DHIRAJLAL GANDHI COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY
ME8791 MECHATRONICS
Name of Faculty : [Link]
Designation : Associate Professor
Department : Mechanical Engineering
Year/Semester : IV /VII
Department of Mechanical Engineering 1
OBJECTIVE
• To impart knowledge about the
elements and techniques
involved in Mechatronics
systems which are very much
essential to understand the
emerging field of automation.
UNIT TOPICS
UNIT 1
Introduction
UNIT 2 8085 Microprocessor
and 8051 Microcontroller
UNIT 3 Programmable
Peripheral Interface
UNIT 4 Programmable
Logic Control
UNIT 5 Actuators and
Design of Mechatronics
Systems
SYLLABUS
OUTCOMES
Upon the completion of this course the students will be able to
• CO1 Discuss the interdisciplinary applications of Electronics, Electrical, Mechanical
and Computer Systems for the Control of Mechanical, Electronic Systems and
sensor technology.
• CO2 Discuss the architecture of Microprocessor and Microcontroller, Pin Diagram,
Addressing Modes of Microprocessor and Microcontroller
• CO3 Discuss Programmable Peripheral Interface, Architecture of 8255 PPI, and various
device interfacing
• CO4 Explain the architecture, programming and application of programmable logic
controllers to problems and challenges in the areas of Mechatronic engineering.
• CO5 Discuss various Actuators and Mechatronics system using the knowledge
and skills acquired through the course and also from the given case studies
Reference Books
What is “Mechatronics”?
MECHATRONICS WORD WAS COINED BY A JAPANESE ENGINEER IN 1969
Mechatronics defined as integration of Mechanical engineering,
Electronics engineering and Intelligent Computer Control engineering in
the industrial Design and Development of Product and Processes.
Elements Mechatronics system
Measurement system
• Measurement is an important subsystem of a
mechatronics system.
• Its main function is to collect the information
on system status and to feed it to the micro-
processor for controlling the whole system.
• Measurement system comprises of sensors,
transducers and signal processing devices.
Sensors and Transducer
Sensor - A device which provides a usable
output in response to a specified measurand.
Sensor as an input device which provides an
output (signal) with respect to a specific
physical quantity (input).
Transducer - A device that converts a signal from
one form of energy to another form.
Actuators
Characteristics of Sensors
• Sensor specifications inform the user to the about
deviations from the ideal behavior of the sensors.
Following are the various specifications of a
sensor/transducer system.
1. Range
The range of a sensor indicates the limits between
which the input can vary. For example, a
thermocouple for the measurement of temperature
might have a range of 25-225 °C.
2. Span
The span is difference between the maximum and
minimum values of the input. Thus, the above-
mentioned thermocouple will have a span of 200 °C.
3. Error
Error is the difference between the result of the
measurement and the true value of the quantity
being measured. A sensor might give a displacement
reading of 29.8 mm, when the actual displacement
had been 30 mm, then the error is –0.2 mm.
4. Accuracy
The accuracy defines the closeness of the agreement between the
actual measurement result and a true value of the measurand.
5. Sensitivity
Sensitivity of a sensor is defined as the ratio of change in output
value of a sensor to the per unit change in input value that
causes the output change.
6. Hysteresis
The hysteresis is an error of a sensor, which is defined as the
maximum difference in output at any measurement value within
the sensor’s specified range when approaching the point first
with increasing and then with decreasing the input parameter.
Classification of Sensors
A. Displacement, position and proximity sensors
• Potentiometer
• Strain-gauged element
• Capacitive element
• Differential transformers
• Eddy current proximity sensors
• Inductive proximity switch
• Pneumatic sensors
• Proximity switches (magnetic)
• Hall effect sensors
B. Velocity and Motion
• Incremental encoder
• Tachogenerator
• Pyroelectric sensors
C. Force
• Strain gauge load cell
D. Fluid pressure
• Diaphragm pressure gauge
• Capsules, bellows, pressure tubes
• Piezoelectric sensors
• Tactile sensor
E. Liquid flow
• Orifice plate
• Turbine meter
F. Liquid level
• Floats
• Differential pressure
G. Temperature
• Bimetallic strips
• Resistance temperature detectors
• Thermistors
• Thermo-diodes and transistors
• Thermocouples
H. Light sensors
• Photo diodes
• Photo resistors
Displacement and Position sensors
• Displacement sensors are basically used for
the measurement of movement of an object.
