Bioinformatics
By : Muhammad Abdullah Fahad Class : 10B3
What is bioinformatics?
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Who Founded the
periodic table ?
Dmitri Mendeleev
In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev created the
framework that became the modern periodic table, leaving
gaps for elements that were yet to be discovered. While
arranging the elements according to their atomic weight, if he
found that they did not fit into the group he would rearrange
them.
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What are first twenty elements in the
periodic table
The first 20 elements in order are
Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, Carbon,
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Neon, Sodium, Magnesium,
Aluminum, Silicon, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Chlorine, Argon,
Potassium, and Calcium.
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Element Symbol Proton Number Electrons Neutrons Atomic Weight Group
Hydrogen H 1 1 0 1 1
Helium He 2 2 2 4 0
Lithium Li 3 3 4 7 1
Beryllium Be 4 4 5 9 2
Boron B 5 5 6 11 3
Carbon C 6 6 6 12 4
Nitrogen N 7 7 7 14 5
Oxygen O 8 8 8 16 6
Fluorine F 9 9 10 19 7
Neon Ne 10 10 10 20 0
Sodium Na 11 11 12 23 1
Magnisium Mg 12 12 12 24 2
Aluminium Al 13 13 14 27 3
Silicon Si 14 14 14 28 4
Phosphorus P 15 15 16 31 5
Sulfur S 16 16 16 32 6
Chlorine Cl 17 17 18 35 7
Argon Ar 18 18 22 40 0
Potassium K 19 19 20 39 1
Calcium Ca 20 20 20 40 2
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Elements Over view
Non Metal : Hydrogen , carbon , Nitrogen , Oxygen , Fluorine , Phosphorus , Sulfur , Chlorine
Noble Gas : Helium , Neon , Argon
Alkali Metals : Lithium , Sodium , potassium
Alkaline Earth Metal : Beryllium , Magnesium , Calcium
Metalloids : Boron , Silicon
Post Transition Metals : Aluminum
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Hydrogen
Properties :
Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1 and
atomic mass 1. It found in group 1 . Hydrogen is the lightest element. At standard
conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula H2. It is
colorless, odorless, tasteless,[8] non-toxic, and highly combustible. Hydrogen is the
most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all
normal matter. It was Discoverer by Henry Cavendis
Its uses :
Hydrogen can be used to power vehicles, generate electricity, power industry
and heat our homes and businesses. It could make a huge difference on our
carbon emissions and will be critical to achieving net zero.
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Helium
Properties :
Helium is found in group 8 the noble gas its atomic mass is 4 and its atomic
number is 2 and it is stable and does not react . Helium has many unique
properties: low boiling point, low density, low solubility, high thermal
conductivity and inertness, so it is use for any application which can explioit
these properties. Helium was the first gas used for filling balloons and
dirigibles. It was discovered by Jules Janssen
Its uses :
Helium is a safe tracer gas because it is inert. Manufacturers of aerosol
products, tires, refrigerators, fire extinguishers, air conditioners and other
devices use helium to test seals before their products come to market. Cutting
edge space science and research requires helium.
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Lithium
Properties :
Lithium is a soft, silvery-white, metal that heads group 1, the alkali metals
group, of the periodic table of the elements. It reacts vigorously with water.
Storing it is a problem. It cannot be kept under oil, as sodium can, because it is
less dense and floats.
Its uses :
It has the lowest density of all metals. It reacts vigorously with water. The
most important use of lithium is in rechargeable batteries for mobile phones,
laptops, digital cameras and electric vehicles. Lithium is also used in some
non-rechargeable batteries for things like heart pacemakers, toys and clocks.
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Beryllium
Properties :
Beryllium has an atomic mass of 9 and atomic number 4 and it is a alkaline
earth metal which is silvery-white, lustrous, relatively soft metal of group 2
of the periodic table. The metal is unaffected by air or water, even at red
heat. When copper and nickel are alloyed with beryllium they not only
become much better at conducting electricity and heat, but they display
remarkable elasticity.
Its uses :
Beryllium metal has been produced for various industrial uses since the late
1950s. Both structural and instrument grade materials are manufactured,
especially for use in aerospace and defense: Windshield frames and other
structures in high-speed aircraft and space vehicles. Aircraft and space shuttle
brakes.
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Boron
Properties :
Boron is a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. In its
crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form
it is a brown powder. Extremely hard and resistant to heat, boron is a weak
low-temperature conductor of electricity, but when temperatures increase,
this improves.
