Training 1

Review of Computer
Concepts
Objectives
History
Historyof
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computer
Distinguish
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History of Computers
 Charles Babbage - father of computer
» 1800’s planned analytical engine
 ENIAC - developed at end of WW II
 1951 - 1963 1st and 2nd generation
» very large, used unreliable vacuum tubes
 1963 - present - 3rd and 4th generation
» smaller, faster - use transistors and integrated
circuits
What Is a Computer?
 The word “Computer” is derived from the word „compute".
It means „to calculate". We all are familiar with
calculations in our day-to-day life.
 We apply mathematical operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, etc. and many other
formulae for calculations. Simple calculations take less time.
 But complex calculations take much longer time.
 Another factor is accuracy in calculations. So man explored
with the idea to develop a machine, which can perform this
type of arithmetic calculation faster, and with full accuracy.
This gave birth to a device or machine called „computer".
What Is a Computer?
 A computer is an electronic device, operating under
the control of instructions stored in its own memory
that can accept data (input), process the data
according to specified rules, produce information
(output), and store the information for future use
 What Is a Computer?

How is a computer defined?

 Electronic device operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory

Processes data into

Accepts data information
Collection of
Conveys meaning and is
unprocessed items
useful to people

Produces and stores results

p. 6 Next
 What Is a Computer?
What is the information processing cycle?
 Input
 Process
 Output
 Storage
 Communication

p. 6 Fig. 1-2 Next

The Components of a Computer
 Hardware
 Software
The Components of a Computer
 Hardware
 Computer hardware is the collection of physical
elements”Tangible objects” that constitutes a
computer system.
 The actual machinery, wires, transistors, and
circuits … etc.
The Components of a Computer-hardware

Computer Units
The Components of a Computer-hardware

Computer Units
1.INPUT Unite
is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware
equipment to provide data and control signals to an
information processing system such as a computer or
other information appliance
 The Components of a Computer

Computer Units
1.input device

 Hardware used
to enter data
and instructions

p. 7 Fig. 1-3 Next

The Components of a Computer-hardware

Computer Units
2.Central Processing Unit
CPU
known as microprocessor or processor
It is responsible for all functions and processes
The Components of a Computer-hardware

Computer Units
2.Central Processing Unit
The CPU is comprised of three main parts
1.ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
2.Control Unit (CU)
3.Registers: Stores the data that
is to be executed next.
The Components of a Computer-hardware

Computer Units
3. Primary Memory Unit
RAM
responsible for storing data on a temporary basis,
data will be erased once supply to the
storage device is turned off.

ROM
a permanent form of storage
stays active regardless of whether power
supply to it is turned on or off.
The Components of a Computer-hardware

Computer Units
Secondary storage Memory
Stores data and programs permanently
its retained after the power is turned off
Main Examples
1. Hard Disk relatively quick access to large
amounts of data.
2. Optical Disk uses laser light to store data.
3. Flash memory
The Components of a Computer-hardware

Computer Units

4.Output Unit
An output device is any piece of computer
hardware equipment used to communicate the
results of data processing carried out by an
information processing system (such as a computer)
Converts the electronically generated information
into human-readable form.
The Components of a Computer-hardware

Output Unit
 Output devices Examples
 The Components of a Computer
What is an output device?
 Hardware that
conveys
information
to one or more
people

p. 7 - 8 Fig. 1-3 Next

 The Components of a Computer
What is the system unit?
 Case that contains
the electronic
components of the
computer that are
used to process data

p. 7 - 8 Fig. 1-3 Next

Computer Classification
Computer Classification
 PERSONAL COMPUTER(PCs): a small,
single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In
addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer
has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for
displaying information, and a storage device for saving
data.
 WORKSTATION: a powerful, single-user
computer. A workstation is like a personal
computer, but it has a more powerful
microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.
Computer Classification
 Mincomputer: multi-user computer capable of
supporting from 10 to hundreds of users
simultaneously.
 Mainframe: powerful multi-user computer
capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of
users simultaneously.
 Supercomputer: an extremely fast computer
that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions
per second.
 Categories of Computers

What are the categories of computers?

