallel.

Fig.: comparison OFDMA and SC-FDMA

ADAPTIVE MODULATION AND CODING (AMC):

•LTE supports a number of modulation and Forward Error

Correction
(FEC) coding schemes and allows the scheme to be changed on a
per user
and per frame basis, based on channel conditions.
•AMC is an effective mechanism to maximize throughput in a
time-varying channel.
• The adaptation algorithm typically calls for the use of the highest

modulation and coding scheme that can be supported by the

signal-to-
noise and interference ratio at the receiver such that each user is
provided
with the highest possible data rate that can be supported in their
respective links.
WLANs
 In 1985, the FCC(Federal Communications Commission) designated
certain portions of the radio frequency spectrum for Industrial,
Scientific and Medical use, and these became known as ISM bands
They are,
 902-928 MHz, a BW of 26 MHz;
 2.400-2.4835 GHz, a BW of 83.5 MHz, commonly called as 2.4GHz band
and
 5.725-5.825 , a BW of 125MHz, commonly called as 5GHz band
With certain guidelines, the FCC’s regulations allow users to operate
radios inside these bands without an FCC licence
 By providing licence-free spectrum allocation, the FCC hoped to
encourage competitive development of spread spectrum knowledge,
low-power short range devices that would support private computer
communication.
The 802.11 standards have evolved over time, and presently
six methods for wireless data transmissions are defined in
IEEE802.11 standards

I. The DSSS Physical layer

 uses 2.4 GHz band
 can transmit at 1or 2 Mbps
 was first used for military applications
 transmit signals across the entire available ISM band at very low
power (prevents interference from narrowband signals)
 under 802.11 standard, DHSS transmitters spread each data bit into 11
smaller pulses, called chips, and these chips are transmitted, spread
over an extended (11 times wider)spectrum , for recovery and
despreading by the receiver.
 without going for retransmission, lost portion of chip can be
recovered by using statistical techniques
 uses differential binary PSK(DBPSK)modulation for transmission s at
1Mbps and differential QPSK (DQPSK) for 2Mbps
II. The FHSS Physical layer
 uses 2.4 GHz band
 1 or 2 Mbps supported, and also originated in military applications
 At least 75 discrete frequencies are must be employed for each transmission
channel
 if 75 contiguous frequencies are used, then BW required for a transmission is
75 times larger than when only one frequency is used
 Two communicating radios using FHSS, change frequencies according to
predetermined pseudorandom pattern, and only remain in the frequency for a
split second (400ms or less)
 hence, chances for more than one radio station transmitting on the same
frequency at the same time is minimized
 called for two-level Gaussian FSK(GFSK) modulation for transmissions at 1
Mbps and four-level GFSK for 2 Mbps
 FHSS was phased out of 802.11 in the 802.11b standards
III. The Diffused Infrared(DFIR) Physical layer
 uses near visible light in the 850nm to 950nm
 the range of such signals allowed for just 20m
 WLAN using IR technology would require the devices be
placed closer than when using radio signals, which may have
prevented implementers, striving for maximal mobility, from
devoting much attention to 802.11 IR
 there are no wireless networking products currently available
IV. The IEEE 802.11 a
 Supports data rates at 54Mbps by using broader 5GHz band
 Uses coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(COFDM)
--‘coded’ refers to error control codes
 COFDM delivers data rates of 6,9,12,18,24,36,48 and 54 Mbps
 FCC regulations limits the transmission power used at these higher frequencies, hence the
distance higher frequency transmissions can travel is reduced
 COFDM’s advantage over HR/DSSS(802.11b) include,
higher transmission rates
nearly eight times the transmission capacity
 modulation schemes used by 802.11a change when the supported transmission speeds rise
for 6 and 9 Mbps ---BPSK
12 and 16 Mbps ---QPSK
24 and 36 Mbps ---16 QAM
48 and 54 Mbps ---24 QAM
V. The IEEE802.11b standards, (Wi-Fi)
 cover High rate Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(HR/DSSS) PHY layer
 data rates at 5.5 or 11 Mbps supported (comparable to 10
Mbps speed of 802.3 Ethernet standard)
 NO LONGER WAS WIRELESS A SLOWER
TECHNOLOGY TO STANDARD ETHERNET!!
 Has become the most widely used IEEE802.11 PHY despite its
entry on to the scene in 1999
 HR/DSSS is an extension of DSSS
 Operates at 2.4 GHz band
 IEEE802.11b upgrade dropped FHSS in favor of DSSS
VI. The IEEE802.11g standards,
 Backward compatible with 802.11b
 Uses OFDM PHY
 Allows 54Mbps data rates in 2.4 GHz band
 all of the data rates supported in 802.11 a/b are supported in 802.11g
 Speed of transmission under COFDM And OFDM is fast enough to carry
voice/image

Table.:802.11g data rates, transmission types and modulation

schemes
Data rate Transmission Modulation scheme Data rate Transmission type Modulation scheme
(Mbps) type (Mbps)
54 OFDM 64 QAM 11 DSSS CCK

48 OFDM 64QAM 9 OFDM BPSK

36 OFDM 16QAM 6 OFDM BPSK

24 OFDM 16QAM 5.5 DSSS CCK (complementary

coded keying)
18 OFDM QPSK 2 DSSS QPSK

12 OFDM QPSK 1 DSSS BPSK

Why Ad Hoc?
• Today the networks normally developed are of the type having some fixed
infrastructure.