Its uses :
Modern uses of borate-mineral concentrates, borax, boric acid, and other
refined products include glass, fiberglass, washing products, alloys and
metals, fertilizers, wood treatments, insecticides, and microbicides. The
chemistry of boron is reviewed from the point of view of its possible health
effects.
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Carbon
Properties :
Carbon is a non metal . Carbon (from Latin carbo 'coal') is a chemical element
with the symbol C and atomic number 6 atomic mass 12. It is nonmetallic and
tetravalent—its atom making four electrons available to form covalent chemical
bonds. It belongs to group 4 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up about 0.025
percent of Earth's crust
Its uses :
Impure carbon in the form of charcoal (from wood) and coke (from coal) is used
in metal smelting. It is particularly important in the iron and steel industries.
Graphite is used in pencils, to make brushes in electric motors and in furnace
linings. Activated charcoal is used for purification and filtration.
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Nitrogen
Properties :
Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7.
Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic
table, often called the pnictogens. It is a common element in the universe,
estimated at seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System.
It was discovered by Daniel Rutherford
Its uses :
It is used in the production of fertilizer's, nitric acid, nylon, dyes and explosives.
Nitrogen is used for filling in light bulbs since it is a non-reactive gas. In the
pharmaceutical industry, nitrogen is frequently used to move a reaction mixture
from one vessel to another.
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Oxygen
Properties :
Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8. It
is a member of the halogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive
nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most
elements as well as with other compounds. It was discovered by Antoine
Lavoisier, Joseph Priestley, Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Its uses :
Oxygen has many practical uses. It is most commonly used in the
manufacture of steel. It is also used for smelting metal from ore, to filter
water, for making plastic, and creating rocket fuel. Tanks of oxygen are also
used to treat those with breathing problems and as life support for
astronauts and scuba divers. And it is essential for living
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Fluorine
Properties :
Fluorine is found in group 17 and it is a non metal and it has an atomic weight
of 19 and atomic mass of 9 and it is an univalent poisonous gaseous halogen, it
is pale yellow-green and it is the most chemically reactive and electronegative
of all the elements. Fluorine readily forms compounds with most other
elements, even with the noble gases krypton, xenon and radon.
Its uses :
Fluorine is critical for the production of nuclear material for nuclear power plants
and for the insulation of electric towers. Hydrogen fluoride, a compound of
fluorine, is used to etch glass. Fluorine, like Teflon, is used to make plastics and is
also important in dental health.
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Neon
Properties :
neon (Ne), chemical element, inert gas of Group 18 (noble gases) of the
periodic table, used in electric signs and fluorescent lamps. Colorless,
odorless, tasteless, and lighter than air, neon gas occurs in minute
quantities in Earth's atmosphere and trapped within the rocks of Earth's
crust.
Its uses :
Neon is also used to make high-voltage indicators and switching gear,
lightning arresters, diving equipment and lasers. Liquid neon is an
important cryogenic refrigerant. It has over 40 times more refrigerating
capacity per unit volume than liquid helium, and more than 3 times that of
liquid hydrogen. 16
Sodium
Properties :
Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic
number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal,
being in group 1 of the periodic table. Its only stable isotope is 23Na. The free metal
does not occur in nature and must be prepared from compounds. Sodium is the sixth
most abundant element in the Earth's crust and exists in numerous minerals such as
feldspars, sodalite, and halite (NaCl). Many salts of sodium are highly water-soluble:
sodium ions have been leached by the action of water from the Earth's minerals over
eons, and thus sodium and chlorine are the most common dissolved elements by
weight in the oceans.
Its uses :
Sodium is used as a heat exchanger in some nuclear reactors, and as a reagent
in the chemicals industry. But sodium salts have more uses than the metal itself.
The most common compound of sodium is sodium chloride (common salt). It is
added to food and used to de-ice roads in winter.
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Magnesium
Properties :
Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny
gray metal having a low density, low melting point and high chemical reactivity. Like the
other alkaline earth metals (group 2 of the periodic table) it occurs naturally only in
combination with other elements and it almost always has an oxidation state of +2. It
reacts readily with air to form a thin passivation coating of magnesium oxide that inhibits
further corrosion of the metal. The free metal burns with a brilliant-white light. The metal
is obtained mainly by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine. It is less dense
than aluminum and is used primarily as a component in strong and lightweight alloys that
contain aluminum.
