Father of Internet
Vinton Gray Cerf
The inventor of the Internet
Vinton Gray Cerf Robert Elliot Kahn
When was the first Internet
Network Started?
January 1, 1983
Fundamental Of Network
• Hardware
• Software
• Client Devices
• Connection Media
Networking
Hardware
Networking
Hardware/Devices
devices that are required
for communication and
interaction between
hardware on a computer
network.
Routers
A router can form a LAN by
connecting devices within a
building. It also makes it
possible to connect different
networks together. Homes and
businesses use a router to
connect to the internet. A
router can often incorporate a
modem within the hardware.
Modem
A modem enables a computer
to connect to the internet over
a telephone line. A modem
converts digital signals from a
computer to analogue signals
that are then sent down the
telephone line.
Hubs
A hub broadcasts data to all
devices on a network. This can
use a lot of bandwidth as it
results in unnecessary data
being sent - not all computers
might need to receive the data.
Bridge
A bridge is used to connect two
separate LAN networks. A
computer can act as a bridge
through the operating system.
Switches
A switch performs a similar role
to a hub and a bridge but is
more powerful. It stores the
MAC addresses of devices on a
network and filters data packets
to see which devices have
asked for them. .
Switches
A switch performs a similar role
to a hub and a bridge but is
more powerful. It stores the
MAC addresses of devices on a
network and filters data packets
to see which devices have
asked for them. .
Internet
Services
Some of the most popular internet services are :
1. Communication Services
2. Information Retrieval Services
3. World Wide Web Services
4. Web Services
5. Directory Services
6. Automatic Network Address Configuration
7. Network Management Services
8. Time Services
9. Usenet
10. NewsGroup
11. Ecommerce
1. COMMUNICATION SERVICES
• Communication is one of the most popular
services of the internet. We are using internet-
based communication services every day to
contact family and friends.
• It is also known as Internet Telephony.
A. Instant Messaging
• Instant Messaging (IM) is a type of online chat that offers
text communication over the internet in real-time.
Because of its real-time nature, it is continuously
becoming one of the fastest-growing forms of internet
communication services. There are many instant
messengers that are providing instant messaging. Some of
them are Facebook, Whatsapp, Skype, hangout,qq,
WeChat, etc. Among those, Whatsapp has the highest
number of user actively engaging (report gathered from
stattube youtube channel)
B. Email
• Email stands for Electronic Mail. It is a paperless
method of sending messages(text, files, or images)
from one person to another or many people at the
same time using the internet.
Some of the important features of email
are :
• Instant Communications.
• One to One or One to many communications
• Free and easily accessible, only required is internet
connections.
C. Internet Telephony and VoIP
• In traditional telephony, we sents phone calls, fax,
voicemail over landlines, but in Internet Telephony
that stuff are done using the internet.IN internet
telephony our voice which is in analog voice gets
converted into digital voice (binary form) which gets
the transfer over the internet as IP packets from one
phone to another.
C. Internet Telephony and VoIP
• VoIP is a subset of IP
Telephony. It is just a
technology used by Internet
Telephony for digitizing the
analog signal.
D. Video Conferencing
• Video Conferencing is Internet Services where two or
more people located in separate geographical
locations do live audio-video communication. So, it is
real-time conferencing services of the internet. For
proper functioning of the Video Conference, it may
require a high bandwidth of the internet at the sender
and receiver sides.
Basic requirement for performing good
Video Conferencing:
• Good Internet Connection at the sender and receiver
sides.
• Webcams on both sides(sender and receiver).
• Computer screen, TV, projector for displaying video.
• Good video conferencing software like Webex
Meetings, ClickMeeting, Zoom, BlueJeans, Join me,
Zoho, Skype, Team etc.
2. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
SERVICES
• One reason why a computer network such as
the Internet has been created was, to allow
users to access remote computers and transfer
files from one machine to another. This internet
service includes FTP, FTPS, SFTP(Simple File
Transfer Protocol), Telnet, SSH File Transfer
Protocol, Trivial File Transfer Protocol, etc.
a. FTP
• FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is an
internet utility software which is used for
uploading and downloading files.FTP enables
access to remote computer folders and allows
files and folders to be transferred between
different computers. FTP consists of a client-
server system architecture utilizing different
control and commands between client and
server.
