The Patterns and
Themes from
Data Gathered
Practical Research 1
At the end of this module, you
should be able to:
▹ infer and explain
patterns and themes
2
from data. CS_RS11-
IVd-f-2
▹ By going back to your research question, you
need to analyze the data to review the purpose
of the study. This gives you the direction of
finding a solution to a problem.
▹ According to Kumar (2011), this could be
done in two ways. The following ways are
▹ (1) describing a situation, incident, or 3
occurrence;
▹ (2) recognizing the main themes that come out
from the field notes of your interviews, citing
in a word for word format.
The themes can be quantified to
present the frequency that makes
it significant.
Kumar (2011), further, pointed out
that writing content analysis
analyzes the content of interviews
and observational field notes in
order to recognize the main themes
that will emerge from the
respondents ' responses.
“
Steps to Consider in
Analyzing Themes
In each question, carefully study the
descriptive responses of your respondents
to understand the meaning they convey.
Since the participants express themselves
Step 1 in various words and languages, choose
the wording of the themes in such a way
Identify the that the implication of the responses
classified under a theme is precisely
main themes
signified. The basis for assessing the
wording of unstructured interviews
therefore tends to be these themes.
Example:
• A senior high school researcher
identifies key terms and then scans
the given text systematically to identify
Step 1 all instances of the term or expression.
• He makes a copy of it and its
Identify the immediate meaning each time he
discovers a phrase.
main themes • Themes are classified by physically
sorting the examples into stacks of
equivalent meaning.
The researcher should assign
codes (numbers or keywords)
to the main themes obtained
Step 2 from the frequency of
occurrence through a random
Assign codes selection of few responses to
to the main
themes
an open-ended question or
from your observational or
discussion notes.
Example:
• A senior high school researcher
wants to code the responses of
his respondents to the security
Step 2 protocols during the pandemic of
COVID 19.
Assign codes • He placed a number code relating
to the main to safety procedures at home, at
themes the office, or in public places in
order to prevent confusion from
the responses given.
Example:
• A senior high school researcher
wants to code the responses of
his respondents to the security
Step 2 protocols during the pandemic of
COVID 19.
Assign codes • He placed a number code relating
to the main to safety procedures at home, at
themes the office, or in public places in
order to prevent confusion from
the responses given.
The identified themes classify
the responses found in your
Step 3 transcripts of all your interviews
or your notes. You may also
Classify
responses use computer programs such
under the as Ethnograph, NU*IST N6,
main themes NVivo, Xsight for thematic
analysis.
Example:
• The senior high school
researcher reported three
Step 3 separate responses from the
respondents to the safety
protocols during the COVID 19
Classify
pandemic.
responses • The responses were divided into
under the
three: safety measures at home,
main themes
in the workplace and in public
places.
• Put together the identified different
Step 4
themes into the text of your report.
• Your choice depends on the way
you want to communicate the
Integrate
findings to your readers.
themes and • Although some people have done
responses into it either by using verbatim or word-
the text of your for-word responses or by getting
report. the frequency of the theme and a
present sample of the responses.
• Example:
Step 4 • In his report, a senior high school
researcher summarized the
Integrate participants ' responses.
themes and • In each response, he addressed
responses into the exact words they answered
the text of your and wrote how many replied.
report. • In addition, he presented how
these responses are grouped into
the three themes described.
YOU CAN ALSO SPLIT YOUR
CONTENT
White Black
Is the color of milk and Is the color of ebony and
fresh snow, the color of outer space. It has 15
produced by the been the symbolic color
combination of all the of elegance, solemnity
colors of the visible and authority.
spectrum.
Renner (2003) pointed out the
following sources in acquiring
narrative data:
▹ 1. Open-ended question and written comments on
questionnaires - May generate single words, short
phrases, or full paragraphs or text.
16
▹ 2. Testimonials - May give reactions to a program in a
few words or lengthy comments, either in person or in
written correspondence.
▹ 3. Individual interviews - Can produce data in the form of
notes, a summary from an individual's interview, or word-
for-word transcripts.
Renner (2003) pointed out the
following sources in acquiring
narrative data:
▹ 4. Group discussion or focus group interviews -
Often involve full transcripts and notes from the
17
moderator or observer.
▹ 5. Logs, journals, and diaries - Might provide
structured entries or free-flowing text that you
or others produce.
Renner (2003) pointed out the following
sources in acquiring narrative data:
▹ 6. Observations - Might be recorded in your notes
or descriptive accounts as a result of watching or
listening.
▹ 7. Documents, reports, and news articles -Or any
published written materials may serve as evaluation
data. 18
▹ 8. Stories - May provide data from personal
accounts of experiences or results of programs in
people's own words.
▹ 9. Case studies -Typically include several of the
above.
Activity 1.
Coding and
Categorizing
Data
What were the main reasons you chose this school?
Responses are the following in verbatim:
1. "Near to our residence"
2. "Free tuition"
3. "It is a public school."
4. "People here are nice."
5. "Teachers are nice."
20
6. "Nice"
7. "Mingaw"
8. "kumpeto ug pasilidad"
9. "awesome"
10. "No bullies"
What were the main reasons you chose this school?
Responses are the following in verbatim:
11. "Cool because of many trees"
12. "Mga mabait ang mga tao dito"
13. "It is my parent's choice"
14. "Lessons are easy." 21
15. "Malapit lang sa bahay namin"
16. "Magagaling ang teachers."
17. "Dili ko ma late permi."
19. "Teachers are not so strict."
20. "No tuition"
DIRECTION: Fill in the table using the responses above
and categorize and code them
DIRECTION: Fill in the table using the responses above
and categorize and code them
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