Personal Computers
(desktop)
Mobile Computers and
Mobile Devices

Game Consoles

Servers

Mainframes

Supercomputers

Embedded Computers
p. 19 Next
 Personal Computers

What are the two most popular styles of personal

computers?
 PC and compatibles  Apple Macintosh
use the Windows usually uses the
operating system Macintosh operating
system (Mac OS X)

p. 19 - 20 Figs. 1-15–1-16 Next

 Personal Computers
What is personal computer( desktop computer)?
 Designed so all of the components fit entirely on
or under a desk or table

p. 19-20 Fig. 1-15 Next

 Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What is a notebook computer?
 Portable, small enough
to fit on your lap
 Also called a laptop
computer
 Usually more expensive
than a desktop computer
with equal capabilities

p. 20 Fig. 1-17 Next

 Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What is a Tablet PC?
 Resembles a letter-sized slate
 Allows you to write on the
screen using a digital pen
 Especially useful for taking
notes

p. 21 Fig. 1-18 Next

 Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices

What are mobile devices?

Small
Smallenough
enoughto
to
carry
carryin
inaapocket
pocket
Internet-enabled
Internet-enabled
telephone
telephoneisisaa
“smart
“smartphone”
phone”

p. 21 - 22 Next
 Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What is a handheld computer?

Used
Small by mobile
enough to fit employees such as
in one meter readers and
hand delivery people

p. 21 Fig. 1-19 Next

 Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)?
 Provides personal organizer functions
 Calendar
 Appointment book
 Address book
 Calculator
 Notepad

p. 21 Fig. 1-20 Next

 Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What are smart phones?

p. 22 Fig. 1-21 Next

 Game Consoles
What are game consoles?
Mobile computing device designed for
single-player or multiplayer video games

p. 22 Fig. 1-22 Next

 Servers
What types of servers are there?
A server controls access to network
resources and provides centralized
storage
Mainframe Very powerful,
expensive computer that supports
thousands of connected users
Supercomputer The fastest, most
powerful, most expensive
computer. Used for applications
requiring complex mathematical
calculations

p. 23 Figs. 1-23 – 1-25 Next

 Embedded Computers
What is an embedded computer?
 A special-purpose computer that functions as a
component in a larger product

p. 24 Fig. 1-26 Next

 Computer Software

What is software?

Consists
Consistsofofaaseries
series
of
ofinstructions
instructionsthat
that Also
Alsocalled
calledaa
tells
tellsthe
thecomputer
computer program
program
what
whattotodo
doand
and
how
howtotodo
doitit

p. 15 Next
 Computer Software

What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?

 Allows you to
interact with the
software using text,
graphics, and visual
images such as
icons
 Controls how you
enter data and
instructions and
how the screen
displays
information
p. 15 Fig. 1-10 Next
 Computer Software

What is system software?

 Programs that control or maintain the operations of
the computer and its devices

Operating
OperatingSystem
System(OS)
(OS)
isisaaset
setof
ofprograms
programs
that
thatcoordinates
coordinatesall
all
activities
activitiesamong
among
computer Utility
UtilityPrograms
Programsallow
allowthe
theuser
usertoto
computerhardware
hardware perform
devices
devices performmaintenance-type
maintenance-typetasks
tasks
usually
usuallyrelated
relatedtotomanaging
managingaa
computer,
computer,its
itsdevices
devicesor
orits
itsprograms
programs

p. 15-16 Next
 Computer Software

What is application software?

 Programs designed to make
users more productive

Word
Spreadsheet
Processing

Presentation
Database
Graphics

p. 16 Fig. 1-11 Next

 Computer Software
JavaScript
What is a programmer?
 Someone who develops
software
 Programmer writes
the instructions to
direct the computer
to process data into
information

Web application
p. 18 Fig. 1-13 Next
 Advantages and Disadvantages
of Using Computers
What are the advantages of using computers?

Speed Reliability Consistency

Storage Communications

p. 10 Next
 Advantages and Disadvantages
of Using Computers
What are the disadvantages of using computers?

