ISOM3260

Database Design & Administration

Dr. Muller Cheung (L1/L2)

Dr. James Thong (L3)

Room: 4336 (Muller) and 4341 (James)

Office hour: By appointment
Email: mcheung@[Link]; jthong@[Link]
Spring 2013
 Today’s Agenda
• Introduction to course
– ISOM3260 website: [Link]
– Midterms and Final exam
– Group project

• Database Fundamentals (Chap. 1)

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 Conduct in Class
• Attend the lab you are enrolled in
• Attend the lecture you are enrolled in
• Be punctual for lab/lecture
• Turn off mobile phones
• Do not distract other students or instructor
by talking with your friends
• Penalty for students who disrupt the class
– up to 10% of final grade

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 How to study for ISOM3260
• Attend lectures
– Questions in exams will only include topics
covered in lectures
• Read the textbook for more information
• Review lecture notes/textbook after lecture
• Email questions to me or make appointment

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What you will learn from this course
• Database fundamentals
– introduction to database concepts
• Database development process
– steps to develop a database
• Conceptual data modeling
– entity-relationship (ER) diagram; enhanced ER
• Logical database design
– transforming ER diagram into relations; normalization
• Physical database design
– technical specifications of the database
• Database implementation
– Structured Query Language (SQL), advanced SQL
• Advanced topics
– data warehousing; data and database administration
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 Lecture 1:
Database Fundamentals

ISOM3260, Spring 2013

 Database Fundamentals
• Concepts
• Disadvantages of file processing systems
• The database approach
• Advantages of database approach
• Costs and risks of database approach
• Range of database applications
• Components of database environment
• Evolution of database systems
• Current development

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 Concepts
• Data
– stored representations of meaningful objects and events
– structured data: numbers, text, dates
– unstructured data: images, video, documents
• Information
– data processed to be useful in decision making
– by putting data in a context or summarizing data
• Database
– an organized collection of logically related data
– e.g. automobile repair database contains data on customers,
automobiles, and repair history
• Metadata
– data that describes properties of user data
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Figure 1-1a: Data in Context

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Figure 1-1b: Summarized data
Useful information that managers can use for
decision making and interpretation

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Table 1-1: Metadata for Class Roster

Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data,

including data types, field sizes, allowable values, and data context
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 Disadvantages of File Processing
• Program-data dependence
– all programs maintain metadata for each file they use
– change to file structure requires changes to all programs that
access the file
• Data redundancy (duplication of data)
– data changes in one file could cause inconsistencies,
compromising data integrity
• Limited data sharing
– no centralized control of data
• Lengthy development times
– programmers must design their own file formats
• Excessive program maintenance
– consume 80% of information systems budget
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Figure 1-2: Old file processing systems at Pine Valley
Furniture Company

Duplicate Data

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The Database Approach

Database Management Database

System (DBMS) manages containing
data resources like an centralized
operating system shared data
manages hardware
resources
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Advantages of Database Approach
• Program-data independence
– metadata not stored in programs, so programs do not need to
worry about changes to data formats
– results in increased productivity of application development and
reduced program maintenance

• Minimal data redundancy

– avoid wasted storage space
– leads to increased data integrity/consistency

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Advantages of Database Approach
• Improved data sharing
– different users get different views of the data
• Enforcement of standards
– naming conventions, data quality standards, and uniform
procedures for accessing, updating, and protecting data
• Improved data quality
– constraints are business rules that cannot be violated by
database users
– enforced by DBMS
• Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
– use of structured query language (SQL)
– end users without programming experience can easily retrieve
data
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 Costs and Risks of the
Database Approach
• Requires new, specialized personnel
• Installation and management cost and complexity
– requires new software and upgrades to hardware and data
communications
– substantial annual maintenance and support costs
• Conversion costs
– converting from legacy systems costs money and time
• Need for explicit backup and recovery
– shared corporate database must be accurate and available at all
times
• Organizational conflict
– agreement on data definitions and ownership, responsibilities
for accurate data maintenance
– need strong top management support to resolve

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Figure 1-3: Segment from enterprise data model
(shows the high-level entities and their relationships)

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Figure 1-3: Segment from enterprise data model
(shows the high-level entities and their relationships)

One customer places many

orders, but each order is placed
by a single customer
 One-to-many relationship

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Figure 1-3: Segment from enterprise data model
(shows the high-level entities and their relationships)

One order contains many order

lines; each order line is
contained in a single order
 One-to-many relationship

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Figure 1-3: Segment from enterprise data model
(shows the high-level entities and their relationships)

One product can be in many

order lines, each order line refers
to a single product
 One-to-many relationship

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Figure 1-3: Segment from enterprise data model
(shows the high-level entities and their relationships)

Therefore, one order involves

many products and one product
is involved in many orders
 Many-to-many relationship

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Order, Order_Line, Customer, and Product tables

Relationships established in special columns that provide

links between tables

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Range of Database Applications

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Typical data
from a
personal
database on a
PC, notebook,
smartphone

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Fig. 1-11: Two-Tier Database
with Local Area Network

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Enterprise Database Applications

• Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

– business management system that integrates all
enterprise functions (e.g., manufacturing,
finance, sales, marketing, inventory,
accounting, human resources)
• Data Warehouse
– an integrated decision support system derived
from various operational databases

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An enterprise
data warehouse

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 Components of the
Database Environment
• Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools –
automated tools used to design databases and application programs
• Repository – centralized storehouse of metadata
• DBMS – software for managing the database
• Database – storehouse of the data
• Application Programs – software using the data
• User Interface – text and graphical displays to users
• Data/Database Administrators – personnel responsible for
maintaining the database
• System Developers – personnel responsible for designing
application programs
• End Users – people who use the applications and databases

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Figure 1-5:
Components
of the
database
environment

Note: All interactions with the database must go through the DBMS 30
Evolution of Database Systems

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 Current Development
• Relational DBMS has > 80% market share

• Major Database Vendors

– Oracle: Oracle 11g
– IBM: DB2, Informix
– Microsoft: MS SQL Server
– SAP: Sybase
– Teradata: Teradata

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 Current Development
• Overall Market Share in 2011
– Oracle, IBM, and Microsoft dominate the market

Others; 9.68%

Microsoft;
20.35%
Oracle, 48.80%

IBM; 21.17%

Source: Gartner, April 2012 33

 Current Development
• Oracle
– strong customer base on enterprise RDBMS market
– industry recognition of Oracle 11g
– strong penetration in Linux/Unix platforms

• IBM
– DB2 dominates mainframe platforms

• Microsoft
– strong penetration in Windows platform
– getting popular particularly with Small and Medium Enterprises

• Teradata
– emphasis on business intelligence and data warehousing

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 Review Questions
• Differences between data, database, information and
metadata
• What are the disadvantages of file processing?
• What is the database approach?
• What are the advantages of the database approach?
• What are the costs and risks of the database approach?
• What are the range of database applications?
• What are the components of the database environment?
• What are the popular databases?

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