OBJECTIVES OF FTP
• It promotes the sharing of computer files,
folders (directories), and software.
• It helps to transfer data reliably and efficiently.
• It is Faster than other protocols like HTTP or
POP so it is a preferred method of exchanging
files. It can easily transfer large files.
a. FTP
b. SFTP
• SFTP stands for SSH File Transfer Protocol.
Sometimes it is called Secure File Transfer
Protocol. It is more secure than FTP. It supports
the complete SSH protocol protection and
authentication feature, including the SSH key.
c. Telnet (Remote Computing)
• Telnet stands for Telecommunication Network.
Telnet allows the client to log in to the remote
server for accessing remote resources. It uses
TCP port 23. It is not much secure.
• Telnet is remote terminal access and command
execution services of the internet.
d. SSH
• SSH stands for Secure Shell. Secure than Telnet.
Same work as Telnet. SSH sends all the data in
an encrypted format. It uses a secure channel
for transferring data and command over the
network. SSH uses High bandwidth. SSH can be
considered as a replacement for telnet.
3. WWW (World Wide Web)
• WWW is one of the main services of the
internet. Most of us think that the Internet and
WWW are the same but actually not. Internet is
Infrastructure and the Web is just a service
provided on the Internet. Internet is a network
of networks and Web is just information
present in the network.
Who is/are the inventor of
WWW (World Wide Web)?
Tim Berners Lee and Robert Cailliau
4. Web Services
• Web services provide a common platform that
allows multiple applications to communicate with
each other whatever programming languages are
used for making applications. So it acts as a
standard medium of a passing message (data)
between the client application( made by using
android,vue, angular, react or any frontend
language in general) and a server
application(java,.net, python, etc in general) in
World Wide web.
5. Directory Services
• A directory service is the collection of software
and processes that store information about
your enterprise, subscribers, or both. An
example of a directory service is the Domain
Name System (DNS), which is provided by DNS
servers.
a. DNS ( Domain Name System)
• The task of the DNS is to translate human-
readable domain names like ourtechroom.com
into IP addresses(something like 192.168.10.12)
so that the web browser can load the requested
resources from the server. If there is no DNS then
you have to remember the IP and have to hit
accessing intended sites with IP instead of a
domain name like ourtechroom.com.
b. LDAP
• LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
• It is a lightweight client-server directory protocol
for accessing directory services. If your data do not
change frequently then you can store your data in
LDAP Services and you can access it frequently as
LDAP provides a ' write-once-read-multiple-times'
service, whereas in SQL database you can have high
read and writes. So, swe can say LDAP is non-
transactional.
6. Automatic Network Address
Configuration
• Giving a unique IP address to all the systems in
a network is done by Automatic Network
Address Configuration devices like
DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol)Server.DHCP server's main works are
to make sure that no two systems got the same
IP address.
7. Network Management Services
• Network management services are also one of
the important services of the internet which are
helpful for network managers. Network
management services help in preventing,
monitoring, diagnosing, and solving issues
related to the network.
8. Time Services
• Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a popular time
service on the internet that helps to
synchronize and set the computer clock with
great precision. Computer clocks are synced to
either Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Co-
ordinated University Time (UTC)
9. Usenet News
• Usenet is known as the 'User's Network.' It is
one of the oldest networks where users can
post files to news servers and other members
can access it.
10. Newsgroups
• It is an active Online Discussion Forum, which
can easily be accessed through the Usenet.
Each newsgroup includes discussions on a
particular subject that are implied in the
newsgroup name.
11. E-commerce
• E-commerce is Internet-based buying and sale
of goods and services. Today, almost anything
that is available in the market can be purchased
through e-commerce.
Internet Ethics
What is Ethics?
• Ethics are standards of moral conduct
• Standards of right and wrong behavior
• A gauge of personal integrity
• The basis of trust and cooperation in
relationships with others
Internet Ethics?
Internet ethics means acceptable
behaviour for using Internet.
Four primary issues
Privacy – responsibility to protect data about individuals
Accuracy - responsibility of data collectors to authenticate
information and ensure its accuracy
Property - who owns information and software and how
can they be sold and exchanged
Access - responsibility of data collectors to control access
and determine what information a person has the right to
obtain about others and how the information can be used
Thank You!
