Muhammad Faheem Iqbal
Rabia Shahid
Taha Zaidi
What are Process Variables?
Process Variables are the
characteristics of the substance/mixture that under
goes a process. During this process, these characteristics
change rapidly. Control over these changes is necessary
to get the required products from a process.
Temperature Pressure
Level Flow
Are the most common Process Variables.
Different Instruments are used to measure these
process variables. In this presentation we will go
through the working principles of most common
Instruments used to measure the following:
1. Temperature
2. Pressure
3. Level
4. Flow
1. What is Temperature?
2. Thermocouple
3. RTD
• It is the measure of the amount of heat energy
present in a substance or object.
• The three measuring scales of temperature are:
1. Kelvin Scale (Absolute Scale)
2. Degree Celsius Scale (Relative Scale)
3. Degree Fahrenheit Scale (Relative Scale)
Thermal Conductivity of a Material
It is the ability of a material to allow passage of heat energy through
it.
Seebeck Effect
If two metals of different Thermal Conductivity are connected
together and then heated, voltage will be generated on the other
side of the metals; proportional to the difference of temperature.
Thermocouple Loop
When metals are heated, atoms start to vibrate vigorously
resulting in restriction to the flow of current through it. Therefore,
the resistance of a metal increases with increase in temperature.
RTDs are devices made of pure metal (usually platinum or copper)
which increase in resistance linearly with increasing temperature.
Resistance Temperature Coefficient
It is the tendency of a material
to change its resistance with respect
to change in temperature. It is mostly
measured with reference temperature
of freezing point of water.
An RTD package consists of following
components.
1. What is Pressure?
2. Bourdon Tube Pressure
Gauge
3. Differential Pressure
Transmitter
It is the amount of Force applied per Unit Area.
Pressure in terms of height or Head Pressure.
Different Types of Pressure
Hooke’s Law
It states that, if a
force, F is exerted on a
material, then the
displacement, X will be
directly proportional to it
with respect to the
characteristic, k of that
material.
DPT Application Example:
1.Level Gauge Glass
2.Displacer Type Level
Transmitter
3.Differential Pressure
Level Transmitter
Buoyant Force
It is an upward force exerted by a
fluid that opposes the weight of
an immersed object.
Archimedes Principle
Archimedes' principle indicates that the upward
buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in
a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is
equal to the weight of the fluid that the body
displaces.
Archimedes Principle Example
Level Measuring Instruments
• Level Gauges (Magnetic/Reflex/Transparent)
• Differential Pressure level Transmitter.
• Displacer/Float type level Transmitter.
• Bubbler type level Transmitter (Cooling Tower).
• Nuclear type level Transmitter (CCR).
• Radar type level Transmitter (DHDS).
• Ultrasonic Level Transmitter (ETP).
1. What is Flow?
2. Differential Pressure Flow
Transmitter
Volumetric Flow
It is the amount of volume that flows through a
cross section per unit Time.
Mass Flow
It is the amount of mass that flows through a cross
section per unit Time.
Bernoulli's Principle
It states that for a flowing
fluid, an increase in the
speed of the fluid occurs
simultaneously with a
decrease in it’s pressure
or vice versa.
Orifice
An intentionally installed restriction to the flow of
fluid in a pipe.
Flow Measuring Instruments in PARCO
• Differential Pressure Flow Transmitters (Orifice/Venturi/Nozzle/Pitot
Tube/Wedge)
• Rotameters
• Vortex Flow Meter (Fluid Velocity Meter)
• Turbine Flow Meter
• Coriolis Mass Flow Meter
PLC VS DCS
Please Ask, If you have any
Question
Thank You