• What if …
 No infrastructure is available? – E.g., in disaster areas
 It is too expensive/inconvenient to set up? – E.g., in remote, large
construction sites
 There is no time to set it up? – E.g., in military operations
• An ad hoc network is a collection of communications devices(nodes)
that wish to
communicate, but have no fixed infrastructure available
Possible application areas:

• Disaster relief:
Hurricanes
Earth quakes
Tsunamis
Cellular and Ad Hoc Wireless networks:

Wireless mesh
networks
Cellular Hybrid
wireless wireless
networks networks
Wireless
sensor
networks

Cellular networks Ad Hoc wireless

networks

Fig. : Representation of different wireless networks

A Cellular Network:

B Base Station
A

C Mobile node

Path from C
E
D
to E

Switching center

Fig. : A Cellular network

An Ad Hoc Wireless network:

A
Mobile node
C
Wireless link
F D Path from C to E
E

Fig.: An Ad Hoc wireless network

Differences between Cellular and Ad Hoc networks:

CELLULAR NETWORK AD HOC NETWORK

Fixed, pre-located cells sites No fixed base station, very
and base stations. rapid deployment.
Single-hop wireless links. Multi-hop wireless links.
Centralized routing. Distributed routing.
Static backbone network Highly dynamic topologies.
topology.
Relatively benign environment Hostile environment(noise,
and stable connectivity. losses) and sporadic
connectivity.
Detailed planning before base Automatically forms and
stations are installed. adapts to changes.
 Mobile Ad Hoc Network:

• In A MANET , the user’s mobile devices are the network.

• These devices must cooperatively provide the functionality usually provided by the
network infrastructure(e.g. routers, switches, servers).

• The only external resource needed for this successful operation is the Bandwidth,
often the ISM band.

• Ad Hoc nodes can also be connected to the fixed backbone network.

 A Simple example for Ad Hoc Network:

• Nodes or devices can join together to make up a

simple ad-hoc network.

• Every device owes an equal status or

designation in the network.
Wireless Mesh networks:
• There are ad hoc wireless networks that provides alternate communication infrastructure
for mobile or fixed users.
• Provides many alternate paths for a data transfer session between a source and
destination.
• Deployment scenarios:
 Residential zones
 Highways
 Business zones
 University campuses etc.,

• Advantages:
 High data rate
 Quick and low cost of deployment
 High availability and extended services
Fig.: Wireless mesh network operating in residential area
Fig.: Wireless mesh network covering a highway
Wireless Sensor networks:

 These are a special category of ad hoc wireless networks.

 Used to provide wireless communication among the sensors deployed in specific
application domain.
 Application areas:
 Military
 Health care
 Home security
 Environmental monitoring
 How sensor networks differ from ad hoc networks?

By the ..
• mobility of nodes
• size of the network
• density of deployment
• power constraints etc.,
Participants in the previous examples were devices close to human users,
interacting with humans

WSN is an Alternative concept:

• Instead of focusing interaction with humans, focus on
interacting with environment
• Network is embedded in environment
• Nodes in the network are equipped with sensing and actuation
to measure/influence environment
• Nodes process information and communicate it wirelessly

! Wireless sensor networks (WSN)

Or Wireless sensor & actuator networks (WSAN)
WSN application examples:
• Disaster relief operations
• Drop sensor nodes from an aircraft over a wildfire
• Each node measures temperature
• Derive a “temperature map”

• Biodiversity mapping
• Use sensor nodes to observe wildlife
• A user queries the network, the query triggers
some reaction from the network
Bluetooth and Personal Area Networks(PANs)
Operates in 2.4GHz ISM band(2400-2483.5MHz)
replaces cords that connects devices with an invisible, low power
short range wireless connection to provide convenience and flexibility
 IEEE802.15 standards committee is formed for developing bluetooth
and other PANs
 uses FHSS TDD scheme for each radio channel
 each channel has 1MHz bandwidth and hops at rate of 1600 hops per
second
 rate of 1Mbps supported using GFSK
 relies on FEC coding and ARQ schemes to support raw channel BER
of 10-3