Position sensors are employed to determine
the position of an object in relation to some
reference point.
Displacement sensors
• Potentiometer
• Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)
• Capacitive element
• Strain-gauged element
• Hall effect sensors
• Eddy current proximity sensors
Potentiometer Sensors
Potentiometer Sensors
Applications of potentiometer
• Machine-tool controls,
• Elevators,
• Liquid-level assemblies,
• Forklift trucks,
• Automobile throttle controls.
• Control of injection molding machines,
woodworking machinery.
• printing, spraying, robotics, etc.
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
Applications of LVDT sensors
• Measurement of spool position in a wide range of servo valve
applications
• To provide displacement feedback for hydraulic cylinders
• To control weight and thickness of medicinal products viz.
tablets or pills
• For automatic inspection of final dimensions of products being
packed for dispatch
• To measure distance between the approaching metals during
Friction welding process
• To continuously monitor fluid level as part of leak detection
system
• To detect the number of currency bills dispensed by an ATM
Capacitive element based sensor
Applications of capacitive element sensors
• Feed hopper level monitoring
• Small vessel pump control
• Grease level monitoring
• Level control of liquids
• Metrology applications
• Assembly line testing
Applications of strain gauges
• They are basically used for multi-axial stress fatigue
testing, proof testing, residual stress and vibration
measurement, torque measurement, bending and
deflection measurement, compression and tension
measurement and strain measurement.
• Strain gauges are primarily used as sensors for machine
tools and safety in automotives. In particular, they are
employed for force measurement in machine tools,
hydraulic or pneumatic press and as impact sensors in
aerospace vehicles.
Hall effect sensor
Eddy current proximity sensors
Applications of eddy current proximity
sensors
• Automation requiring precise location
• Machine tool monitoring
• Final assembly of precision equipment such
as disk drives
• Measuring the dynamics of a continuously
moving target, such as a vibrating element,
• Drive shaft monitoring
• Vibration measurements
Temperature sensors
• Bimetallic strips
• Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)
• Thermocouple
• Thermistors
Bimetallic strips
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
Applications of RTD
• used to measure the temperature in a metal furnace.
• Air conditioning and refrigeration servicing
• Food Processing
• Stoves and grills
• Textile production
• Plastics processing
• Petrochemical processing
• Micro electronics
• Air, gas and liquid temperature measurement in pipes
and tanks
• Exhaust gas temperature measurement
Thermocouple
Applications of Thermocouples
• To monitor temperatures and chemistry
throughout the steel making process
• Testing temperatures associated with process
plants e.g. chemical production and petroleum refineries
• Testing of heating appliance safety
• Temperature profiling in ovens, furnaces,etc.
• Temperature measurement of gas turbine and
engine exhausts
• Monitoring of temperatures throughout the
production and smelting process in the steel, iron and
aluminum industry
Thermistors
Applications of Thermistors
• To monitor the coolant temperature and/or oil
temperature inside the engine
• To monitor the temperature of an incubator
• Thermistors are used in modern digital thermostats
• To monitor the temperature of battery packs while
charging
• To monitor temperature of hot ends of 3D printers
• To maintain correct temperature in the food handling and
processing industry equipments
• To control the operations of consumer appliances such as
toasters, coffee makers, refrigerators, freezers, hair dryers,
etc.
Light sensors
Applications of photo diodes
Camera: Light Meters, Automatic Shutter Control, Auto-focus, Photographic Flash
Control
Medical: CAT Scanners - X ray Detection, Pulse Oximeters, Blood Particle Analyzers
Industry
• Bar Code Scanners , • Light Pens, • Brightness Controls , • Encoders
• Position Sensors , • Surveying Instruments, • Copiers - Density of Toner
Safety Equipment
• Smoke Detectors, • Flame Monitors , • Security Inspection Equipment
- Airport X ray
• Intruder Alert - Security System
Automotive
• Headlight Dimmer, • Twilight Detectors , • Climate Control - Sunlight
Detector
END