Its uses :
Magnesium is a nutrient that the body needs to stay healthy. Magnesium is important
for many processes in the body, including regulating muscle and nerve function, blood
sugar levels, and blood pressure and making protein, bone, and DNA
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Aluminum
Properties :
It is found in group 3 and has a atomic number of 13 and atomic weight of 27 and it has
low density, is non-toxic, has a high thermal conductivity, has excellent corrosion
resistance and can be easily cast, machined and formed. It is also non-magnetic and
non-sparking. It is the second most malleable metal and the sixth most ductile.
Its uses :
Aluminum alloys are a construction favorite, finding use in cladding, windows,
gutters, door frames and roofing, but are just as likely to turn up inside the home: in
appliances, pots and pans, utensils, TV aerials, and furniture.
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Silicon
Properties :
Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a
hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic luster, and is a
tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the
periodic table: carbon is above it; and germanium, tin, lead, and flerovium
are below it.
Its uses :
Silicon is one of the most useful elements to mankind. Most is
used to make alloys including aluminum-silicon and Ferro-
silicon (iron-silicon). These are used to make dynamo and
transformer plates, engine blocks, cylinder heads and machine
tools and to deoxidise steel. Silicon is also used to make
silicones.
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Phosphorus
Properties :
Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15.
Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red
phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a
free element on Earth.
Its uses :
It is used to make fertilizers, animal feeds, rust removers, corrosion
preventers, and even dishwasher tablets. Some phosphate rock is also
heated with coke and sand in an electric furnace to form white phosphorus
which is then converted to phosphorus trichloride and phosphorous acid.
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Sulfur
Properties :
sulfur (S), also spelled Sulphur, nonmetallic chemical element belonging to the
oxygen group (Group 16 [VIa] of the periodic table), one of the most reactive
of the elements. Pure sulfur is a tasteless, odorless, brittle solid that is pale
yellow in colour, a poor conductor of electricity, and insoluble in water.
Its uses :
It is used for making car batteries, fertilizer, oil refining, water processing,
and mineral extraction. Other applications for sulfur-based chemicals
include rubber vulcanization, bleaching paper, and product making such as
cement, detergents, and pesticides.
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Chlorine
Properties :
Chlorine gas is two and one half times as heavy as air, has an intensely
disagreeable suffocating odor, and is exceedingly poisonous. In its liquid and
solid form it is a powerful oxidizing, bleaching, and disinfecting agent.
Its uses :
Chlorine has a variety of uses. It is used to disinfect water and is part of the
sanitation process for sewage and industrial waste. During the production of
paper and cloth, chlorine is used as a bleaching agent. It is also used in
cleaning products, including household bleach which is chlorine dissolved in
water.
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Argon
Properties :
Argon (AR), chemical element, inert gas of Group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table,
terrestrially the most abundant and industrially the most frequently used of the noble gases.
Colorless, odorless, and tasteless, argon gas was isolated (1894) from air by the British
scientists Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay. Henry Cavendish, while investigating
atmospheric nitrogen (“phlogisticated air”), had concluded in 1785 that not more than 1/120
part of the nitrogen might be some inert constituent. His work was forgotten until Lord
Rayleigh, more than a century later, found that nitrogen prepared by removing oxygen from air
is always about 0.5 percent more dense than nitrogen derived from chemical sources such as
ammonia.
Its uses :
Argon is often used when an inert atmosphere is needed. It is used in this way for the
production of titanium and other reactive elements. It is also used by welders to protect
the weld area and in incandescent light bulbs to stop oxygen from corroding the filament.
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Potassium
Properties :
Properties, occurrence, and uses. Potassium metal is soft and white with a
silvery luster, has a low melting point, and is a good conductor of heat and
electricity. Potassium imparts a lavender colour to a flame, and its vapor is
green.
Its uses :
Potassium plays a role in the transmission of nerve signals,
muscle contractions, fluid balance, and various chemical
reactions. Potassium is most commonly used for treating and
preventing low potassium levels, treating high blood pressure,
and preventing stroke.
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Calcium
Properties :
Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an
alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer
when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its
heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in
Earth's crust, and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium. The most
common calcium compound on Earth is calcium carbonate, found in limestone and
the fossilised remnants of early sea life; gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, and apatite are
also sources of calcium. The name derives from Latin calx "lime", which was obtained
from heating limestone.
Its uses :
Your body needs calcium for muscles to move and for nerves to carry messages
between your brain and every part of your body. Calcium also helps blood vessels
move blood throughout your body and helps release hormones that affect many
functions in your body. Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium.
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