Heating Load Estimation
By [Link]
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Heating Load Components
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Methodology
• Worst case is assumed
• No credit given for external heat gain from
- solar radiation through glass
- the sun’s rays warming the outside surfaces of
the building
• No credit is given for internal heat gains due
to
- people, lighting, and equipment in the space
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Methodology
• Only the winter design outdoor temperature is
used for determining
- Conduction heat loss to the outdoors through
the roof, exterior walls, skylights, and windows
- Conduction heat loss to adjoining spaces through
the ceiling, interior partition walls, and floor
- Heat loss due to cold air infiltrating into the
space from outdoors through doors, windows,
and small cracks in the building envelope
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Methodology
• Additionally,
- the heating coil in the building HVAC system
has to heat up the outdoor air that is
deliberately brought into the building for
ventilation purposes
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Calculation formulae
• The equation for heat loss by conduction is:
- Q = U x A x ΔT, where,
- Q = heat loss by conduction, [W]
- U = overall heat-transfer coefficient of the
surface, [W/m2•°K]
- A = area of the surface, [m2]
- ΔT = desired indoor dry-bulb temperature (Ti)
minus the design outdoor dry-bulb temperature
(To) [°C]
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Calculation formulae
• The equation for heat loss by Infiltration and
Ventilation
- Qs = 1,230 x airflow x ΔT, where,
- Qs = sensible heat load due to infiltration or
ventilation, W
- 1,230 = product of density and specific heat, J/m3•ºK
- Airflow = infiltration or ventilation airflow, m3/s
- ΔT = desired indoor dry-bulb temperature minus the
design outdoor dry-bulb temperature, ºC
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Example Room 101
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Example Room 101
• Floor area = 13.7 m x 18.3 m
• Floor-to-ceiling height = 3.7 m(no plenum between
the space and roof)
• Desired indoor conditions = 22.2ºC] dry-bulb
temperature, -16.7ºC] dry-bulb temperature
• West-facing wall, 3.7 m x 13.7 m, constructed of
203.2 mm lightweight concrete block with
aluminum siding on the outside, 88.9 mm of
insulation, and 12.7 mm gypsum board on the
inside.
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Example Room 101
• Eight clear, double-pane (6.4 mm) windows mounted in
aluminum frames. Each window is 1.2 m wide x 1.5 m
high
• Flat, 13.7 m x 18.3 m roof constructed of 100 mm
concrete with 90 mm insulation and steel decking
• Space is occupied from 8:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. by 18
people doing moderately active work
• Assume that, with the exception of the west-facing
exterior wall, room 101 is surrounded by spaces that are
air conditioned to the same temperature as this space
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Example Office Space (Room 101)
• Conduction heat loss through the west-facing
wall:
• U-factor for wall = 0.33 W/m2•°K
• Net area of wall = 36.3 m2
• Indoor temperature 22.2ºC
• Outdoor temperature -16.7ºC
• Q = 0.33 x 36.3 x (22.2 – (-16.7)) = 466 W
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Example Room 101
• Conduction heat loss through the roof:
• U-factor for roof = 0.323 W/m2•°K
• Area of roof = 250.7 m2
• ΔT = 38.9ºC
• Q = 0.323 x 250.7 x 38.9 = 3,150 W
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Example Room 101
• Conduction heat loss through the west-facing
windows:
• U-factor for window = 3.56 W/m2•°K
• Total area of glass = 14.4 m2
• ΔT = 38.9ºC]
• Q = 3.56 x 14.4 x 38.9 = 1,994 W
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Example Room 101
• Infiltration & Ventilation heat loss
- Infiltration airflow = 0.077 m3/s
- Ventilation airflow = 0.18 m3/s
- Outdoor dry-bulb temperature: -16.7ºC
- Indoor dry-bulb temperature: 22.2ºC
• Infiltration:
Qs = 1,210 x 0.077 x (22.2 – (-16.7)) = 3,624 W
• Ventilation:
Qs = 1,210 x 0.18 x 38.9 = 8,472 W
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Example Room 101
• sensible load
- conduction through roof = 3,150 W
- conduction through exterior wall = 466 W
- conduction through windows = 1,994 W
- Infiltration = 3,624 W
- Ventilation = 8,472 W
• total space heating load = 9,234 W
• total coil heating load = 17,706 W (used to size
the heating coils in the HVAC system)
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Thank You
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