LAN Architecture

[Link](802.3)
[Link] Ring(802.5)
[Link] Bus(802.4)
[Link](Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
 13-1 IEEE STANDARDS

Ethernet: It is a LAN protocol that is used in Bus and Star topologies and implements
CSMA/CD as the medium access method

Original (traditional) Ethernet developed in 1980 by

three companies: Digital, Intel, Xerox (DIX).

In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a

project, called Project 802, to set standards to enable
intercommunication among equipment from a variety of
manufacturers.
 Current version is called IEEE Ethernet
 IEEE Ethernet
• In IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Data link layer is split into two sublayers:
– Bottom part: MAC
• The frame is called IEEE 802.3
• Handles framing, MAC addressing, Medium Access control
• Specific implementation for each LAN protocol
– Defines CSMA/CD as the access method for Ethernet LANs and
Token passing method for Token Ring.
• Implemented in hardware

– Top part: LLC (Logical Link Control)

• The sub frame is called IEEE 802.2
• Provides error and flow control if needed
• It makes the MAC sub layer transparent
– Allows interconnectivity between different LANs data link layers
• Used to multiplex multiple network layer protocols in the data link layer
frame
• Implemented in software
IEEE standard for LANs
Project 802

Other Layers

802.1 Internetworking

802.2 Logical Link Control/MAC

802.3 802.4 802.5

CSMA Token Token
/CD Bus Ring
 Access Method

CSMA - Carrier Sense Multiple Access

CSMA /CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
Addressing
• -6 Byte Physical Address
• -Each Station on an E-Net has its own NIC (Unique)

Electrical Specification
-Signaling
- Broadband(Digital)
- Baseband(Analog)
DATA RATE
-Data rate b/w 1 and 100 Mbps
802.3 MAC frame
Ethernet Frame
• Preamble:
– 8 bytes with pattern 10101010 used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates.
– In IEEE 802.3, eighth byte is start of frame (10101011)
• Addresses: 6 bytes (explained latter)
• Type (DIX)
– Indicates the type of the Network layer protocol being carried in the payload
(data) field, mostly IP but others may be supported such as IP (0800), Novell IPX
(8137) and AppleTalk (809B), ARP (0806) )
– Allow multiple network layer protocols to be supported on a single machine
(multiplexing)
– Its value starts at 0600h (=1536 in decimal)
• Length (IEEE 802.3): number of bytes in the data field.
– Maximum 1500 bytes (= 05DCh)
• CRC: checked at receiver, if error is detected, the frame is discarded
– CRC-32
• Data: carries data encapsulated from the upper-layer protocols
• Pad: Zeros are added to the data field to make the minimum data length = 46 bytes
Implementation
• In the 802.3 std,IEEE defines the
Types of Cable
Connection
Signals
-That are to be used in each of five different
Ethernet implementation
-All Ethernet are Physically implemented in Bus
or Star topologies.
Types
• 10Base5(Thick Ethernet/Thick net)
• 10Base2 (Thin Ethernet)
• 10BaseT(Twisted pair Ethernet)
• 1Base5(Star LAN)
• 100BaseT----Switched Ethernet
-----Fast Ethernet
-----Gigabit Ethernet
[Link] Ethernet(10 Base 5)
• Size Thick(Like Garden Hose)
• Stiff to Bend
• 500 meters
• Bus Topology
• Repeaters, Bridges are used to extend its
length
[Link] Ethernet(10 Base 2)

• Also called as Thin net, Cheap net, Cheapernet

• 185 meters
• Bus Topology
• Cable is lighter weight & more Flexible
• Adv : Reduce Cost & Ease of Installation
• Disadv:Shorter Range
Accomadate fewer Stations
Smaller Capacity
• Repeaters, Bridges are used to extend its length
 Thick Ethernet Cable
(a)
transceivers

(b) Thin Ethernet Cable

Figure 6.55

Networks: Ethernet 14
10Base5 implementation –Thick Ethernet
 Connection of stations to the medium using 10Base2

THIN NET
[Link] Pair Ethernet(10 Base T)
• Star Topology
• Unshielded TP is used
• Max length 100 meters
• Use HUB
• Easy to install & reinstall
• When a station needs to be replaced, a station
in simply plugged in
10Base-T implementation
[Link] LAN(1 Base 5)
• Slow Speed
• 1 Mbps
• 3 times slower than three stds
• Twisted Pair cable used
Switched Ethernet
• Replace Switch instead of Hub
Fast Ethernet
• Used for CAD, Image Processing, real time
audio,vedio needs data rate higher than 10 Mbps
• Fast Ethernet operates at 100 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet
• 100 Mbps to 1000 Mbps
• Use Optical Fiber
• Use Switch & hiub
Full-duplex switched Ethernet
Fast Ethernet topology
Topologies of Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet address
 Six bytes = 48 bits
 Flat address not hierarchical
Ethernet Cables
 IEEE 802.3 Cable Types
Name Cable Max. Max Cable Nodes
Toplogy
Segment /segment
Length
10Base5 thick coax 500 meters 100
Bus

10Base2 thin coax 185 meters 30

Bus

10BaseT twisted pair 100 meters 1

Star

10BaseF Fiber Optic 2Km 1

Star
10Base-F implementation
 Fast Ethernet
• 100 Mbps transmission rate
• same frame format, media access, and collision
detection rules as 10 Mbps Ethernet
• can combine 10 Mbps Ethernet and Fast Ethernet
on same network using a switch
• media: twisted pair (CAT 5) or fiber optic cable
(no coax)
• Star-wire topology
– Similar to 10BASE-T

CAT 3
CAT 5
 Switched Ethernet
* Basic idea: improve on the Hub concept
• The switch learns destination locations by
remembering the ports of the associated source
address in a table.
• The switch may not have to broadcast to all output
ports. It may be able to send the frame only to the
destination port.
•  a big performance advantage over a hub, if more
than one frame transfer can go through the switch
concurrently.

Networks: Ethernet 35
 Fast Ethernet
Switch

Ethernet
Server Switch

100 Mbps links

Ethernet
Switch

10 Mbps links

Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 6.57

Networks: Ethernet 36