Violation of
Public Safety
Privacy

Impact on Impact on
Health Risks
Labor Force Environment

p. 10 - 11 Next
 Networks and the Internet
What is a network?
 Collection of computers and devices connected together,
often wirelessly
Used
Usedto
toshare
share

Resources
Resources
Hardware
Hardware
devices
devices Software
Software
programs
programs Saves
Saves
Data
Data time
time
Information
Information and
and
money
money

p. 11 Next
 Networks and the Internet
What is a server?
 A server controls
access to resources
on a network
 Clients, or
workstations,
request resources
from the server

p. 11 Fig. 1-6 Next

 Networks and the Internet
What is the Internet?
 Worldwide collection of networks that connects
millions of businesses, government agencies, educational
institutions, and individuals

p. 12 Fig. 1-7 Next

 Networks and the Internet
Why do users access the Internet?
1. Communications
2. Research and Information
3. Shopping
4. Banking and Investing
5. Classes
6. Entertainment
7. Download Music
8. Share Information

p. 12 - 13 Fig. 1-8 Next

 Networks and the Internet
What is the Web?
 Billions of documents, called Web pages, available to
anyone connected to the Internet
You
Youcan
canshare
share AApodcast
podcastisis
AAWeb
Website
siteisis information
informationononaasocial
social recorded
recordedaudio
audio
aacollection
collectionofof networking
networkingWebWebsite
siteor
or stored
storedononaaWeb
Website
site
related
relatedWeb
Webpages
pages aaphoto
photosharing
sharing that
thatcan
canbe
be
community
community downloaded
downloaded

AAWebWebpage
pagecontains
contains AAblog
blogconsists
consistsof
oftime-
time-
text,
text,graphics,
graphics,audio,
audio, stamped
stampedarticles
articlesinin
video,
video,and
andlinks
linkstoto aajournal
journalformat
format
other
otherWeb
Webpages
pages

p. 12 - 14 Next
Characteristics of Computer

1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Diligence
4. Storage Capability
5. Versatility
Characteristics of Computer
51

 Speed :The computer can process data very

fast, at the rate of millions of instructions per
second
 Accuracy: Computer provides a high degree of
accuracy. For example, the computer can
accurately give the result of division of any two
numbers up to 10 decimal places.
 Diligence: When used for a longer period of
time, the computer does not get tired or fatigued.
It can perform long and complex calculations
with the same speed and accuracy from the start
till the end.
Characteristics of Computer
52
 Storage Capability: Large volumes of data and
information can be stored in the computer and also
retrieved whenever required. A limited amount of
data can be stored, temporarily, in the primary
memory. Secondary storage devices like floppy
disk and compact disk can store a large amount of
data permanently.
 Versatility: Computer is versatile in nature. It can
perform different types of tasks with the same ease.
At one moment you can use the computer to
prepare a letter document and in the next moment
you may play music or print a document.
 Computer Applications in Society

What are some examples

of computer applications
in society?
 Education
 Finance
 Government
 Health Care
 Science
 Publishing
 Travel
 Manufacturing

p. 32-36 Figs. 1-36–1-43 Next

54 Computer Viruses

 Viruses:
 E-mail viruses:
 Trojan horses:
 Worms:
55 Viruses

 A computer virus is an application program

designed and written to destroy other
programs.
 A virus is a small piece of software that
piggybacks on real programs
 virus might attach itself to a program such as
a spreadsheet program
 and it has the chance to reproduce (by
attaching to other programs)
56 E-mail viruses:

 e-mail virus travels as an attachment to e-

mail messages
 Replicates itself by automatically mailing
itself to dozens of people in the victim's e-
mail address book.
57 Trojan horses

 simply a computer program

 The program claims to do one thing
(it may claim to be a game) but
instead does damage when you run it
58 Worms

 A worm is a small piece of software

that uses computer networks and
security holes to replicate itself.
 worm scans the network for another
machine that has a specific security
hole.
59 Malicious Software

 How do you know if you have a

virus?
 Lack of storage capability
 Decrease in the speed of
executing programs
 Unexpected error messages
 Halting the system
 Tips to avoid viruses and lessen their
60
impact?
1. Delete e-mails from unknown or
suspicious, untrustworthy (unreliable)
sources, especially those with files
attached to an e-mail.
2. Never open a file attached to an e-mail
unless you know what it is, even if it
appears to come from a friend.
3. Download files from the Internet only
from legitimate and reputable
sources.
4. Update your antivirus software at
least every two weeks as over 200
viruses are discovered each month.
5. Backup your files periodically