Unit-3
Pulse Modulation(Part-2)
Objectives
• Time Division Multiplexing,
• Types of Pulse modulation,
• Generation & demodulation of PAM (Single
polarity, double polarity),
• PWM,
• PPM,
• TDM vs FDM.
Sampling
1.Instantaneous Sampling
2.Ideal Sampled Signal
3.Natural Sampling
Flat-Top Sampling
During transmission, noise is introduced
at top of the transmission pulse which can be
easily removed if the pulse is in the form of flat
top. Here, the top of the samples are flat i.e.
they have constant amplitude. Hence, it is called
as flat top sampling or practical sampling.
State and Prove Sampling Theorem
Proof
Types of PAM
Generation of PAM
(Flat-Top Sampling)
Bandwidth requirement of PAM
Demodulation of PAM
Problem
For a pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM)
transmission or voice signal having maximum
frequency equal to fm = 3 kHz, calculate the
transmission bandwidth. It is given that the
sampling frequency fs = 8 kHz and the pulse
duration τ = 0.1Ts
Drawbacks in PAM Signals
(i) The bandwidth required for the transmission of a PAM
signal is very large in comparison to the maximum frequency
present in the modulating
signal
(ii) Since the amplitude of the PAM pulses varies in
accordance with the modulating signal therefore the
interference of noise is maximum in a PAM signal. This noise
cannot be removed easily.
(iii) Since the amplitude of the PAM signal varies, therefore,
this also varies the peak power required by the transmitter
with modulating signal.
Pulse Time Modulation
In pulse time modulation, the signal to be transmitted is sampled
as in pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). In pulse time
modulation, amplitude of pulse is held constant, whereas
position of pulse or width of pulse is made proportional to the
amplitude of signal at the sampling instant. There are two types
of pulse time modulation, viz. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). Because in both PWM and
PPM, amplitude is held constant and does not carry any
information, therefore amplitude limiters can be used. The
amplitude limiters, similar to those used in FM, will clip off the
portion of the signal corrupted by noise and hence provide a
good degree of noise immunity.
Pulse Width Modulation
Let us first discuss Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). This is
also known as Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM). Three
variations of pulse width modulation are possible. In one
variation, the leading edge of the pulse is held constant and
change in pulse width with signal is measured with respect
to the leading edge.
In other variation, the tail edge is held constant and with
respect to it, pulse width is measured. In the third variation,
centre of the pulse is held constant and pulse width changes
on either side of the centre of the pulse. This has been
illustrated in below fig.
The modulating signal is at its positive peak at point (A) and at its
negative peak at (B). In figure (a), the leading edge of pulse is kept
constant and pulse width is measured from the lead edge. As
shown, pulse width is maximum corresponding to point (A), while it
is minimum at point (B).
In figure (b), the tail edge of the pulse is kept constant and pulse
width is measured from the tail end of the pulse. As before, pulse
width is maximum corresponding to positive peak of the
modulating signal and minimum at the negative peak.
As shown in figure (c), the center of the pulse is kept constant and
pulse extends on either side of the center of the pulse, depending
upon the modulating signal.
Modulation of PWM Signal or PWM Gene
ration
Demodulation of PWM
Advantages of PWM
(i) Unlike, PAM, noise is less, since in PWM,
amplitude is held constant.
(ii) Signal and noise separation is very easy
(iii) PWM communication does not require
synchronization between transmitter and
receiver.
Disadvantages of PWM
(i) In PWM, pulses are varying in width and
therefore their power contents are variable. This
requires that the transmitter must be able to
handle the power contents of the pulse having
maximum pulse width.
(ii) Large bandwidth is required for the PWM
communication as compared to PAM
Pulse Position Modulation
In this system, the amplitude and width of the pulses are kept constant, while
the position of each pulse, with reference to the position or a reference pulse, is
changed according to the instantaneous sampled value of the modulating signal.
Thus, the transmitter has to send synchronizing pulses to keep the transmitter
and receiver in synchronism. As the amplitude and width of the pulses are
constant, the transmitter handles constant power output, a definite advantage
over the PWM.
But the disadvantage of the PPM system is the need for transmitter-receiver
synchronization. Pulse position modulation is obtained from pulse width
modulation, shown in the figure .
Each trailing edge of the PWM pulse is a starting point of the pulse in the PPM.
Therefore, position of the pulse is 1:1 proportional to the width of pulse in PWM
and hence it is proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the sampled
modulating signal.
Generation of PPM
Figure 8.34 (a) shows the PPM generator. It consists of
differentiator and a monostable multivibrator. The input to
the differentiator is a PWM waveform. The differen-tiator
generates positive and negative spikes corresponding to
leading and trailing edges of the PWM waveform. Diode Dl is
used to bypass the positive spikes.
The negative spikes are used to the trigger monostable
multivibrator. The monostable multivibrator then generates
the pulses of same width and amplitude with reference to
trigger to give pulse position modulated waveform, as
shown in figure 8.34 (b).
Demodulation of PPM
In case of pulse-position modulation, it is customary to convert the
received pulses that vary in position to pulses that vary in length.
One way to achieve this is illustrated in figure.
As shown in figure 8.35, nip-flop circuit is set or turned 'ON' (giving
high output) when the reference pulse arrives. This reference
pulse ,is generated by reference pulse generator of the receiver
with the synchronization signal from the transmitter.
The flip-flop circuit is reset or turned 'OFF' (giving low output) at
the leading edge of the position modulated pulse. This repeats and
we get PWM pulses at the output of the flip-flop. The PWM pulses
are then demodulated by PWM demodulator to get original
modulating signal
Advantages of PPM
(i) Like PWM, in PPM, amplitude is held constant
thus less noise interference.
(ii) Like PWM, signal and noise separation is very
easy.
(iii) Because of constant pulse widths and
amplitudes, transmission power for each pulse is
same.
Disadvantages of PPM
(i) Synchronization between transmitter and
receiver is required.
(ii) Large bandwidth is required as compared to
PAM
Comparison between PAM,PWM&PPM
Time Division Multiplexing
Applications of TDM
Advantages of TDM
Comparison between TDM and FDM
Comparison between Continuous wave
modulation and Pulse modulation
Aperture Effect
In fact, the high frequency roll-off of H(f) acts like a low-pass
filter and thus attenuates the upper portion of message signal
spectrum. These high frequencies of x(t) are affected. This type
of effect is known as aperture effect. Now, as the duration 'τ' of
the pulse increases, the aperture effect is more prominent.
What is interpolation filter
PAM signal sampled at Nyquist rate can be
reconstructed at the receiver end , by passing it
through an efficient Low Pass Filter (LPF) with
exact cut off frequency of fs/2. This is known as
Reconstruction or Interpolation Filter.
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