Ratio, Proportion,

and Similarity of
Figures
Ratio and
Proportion

2
 Ratio
is a comparison of two quantities using
division.
The ratio of a and b can be expressed as

a:b or , where b ≠ 0.

3
 Ratio
It is usually in its simplest form.
Ratio can also be used to compare three or
more numbers. We call it extended ratios.

The ratio a:b:c means that the ratio of the first

number to the second is a:b, the ratio of the first
to the third is a:c, and the ratio of the second to
the third is b:c. 4
 Example: If the ratio of the angles of a triangle is 1:2:3,
Solution: what is the measure of each angle?
Let x = the measure of the first angle,
2x= the measure of the second angle
3x= the measure of the third angle
Since the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°,
we have:
x30= the measure of the first angle,
60
2x= the measure of the second angle
90
3x= the measure of the third angle

Therefore, the measurements of each angle

are 30°, 60°, 90°.
5
 Proportion
is an equation showing that two ratios
are equal.
If the ratios a:b, and c:d are equal, then we
write a:b = c:d or

6
Each number in a proportion is called
a term.
extreme 𝑎 𝑐 mean
=
mean 𝑏 𝑑 extreme
mean
𝑎: 𝑏=𝑐 :𝑑
extreme 7
 CROSS PRODUCT PROPERTY
The product of the extremes is equal to the
product of the means.

𝑎 𝑐
=
𝑏ad = bc 𝑑 8
 Example:
Determine whether the equation is a
proportion.
4 ( 15 )=6 ( 10 )
6 0=6 0
Since the product of the means is equal to the product of
the extremes, therefore the equation is a proportion.
9
 Example: The cross-product property can also be used
to solve a proportion.
Solve for the value of x in the proportion 2:4 =
8:x.
2:4 = 8:x
2x = 4(8)
2x = 32
=
x = 16 10
Solve for the value of x in the
proportion

1. x: 5 = 4:20
2. 3+x: x = 4:3

11
CONGRUENCE
VS.
SIMILARITY

12
SIMILARITY OF
FIGURES

13
Same face Same size Same shape
Same face Same size Same shape

CONGRUENT
17
 SIMILAR
TRIANGLES AND
POLYGONS

19
 Similar Figures
Have the same shape but
not necessarily the same
size.

20
 C

D E

A B

21
 Basic Proportionality
Theorem
If a line intersects two sides of a
triangle and is parallel to the third
side, then it divides the first two sides
proportionally.

22
 Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT):
If a line intersects two sides of a triangle and is parallel to the third side, then
it divides the first two sides proportionally.

X
𝑋 𝑃 𝑋𝑄
=
𝑃𝑌 𝑄𝑍
P Q

Y Z
23
 Example 1:
In the given figure, if XP = 6cm, YP = 2cm, XQ= 7.5cm, find QZ.

𝑋𝑃 𝑋𝑄
x =
𝑌 𝑃 𝑄𝑍
6 7.5

7.5
m
=
6c

2 𝑄𝑍

cm
P Q 6 ( 𝑄𝑍 ) =7 . 5 ( 2 )
6 𝑄𝑍 =15
m
2c

?
6 𝑄𝑍 15
=
Y Z 6 6
𝑄𝑍 =2 .5
∴ QZ measures 2.5 cm. 24
Example 2:
At a certain time of the day, a man, 6 feet tall, casts his shadow 10
feet long. Find the length of the shadow cast by a flagpole 45 feet
high, at the same time.
45 ft

?
Example 2:
At a certain time of the day, a man, 6 feet tall, casts his shadow 10
feet long. Find the length of the shadow cast by a flagpole 45 feet
high, at the same time.
𝑥 10
=
45 6
6 𝑥=10 ( 4 5 )
45 ft

6ft
6 𝑥=450
6 𝑥 45 0
=
6 6
x? 𝑥=75
∴ The shadow casted is 75 ft long.
 Triangle-Angle Bisector Theorem (TABT):
The bisector of an angle of a triangle separates the opposite side into
segments whose lengths are proportional to the lengths of the other two sides.

B
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵
=
𝐷𝐶 𝐴𝐷
C

A D
27
Example: Find the value of x.
3.5 5
=
x 12
5 𝑥=3.5 ( 12 )
5 𝑥=42
5 𝑥 42
=
5 5

𝑥=8.4